Engineering Analysis II:

Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)

and Applications to Engineering

By: Dr. Mahfouz Rostamzadeh

Soran University
Faculty of Engineering
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Engineering Analysis II: Partial Differential Equations

1. Introduction

A PDE is an equation that contains one or more partial derivatives of an unknown

function that depends on at least two variables. Usually one of these deals with
time t and the remaining with space (spatial variable(s) like x, y and z). The most
important PDEs are the wave equations that can model the vibrating string and the
vibrating membrane, the heat equation for temperature in a bar or wire, and the
Laplace equation for electrostatic potentials.
PDEs are very important in dynamics, elasticity, heat transfer, electromagnetic
theory, and quantum mechanics. They have a much wider range of applications
than ODEs, which can model only the simplest physical systems. Thus PDEs are
subjects of many ongoing research and development projects.
Realizing that modeling with PDEs is more involved than modeling with ODEs,
we take a gradual, well-planned approach to modeling with PDEs. To do this we
carefully derive the PDE that models the phenomena, such as the one-dimensional
wave equation for a vibrating elastic string (say a violin string), and then solve the
PDE. In a similar vein, we derive the heat equation and then solve and generalize
it. We derive these PDEs from physics and consider methods for solving initial and
boundary value problems, that is, methods of obtaining solutions which satisfy the
conditions required by the physical situations. We show how PDEs can also be
solved by Fourier and Laplace transform methods.

2. Basic Concepts of PDEs

We recall that for a two variable function z = f(x, y) with independent variables x
and y and dependent variable z, the first partial differentials are
∂z ∂f
or (x, y)or fx = derivative of f 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
∂z ∂f
or (x, y)or fy = derivative of f 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
For other multivariable functions similarly the first partial differential can be
defined.
Example: For f(x, y) = x 2 𝑦 + cos(𝑥 2 − 𝑦) + √𝑥 + 1 the first partial differentials
are:
∂f 1 ∂f
= fx = 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 − 𝑦) + ; = fy = 𝑥 2 + sin(𝑥 2 − 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2 √𝑥 𝜕𝑦
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Second partial differentials can be defined as follows:

∂2 f 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 ∂2 f 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 ∂2 f 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
2
(x, y)or fxx = ( ) ; (x, y)or fxy = ( ) ; (x, y)or fyy = ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Note that for a differentiable function f, fxy = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 .

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Engineering Analysis II: Partial Differential Equations

 A partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation involving one or more

partial derivatives of an (unknown) function, call it u, that depends on two or
more variables, often time t and one or several variables in space.

E X A M P L E 1 Important Second-Order PDEs

(1) One-dimensional wave equation

(2) One-dimensional heat equation

(3) Two-dimensional Laplace equation

(4) Two-dimensional Poisson equation

(5) Two-dimensional wave equation

(6) Three-dimensional Laplace equation

Here c is a positive constant, t is time, x, y, z are Cartesian coordinates and

dimension is the number of these coordinates in the equation.
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 The order of the highest derivative is called the order of the PDE. Just as was the
case for ODEs, second-order PDEs will be the most important ones in
applications.

 Just as for ordinary differential equations (ODEs) we say that a PDE is linear if it
is of the first degree in the unknown function u and its partial derivatives.
Otherwise we call it nonlinear. Thus, all the equations in Example 1 are linear
and 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥𝑦 is nonlinear of order two and (𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥 )2 + sin(𝑢𝑦 + 𝑥) = 𝑢 is
nonlinear of order 3.
 We call a linear PDE homogeneous if each of its terms contains either u or one
of its partial derivatives. Otherwise we call the equation nonhomogeneous. Thus,
(4) in Example 1 (with f not identically zero) is nonhomogeneous, whereas the
other equations are homogeneous.

 A solution of a PDE in some region R of the space of the independent variables

is a function that has all the partial derivatives appearing in the PDE in some
domain D containing R, and satisfies the PDE everywhere in R. Often one
merely requires that the function is continuous on the boundary of R, has those
derivatives in the interior of R, and satisfies the PDE in the interior of R. Letting
R lie in D simplifies the situation regarding derivatives on the boundary of R,
which is then the same on the boundary as it is in the interior of R.
 In general, the totality of solutions of a PDE is very large. For example, the
functions

which are entirely different from each other, are solutions of (3), as you may
verify. For example we check 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦:
𝑢𝑥 = cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 , 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 , 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦
and so 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 = 0. The others easily can be
checked.

The unique solution of a PDE corresponding to a given physical problem will be

obtained by the use of additional conditions arising from the problem. The
additional conditions may be imposed on spatial boundaries belonging to a region
D where the solution is required, and when this is done the conditions are called
boundary conditions. A typical boundary condition for a second order PDE
defined in a rectangle could be that the solution is required to assume specified
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values on the sides of the rectangle. If time is involved, it is necessary to specify

how the solution starts, and a condition of this type is called an initial condition.
Problems requiring initial and boundary conditions are called initial boundary
value problems (IBVPs).

A general first order PDE for the function u(x, y) is of the form

where F is an arbitrary function of its arguments. For example

𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 + 1 , 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢, 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 ) = 𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦 − 𝑢 − 1 = 0
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Although in principle a general solution of a linear first order PDE can be

found, unlike the general solution of a linear first order ordinary differential
equation (ODE) that contains an arbitrary constant, the general solution of
a linear first order PDE contains an arbitrary function. This situation is
illustrated by the first order PDE
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3. Solving PDEs
We begin from the simplest partial differential equations.

1. 𝑢𝑥 = 0
Solution: we integrate the both sides with respect to x:
∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐
But as the function is two variables so the constant c must be a function of y, hence
the general solution is 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦) for any arbitrary function f of y. So we have
an infinite number of solutions. For example f(y) = y + 1, f(y) = cosy + lny and
… are a solution of this PDE.

2. 𝑢𝑥 = 0 , 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 1

Solution: This one is a boundary value problem which its general solution
as we already obtained is 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦). Now we need to verify the
condition:
𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 1 is the unique
solution of this PDE.

3. 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 , 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 0) = 𝑥 + 1 , 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = cos 𝑥

Solution:
We integrate the both side with respect to y:
∫ 𝑢𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥) (i)
As we mentioned before, f(x) is the constant parameter of the integration
with respect to y. Again we take another integration from the both sides of
(i) and we have:
∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) (ii)
So the general solution is 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥). Now we check the initial
conditions:
(𝑖)
⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 0) ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 (iii)
(𝑖𝑖),(𝑖𝑖𝑖)
⇒ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)
⇒ 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 0 ⋅ (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
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Therefore 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦(𝑥 + 1) + cos 𝑥 is the particular and unique solution

of this PDE.

4. 𝑢𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2
Solution: by integrating from the both sides
𝑥3
∫ 𝑢𝑥𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = + 𝑓(𝑦)
3
Again we integrate

𝑥3 𝑥3
∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ [ + 𝑓(𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥)
3 3

Note that we can rewrite again the general solution by putting ℎ(𝑦) ≔
∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 as follows
𝑥3
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 + ℎ(𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥)
3

Remark (PDEs SOLVABLE AS ODEs):

This happens if a PDE involves derivatives with respect to one variable only (or
can be transformed to such a form), so that the other variable(s) can be treated as
parameter(s). So sometimes we can directly integrate like previous examples or use
a suitable substitution to solve it by ODE solution methods.

5. 𝑢𝑥𝑥 − 𝑢 = 0

Solution:
Since no y-derivatives occur, we can solve this PDE like 𝑢′′ − 𝑢 = 0 as an
ordinary differential equation. From ODEs we know 𝑟 2 − 1 = 0 is its
characteristic equation and 𝑟 = ±1. So 𝑢1 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑢1 = 𝑒 −𝑥 are its solutions
thus 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 . But u is a two variables function and each of 𝑐1 and
𝑐2 is a function of y, so the general solution is of the following form:
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)𝑒 −𝑥

6. Solve 𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 𝑢𝑥 = 0 for 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡).

Solution:
𝑦′
Set 𝑢𝑥 ≔ 𝑦. So 𝑢𝑥𝑡 = 𝑦 ′ ⇒ 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 1𝑑𝑡
𝑦
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⇒ ln|𝑦| = −𝑡 + 𝑐(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐(𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑡 = ℎ(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑡 (note that we can write 𝑒 𝑐(𝑥) =

ℎ(𝑥) )
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑡 ⇒ ∫ 𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ℎ(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫ ℎ(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑔(𝑡)
is the general solution. Note that f(x) and g(t) are arbitrary.

7. 𝑢𝑥𝑡 + 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑡
Setting 𝑢𝑥 ≔ 𝑦, we have 𝑢𝑥𝑡 = 𝑦 ′ ⇒ 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑡 . Now we can solve this first
order linear ODE with respect to t:
1
𝑦(𝑡) = (∫ 𝜇(𝑡)𝑥𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐) ; 𝜇 = 𝑒 ∫ 1𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝜇(𝑡)
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥)) (note that we can put c=f(x)).
−𝑡 ( 𝑡 −𝑡

⇒ 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥))

𝑥2
⇒ ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑡𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑒 ⋅ + 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
−𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡
2
2
𝑐≔ℎ(𝑡) , ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥≔𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥
⇒ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 ⋅ + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑡)
2

8. To see that not every first order PDE has a solution, it is only necessary
to consider the nonlinear equation
𝑢𝑥2 + 𝑢𝑦2 = −1
The expression on the left is nonnegative, so clearly this equation cannot be
satisfied by any real function u(x, y).
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4. The Method of Characteristics

The method of solution of a quasi linear first order PDE involving the unknown
function u(x, y) contains within it as special cases the solution of linear and semi
linear first order PDEs. For a first-order PDE (partial differential equation), the
method of characteristics discovers curves (called characteristic curves or just
characteristics) along which the PDE becomes an ordinary differential equation
(ODE). Once the ODE is found, it can be solved along the characteristic curves
and transformed into a solution for the original PDE.
For the sake of simplicity, we confine our attention to the case of a function of two
independent variables x and y for the moment. Consider a quasi linear PDE of the
form
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢)𝑢𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢)𝑢𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) (4.1)

where P, Q and R are assumed to be continuous functions of their arguments. To

solve the equation (4.1) once we consider the rate of changes in y to be zero, hence
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑢𝑦 = 0. Then we have 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢)𝑢𝑥 = 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) and so
𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= (4.2)
𝑃(𝑥,𝑦,𝑢) 𝑅(𝑥,𝑦,𝑢)

𝜕𝑢
Similarly we consider the rate of changes in x to be zero, hence = 𝑢𝑥 = 0.
𝜕𝑥
Then we have 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢)𝑢𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) and so

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= (4.3)
𝑄(𝑥,𝑦,𝑢) 𝑅(𝑥,𝑦,𝑢)

From (4.2) and (4.3) we can deduce the method of characteristics to solve quasi-
linear first order PDEs as follows:

The Method of Characteristics:

To solve 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢)𝑢𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢)𝑢𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) we consider the following

steps:

1. Set
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= =
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢)
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and solve the following two ordinary differential equations

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ⟹ 𝑢1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 𝑐1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= ⟹ 𝑢2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 𝑐2
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢)
2. The intersection of 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 gives the solution, hence u(x, y). For this
purpose we substitute 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 in 𝑐2 = 𝑓(𝑐1 ).

Example 4.1: Find the general solution of 𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑢𝑦 = 𝑥 .

Solution:
First of all 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 1, 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 2 and 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 𝑥. So
1.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= =
1 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥 ⟺ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑑𝑥 ⟺ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐1 ⟺ 𝑐1 = 𝑦 − 2𝑥
1 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑥2 𝑥2
= ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⟺ ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⟺ 𝑢 = + 𝑐2 ⟺ 𝑐2 = 𝑢 −
1 𝑥 2 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
2. 𝑐2 = 𝑓(𝑐1 ) ⟺ 𝑢 − = 𝑓(𝑦 − 2𝑥) ⟺ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑦 − 2𝑥) +
2 2

Example 4.2: Solve the initial valued problem of 𝑢𝑥 + 3𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑢, 𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Solution:
First of all 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 1, 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 3 and 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 2𝑢. So
1.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= =
1 3 2𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑑𝑥 ⟺ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑑𝑥 ⟺ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐1 ⟺ 𝑐1 = 𝑦 − 3𝑥
1 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
= ⟺∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟺ ln(𝑐2 𝑢) = 2𝑥 ⟺ 𝑐2 𝑢 = 𝑒 ⟺ 𝑐2 =
1 2𝑢 𝑢 𝑢

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
2. 𝑐2 = 𝑓(𝑐1 ) ⟺ = 𝑓(𝑦 − 3𝑥) ⟺ 𝑢 = = 𝑔(𝑦 − 3𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑢 𝑓(𝑦−3𝑥)
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1
Note that without losing of generality we can write = 𝑔(𝑦 − 3𝑥) for
𝑓(𝑦−3𝑥)
a function g. Thus 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑦 − 3𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 is the general solution. Now we
check the initial condition:
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑔(0 − 3𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑔(−3𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑡
t −(− )
Set −3x = t ⟹ x = − ⟹ g(t) = e 3 = 𝑒 𝑡/3 ⟹ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥/3
3
So
𝑦−3𝑥 𝑦
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑦 − 3𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑒 3 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 3 +𝑥
is the particular solution.

Example 4.3: Solve the problem of 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑢𝑦 + 𝑢 = 0, 𝑢(0, 𝑦) = 1 + 𝑦.

Solution:
First of all 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑢𝑢𝑦 = −𝑢 and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 1, 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) = 𝑢 and 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢) =
−𝑢. So
1.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= =
1 𝑢 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢𝑑𝑥 ⟺ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 ⟺ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑐1 ⟺ 𝑐1 = 𝑦 − 𝑢𝑥
1 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥
= ⟺∫ = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟺ ln(𝑐2 𝑢) = −𝑥 ⟺ 𝑐2 𝑢 = 𝑒 ⟺ 𝑐2 =
1 −𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
𝑒 −𝑥
2. 𝑐2 = 𝑓(𝑐1 ) ⟺ = 𝑓(𝑦 − 𝑢𝑥)
𝑢

𝑒 −0 1
= 𝑓(𝑦 − 𝑢 ⋅ 0) ⟺ = 𝑓(𝑦)
𝑢(0, 𝑦) 1+𝑦
𝑒 −𝑥 1
⟺ = 𝑓(𝑦 − 𝑢𝑥) = ⟺ 𝑢𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦 − 𝑢𝑥
𝑢 1 + 𝑦 − 𝑢𝑥
⟺ 𝑢(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑦
1+𝑦
⟺ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥
𝑒 +𝑥
18 | P a g e Soran University-Faculty of Engineering
Engineering Analysis II: Partial Differential Equations