Physiological Demands of The Firefighter Candidate Physical Ability Test
Physiological Demands of The Firefighter Candidate Physical Ability Test
Physiological Demands of The Firefighter Candidate Physical Ability Test
ABSTRACT
WILLIAMS-BELL, F. M., R. VILLAR, M. T. SHARRATT, and R. L. HUGHSON. Physiological Demands of the Firefighter
Candidate Physical Ability Test. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 653-662, 2009. Purpose: The Candidate Physical Ability
Test (CPAT) is used by fire departments across North America to screen for minimal physical capabilities in potential candidates, but its
physiological demands are unknown. Methods and Results: We examined oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output (V0 2, VCO 2) and
heart rate (HR) responses with the portable system in 57 subjects (23 females) who were familiarized before completing the CPAT in
times similar to those of actual candidates. Two men and nine women failed to complete the circuit because of fatigue. Thirty-two men
(91%) and four women (15%) completed the circuit under the criterion time (10 min 20 s) with mean completion times for men (8 min
32 s ± 51 s) and women (1I min 16 s ±-I min 28 s, P < 0.05). For all finishers, V0 2 during the test was 38.5 and 36.6 mL'kg- min-1,
corresponding to 73% and 71% of V"2m, for men and women, and HFR was 90% and 91% of maximum (P > 0.05). RER averaged
1.02 for men and 0.97 for women suggesting elevated anaerobic metabolism. Women had a drop in RER after the second event, and
they were significantly slower at each event after the step mill than the men. Prediction of circuit completion time by backward stepwise
regression yielded models with absolute VO1ma,malone or relative VO2ma,, plus body mass and handgrip strength accounting for more
than 67% of the variance but with large errors of estimation exceeding 75 s. Conclusion: The CPAT challenged both the aerobic and
anaerobic energy supply systems, and the average V0 2 and HR were similar to reported values during firefighting simulations with
incumbent firefighters. Key Words: BONA FIDE OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATION, OXYGEN UPTAKE, CARBON DIOXIDE
OUTPUT, FEMALE
653
Further, we anticipated that individuals capable of complet- An incremental exercise test was conducted on a
ing the CPAT within the criterion time would possess both motorized treadmill (Quinton, WA) to determine VO 2max.
high aerobic fitness and high muscle strength. After a 4-min warm-up at a brisk walking pace, speed was
METHODS increased 1.6 km.h-1 every 2 min until reaching a com-
fortable running speed, followed by 2% increases in grade
Subjects and experimental design. Fifty-seven (23 every 2 min thereafter. The test was terminated when
women) healthy, physically active subjects, with age subjects were unable to continue and reached volitional
ranging from 19 to 46 yr (mean 23.7 ± 4.6 yr), volunteered fatigue. VO2 max was taken as the highest 20-s average
for this study (Table 1). This research was approved by during the final minute of the test.
the Office of Research Ethics at the University of Muscular strength measures were obtained using a
Waterloo. Full written and verbal details were provided, predictive one-repetition maximum (1-RM) formula, as
and informed written consent was obtained before partici- previously described (13):
pating in the study.
To simulate as closely as possible the actual conditions of load lifted
(1-0.025 x repetitions)
the CPAT for candidate recruits, all subjects were given the
instructions and opportunities for practice similar to those Before each of the predicted I-RM strength tests, partic-
prescribed by the IAFF/IAFC Wellness-Fitness Task Force. ipants completed a five-repetition warm-up using -40% of
An exception to this was that testing occurred within 2-3 their I-RM (13). After a 1-min rest period, a load was
wk of initial familiarization rather than the 8 wk that could determined, which would fatigue the participant with fewer
be used for specific training and practice timed trials than 10 repetitions. After a predictive 1-RM test, a 3- to
(although candidates can opt of this longer period); 5-min rest period was implemented before proceeding to the
however, each subject could practice events until he or next muscle group. The muscular strength tests that were
she was comfortable with the demands. All testing was used (in order of testing protocol) were maximal handgrip
conducted on a certified course at an accredited testing using a hand dynamometer (Takei Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan),
facility (24). The tests for data acquisition were obtained on flat bench press using a 20-kg Olympic bar, seated 450
two separate days separated by at least 48 h. On one test incline leg press, military shoulder press using a seated
day, subjects completed the CPAT, and on the other, they weight machine, and seated bicep curls using a 7-kg bent
completed fitness testing. Tests of VO2ma, during maximal curl bar with elbows placed on a preacher stand.
treadmill running, muscle strength and endurance, and Muscular endurance was evaluated for upper and lower
Wingate anaerobic tests were conducted (in that order) on body using the flat bench press and seated 45' incline leg
the same day with a minimum of 20-min rest breaks press. For the upper body endurance, an absolute load of
between testing procedures. 30 kg was raised and lowered at 30 repetitions per min. For
Materials and methods. Ventilation (PE) and gas lower body endurance, subjects lifted and lowered an
exchange (V0 2 , carbon dioxide output, VCO 2 , and RER) absolute load of 123 kg at a cadence of 50 repetitions per
were measured breath-by-breath during the maximal tread- min. For both muscular endurance tests, subjects were
mill tests and the CPAT with the Cosmed K4b 2 portable required to lift the load until no further repetitions could be
metabolic system (Cosmed, Italy). Before each test, the 02 completed or until there was an inability to maintain
and CO 2 gas analyzers were calibrated according to the cadence.
manufacturer's specifications using room air and a precision- CPAT. The CPAT was conducted in accordance with
analyzed gas mixture (approximately 5% C0 2 , 16% 02, the actual administration of the test for firefighter
balance N2). The volume turbine was calibrated using a candidate recruits with the exception of wearing the
3.0-L hand-pumped syringe with flow rates approximating Cosmed K4b 2 throughout the test. Subjects wore a 22.68-
those during heavy exercise. HR was recorded during the kg vest to simulate the weight of the self-contained
tests using the Polar monitoring system incorporated with breathing apparatus and firefighter protective clothing
the portable unit. ensemble as well as safety gloves and protective hard
TABLE 1. Group means for selected anthropometric measurements (age, height, body mass) and physiological variables at peak exercise during the treadmill test to exhaustion
2 mau, VCO 2 , RER, HRIA) for those who completed irrespective of time (a) and those who did not complete (b) the CPAT.
(VEpeak, V0
TABLE 2. Group means for predicted 1-RM hiuscular strength measurements (handgrip, bench press, shoulder press, biceps curls, and leg press), muscular endurance to fatigue
(bench press and leg press), and Wingate performance for those who completed irrespective of time (a) and those who did not complete (b) the CPAT.
Predicted 1-RM Muscular Endurance Wingate Test
Handgrip Bench Press Shoulder Biceps Leg Press Leg Press Bench Press Peak Power Fatigue
(kg) (kg) Press (kg) Curls (kg) (kg) (reps) (reps) (W) Index
(a) Completed
Men (n = 32) 56.2 ± 8.1 * 82.7 ± 23.0* 51.7 ± 15.9* 36.8 + 7.2* 340.9 ± 89.1 * 41.7 + 29.2* 35.1 + 14.0" 633.8 ± 160.5* 43.9 + 11.8
Women (n = 14) 34.5 ±3.6 42.5 ± 10.2 26.7 + 4.2 20.2 ± 3.4 204.1 ±70.2 20.1 + 15.9 13.2 ± 9.5 412.9+ 92.9 41.1 ± 9.1
(b) Did not complete
Men (n = 2) 44.4 ± 19.2 44.6 ±- 25.7 30.0 + 7.1 27.1 ± 7.4 245.5 ± 38.6 17.5 + 9.2 14.0 + 4.2 413.1 + 184.8 41.0 + 4.9
Women (n = 9) 30.9 ± 4.1t 34.5 ± 6.6t 21.0 ± 4.71t 17.9 ± 2.9 129.8 ± 24.8t 4.9 ± 7.2t 6.2 + 5.0 323.7 + 76.6t 47.5 ± 7,9
Significant difference between men and women who 'completed" (P < 0.05).
t Significant difference between women who 'completed' and 'did not complete" (P < 0.05).
V0 2 AND VC0 2
DURING SIMULATED FIREFIGHTING Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,& 655
complete the CPAT circuit did not differ from the women together between different measures of upper body strength
who did complete the circuit in terms of height or body (bench press to shoulder press, r2 = 0.80; bench press to
mass (Table 1). Likewise, there were no differences bicep curl, r2 = 0.71); therefore, further comparisons will
between women who passed and those who failed the consider only bench press. Men also had significantly
criterion time (pass: 167.8 + 6.5 cm, 64.7 + 3.7 kg; fail: greater muscular endurance than the women in terms of
167.9 + 4.5 cm, 64.6 + 12.3 kg). total number of repetitions to fatigue for bench press and
The men who completed the CPAT circuit had greater leg press endurance (Table 2; P < 0.05). The women who
values than women during the maximal treadmill testing did not complete the CPAT had strength and endurance
for each of peak VE, V0 2 m.. (mL.min-1), and peak VCO 2 values that were remarkably lower than the women who did
(P < 0.05; Table 1). There was no difference between men complete the circuit (Table 2). Likewise, the two men who
and women in VO2max expressed as milliliters per kilogram did not finish the circuit were considerably less strong and
per minute and in HRmax and RER (Table 1; P > 0.05). had lower muscular endurance than the finishers. Women
Women who did not complete the CPAT circuit when who passed the criterion time had slightly greater endurance
compared to those who did complete the circuit had (bench press: 19.0 + 14.1 vs 10.9 + 6.6 repetitions; leg
significantly lower VO2max (expressed in absolute or press: 26.5 ± 16.0 vs 17.6 ± 16.0 repetitions) but the
relative terms) as well as peak VCO 2 and a higher HRmax differences were not significant (P > 0.1).
(Table 1). Women who passed the criterion time had The Wingate test revealed that the men had significantly
"VO2max only marginally greater than those who failed greater peak power than the women (Table 2, P < 0.05) but
(53.4 + 5.6 vs 51.23 ± 6.7 mL'kg-'.min-', P > 0.1). there was no difference in the fatigue index. The women
Statistical comparisons were not made for the men who did who did not finish the circuit had lower peak power than the
not complete the CPAT circuit because of the very small finishers. As with muscle strength and endurance, women
sample size (n = 2), but it can be seen that they were who passed by the criterion time had a fatigue index that
slightly smaller but had markedly lower values of VO 2max. was slightly less than women who completed the circuit but
Muscular strength and endurance tests. Men who failed the criterion time (36.0% ± 3.3% vs 43.2% + 9.9%),
completed the circuit were significantly stronger than but the difference was not significant.
women in terms of maximal bench press, maximal biceps CPAT-simulated firefighting circuit. The energy
curl, maximal leg press, maximal shoulder press, and demands of the circuit are shown for a single male subject
maximal handgrip strength (Table 2; P < 0.05). There were in Figure 1 by the time course of V0 2 , VCO 2 , and HR
strong correlations when comparing men and women across the eight circuit items. The mean completion time for
Baseline 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Recovery
4000 200
aq
180
a-
a
3000 160
M
E 140 cD
0
E
N
0, 2000 120
o) CD
N
0
100 3
1000 80
60
0 40
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (min)
FIGURE 1-The oxygen uptake (V0 2 ; black), carbon dioxide Output (VCO 2 ; gray), and HR (dashed) are displayed for a male subject during the
eight-event CPAT. The individual events (I = 3-min step mill exercise, 2 = hose drag, 3 = equipment carry, 4 = ladder raise, 5 = forcible entry,
6 = maze search, 7 = victim rescue, and 8 = ceiling breach and pull) were separated by 22.9-m walking.
with high levels of aerobic fitness and muscle strength, > 15000-
1000 "
individual and stepwise linear regressions were performed. C
" "o 0 19~0
Linear regression of completion time on individual
0100, , 'a0 '-4
variables revealed that absolute VO2,.... had a strong
iqifl.H..riiflhl I
50 -
exception of the relationship between completion time and
relative VO 2 max.,
the coefficients of determination increased
when men and women were combined rather than for the
0 I
men or the women alone (Table 3).
0
04 0 9.
%°.
00
o Backward stepwise regression to predict completion
ok I&-C'
0 time for all men and women was performed by including
different sets of independent variables that accounted for
FIGURE 2-Time for each of the eight events in the CPAT circuit is
the collinearity of body mass and absolute VO2ma,
shown for men (solid bars) and women (open bars). Values are mean i
SD. * Significant difference between men and women (P < 0.05). compared to relative V02,,,... Two different sets of
V0 AND VCO 2 DURING SIMULATED FIREFIGHTING Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise& 657
2
I00
When the backward stepwise regression was performed
with relative VO 2 ,, the equation predicting completion
95
times was as follows:
90
completion time = 24.62 -0.161 (VO 2 ,,_., mL.kg], rin- )
05
85
-0.052 x body mass -0.074 x handgrip
8O
DISCUSSION
75 This is the first study to describe the energy requirements
for completing the Candidate Physical Ability Test (CPAT)
770
65 A 14
13
60
1' U)
U 9 q.
c a C U
12
U.
Q)
FIGURE 4-HR and V0 2 response represented in percent of HR.,.,
and percent of ý'02.. for men (closed circles) and women (open E 10
circles). Values are mean ± SD. Note different ranges on y axes.
*Significant difference between men and women (P < 0.05). .0 9
0.
E 8
0
regression analyses were perfonned, namely, one included
relative VO2m,x and the other included absolute VO2 ,,.. 7
that predicts completion times for all finishers was as Men r2=0 44
13 0 2
follows: 0
Women r =0.16
2
12 0 Combined r =0.57
completion time= 18.94-0.0023(V'O2,,,, mEl-min-1 )
The SEE was 1.30, and the estimates of variability for the Criterion Time
E
coefficients given by the SE were 1.132 and 0.00028, 10
00 0
respectively, with r 2 = 0.65 (P < 0.001, power with a = S9 00
0.05: 1.0). 0Ii
k0
E 8
0 0
TABLE 3. Correlation coefficients from simple linear regression for time to completion 0
7.
of the CPAT circuit with respect to key physiological variables in men, women, and men
and women combined.
6
Coefficient of Determination r2 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Variable Men Women Combined
VO max (mL,min- 1)
Body mass 0.07 0.01 0.28 2
Absolute VO02.1. 0.44 0.44 0.57 FIGURE 5-The relationship is shown between completion time on the
Relative V0 2rnu, (mLkg- min-') 0.11 0.36 0.13 CPAT circuit and relative VO0,,,. (mL'kg -min-1; A) absolute
Bench press 0.11 0.28 0.42 V•O2 . (mL'min-1; B) for men (solid circles) and women (open
Bench press endurance 0.17 0.37 0.47 circles). Regression lines were calculated for combined men and
Handgrip 0.04 0.20 0.47 women. The regression equation for the relationship in B is as follows:
Leg press 0.20 0.05 0.38 Completion time = 16.67 - 0.0018(1O0,__. P < 0.001, SEE = 1:09 min.
Leg press endurance 0.14 0.09 0.20
Anaerobic power 0.06 Horizontal dashed lines indicate the pass/fail criterion time of
0.14 0.33
the CPAT.
on the same circuit (98% and 48%, respectively), the FIGURE 6-The 896 men who successfully passed the CPAT as part
distribution of the time to completion of our population was of their job application requirements are used as the reference
framework for describing the relative distribution of the successful
representative of testing under actual conditions (Fig. 6). female candidates as well as the male and female research subjects.
Therefore, we believe the current results to be representa- The individual men's data are presented as "Time Remaining for
tive of the demands of this bona fide occupational Pass," which was calculated as the difference between the criterion
time (10 min 20 s) and the individual's completion time then plotted
qualification and to reveal the characteristics of those (sinall circles) in a cumulative fashion for all 896 successful male
individuals most likely to be successful in meeting the candidate recruits tested in the facility. Superimposed at the appro-
standard established by the CPAT. priate point on the distribution of times for the men are the time
remaining for the 34 successful female candidate recruits (inverted
Cardiorespiratory response to CPAT. The first triangles in A) and 4 successful female research subjects (large open
event of the CPAT is the 3-min stair climb while wearing circles in A) and for the 31 successful male research subjects (upright
the 22.68-kg weighted vest plus the two 5.67-kg shoulder triangles in B).
V0 2 AND V/CO 2 DURING SIMULATED FIREFIGHTING Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercisee 659
(10,23), so observation of high levels by the end of 3 min is mately 1570 mL of CO 2 (70 mmol C0 2 ). It can be assumed
not surprising. The high values of V0 2 and HR are also that this 70-mmol output of CO 2 reflects a total of 70-mmol
consistent with previous research of stair climbing while reduction in predominately plasma bicarbonate and an
wearing a firefighter gear. Manning and Griggs (17) found approximately 70-mmol increase in lactate. It is difficult
that within the first minute of a firefighting task, HR to know the distribution of this lactate, but if distributed in
increases 70% to 80% of maximum with a subsequent 5-6 L of total blood volume, the numbers are consistent
plateau between 90% and 100% until the task is completed. with the 13-mmol.L-1 blood lactate reported by von
O'Connell et al. (19) observed the V0 2 in excess of 80% Heimburg et al. (25) after stair climbing and victim rescue
"VO2max and HR more than 90% maximum after 5 min of simulations.
stair climbing. Firefighters in the study of von Heimburg The cause of the marked increase in RER and blood
et al. (25) had M02 of 34 + 4 mL.kg- 'min- or 64% + 7% lactate, although the M0 2 is only approximately 750/-80%
VO2 max and HR of 167 + 13 bpm or 88% - 4% maximum
V02m.ax throughout the whole CPAT circuit, is likely the
after climbing six flights of steps (20.5 m vertical) in 90 ± inadequate 02 delivery owing to high muscle tensions
31 s. The CPAT protocol mandates walking between required to perform the tasks including carrying the extra
events, and there is slight recovery of M0 2 and HR weight of the vest simulating the firefighter's protective
(Fig. 1); however, overall energy demands remain high. equipment. Muscle blood flow can be impeded during
Throughout the circuit, men had significantly higher relatively low-force isometric contractions (7). Even the
absolute values of VýE, W02 , and VJCO 2 . During the stair stair climbing had an important anaerobic contribution to
climb activity, women had slightly higher values for M02 metabolism because of the very high forces generated in the
when expressed as milliliters per kilogram per minute or leg muscles and in trunk support muscles to raise body
percent V0 i,,..
2 and they had significantly higher HR mass plus an additional 34 kg. Unfortunately, technology is
(absolute and percent maximum) during the stair climbing not available in humans to measure blood flow under the
compared to the men. However, in the subsequent activities conditions of this testing. However, the technology to
(hose drag, equipment carry, and ladder raise), the women's assess continuous VCO 2 in combination with M0 2 as in
V0 2 and HR declined until the women had significantly the current study and in our previous report (6) provides
lower values for M02 than the men during the ladder raise considerable insight into the true metabolic demands of
and forcible entry. The women's V0 2 and HR both firefighting that are hidden by previous studies that reported
increased during the search and the victim rescue so that only average M0 2 values of approximately 70% V02m.ax
they were not different from the men. At this point, it is worthy without data for VCO 2 . Moreover, these findings suggest
to note that the four women who completed the circuit in less that tests that rely on exercise capacity at a predicted
than 10 min 20 s had an average V0 2 during the circuit of submaximal HR (18) also fail to represent the demands of
41.8 ±- 3.3 versus 34.5 + 4.8 mL.kg- min-' for the women firefighting.
who failed to meet the criterion time (78.6% + 4.8% vs Predictors of CPAT performance. Simple linear
67.5% + 5.5% V0 2 m.ax), so the slower women did bias the relationships between CPAT completion time and physical
overall mean for some variables. characteristics of the subjects revealed some modest
I The RER reflects the dynamic relationship between correlations. For most characteristics, the correlation was
VCO 2 and M0 2 as dictated by gas storage and metabolism greater when men and women were combined (Table 3),
including both oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic and this is not surprising because there was a greater range
glycolysis. At the onset of the stair climbing exercise, of values for attributes that are largely dependent on body
VCO 2 initially lags behind V0 2 (Fig. 1) owing to CO 2 mass. Individual analysis of the men and women actually
storage (9), but it can be seen from the RER taken as the revealed a very low correlation between completion time
average of the last 30 s of the 3-min stair climbing that and body mass, whereas other factors such as absolute and
VCO 2 was already exceeding M0 2 during the first activity relative V02niax, bench press strength and endurance, and
of the CPAT. The RER for the men, as in a previous study handgrip had modest predictive ability within the sexes.
(6), was consistently above 1.0 and exceeded 1.1 during the Backward stepwise multiple linear regression analyses
hose drag and the ceiling breach and pull. For the women, for the total sample of 32 men and 14 women who finished
RER was above 1.0 during the stair climbing but then the test were performed to determine whether combinations
progressively decreased and was significantly less than the of physical attributes might predict CPAT completion time.
men at several activities (with no difference between Because of the relationship between absolute V02max and
women who met and did not meet the criterion time). As the combination of body mass with relative V02,nax, these
the metabolic respiratory quotient for the men was probably two components were examined independently within the
close to 1.0 during the CPAT, reflecting predominantly analyses. When absolute VO 2n,,x was included in the
carbohydrate metabolism, excess CO 2 could be estimated model, all other variables (body mass, strength, endurance,
from the difference between VCO 2 and M0 2 . For the typical and power indicators) were dropped from the predictive
subject shown in Figure 1, the excess volume of CO 2 equation. However, when relative V02n,ax was entered in
produced between 1 and 10 min of exercise was approxi- the model, it emerged in combination with body mass and
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