Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Network Models -
OSI Model

Engr. Usman Raza

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Network Models
• There are two network models widely used:
– TCP/IP model .
– OSI (Open System Interconnection) Model.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

OSI Model
• There are seven layers in OSI model on both sides of the communication
Mnemonics Mnemonics
(Top-Down) (Bottom-Up)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All Away
People Pizza
Seem Sausage
To Throw
Need Not
Data Do
Processing Please

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Application Layer
• Contains the set of protocols related to
application.
– HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol for
web)

– SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

– POP/IMAP (Post Office Protocol)

– FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

– DNS (Domain Name Server )

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Presentation Layer
• Concerned with the syntax and
semantics of the information.

– Encryption/Decryption
– Compression
– Data Formats
– Translation

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Session Layer
• This makes sure to establish a
session between hosts.
• It performs:
– Dialog Control
– Synchronization

• PDU (Protocol Data Unit):

– The term used to describe data as it
moves from one layer of the OSI model
to another.
– PDU up to this layer is “message” or
“data”.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Transport Layer
• Transport layer is responsible for
process-to-process delivery.
• Responsibilities of Transport Layers
are:
– Segmentation and Re-assembling
– Connection Control
– Flow Control
– Error Control

• PDU (Protocol Data Unit):

– PDU at this layer is “segment”.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Network Layer
• Network layer is responsible for
source-to-destination delivery.
– Assigning IP address
– Routing
– IP (Internet Protocol),
– ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol),
– ARP (Address Resolution Protocol,
– DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol) and etc.

• PDU (Protocol Data Unit):

– PDU at this layer is “datagram”.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Data Link Layer

• Responsible for delivery from one
node to another.
• It performs:
– Framing
– Physical Addressing (MAC address)
– Flow Control
– Error Control
– Access Control

• PDU (Protocol Data Unit):

– PDU at this layer is “frame”.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Physical Layer
• Physical layer is responsible for
delivery of bits from one node to
another.
• Responsibilities of Physical Layers are:
– Physical characteristics of interfaces and
medium
– Representation of bits (how 0’s and 1’s are
changed to signals)
– Physical Topology
– Transmission mode (Simplex, Half- Duplex
or Duplex)
– Line Configuration
• PDU (Protocol Data Unit):
– PDU at this layer are “bits”.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

OSI Model
Summary

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Communication at OSI Model

Each layer, in OSI model, adds an additional information (header and trailer) of
itself to the packets. This process is known as Encapsulation.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Encapsulation at OSI Layers

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

DEcapsulation at OSI Layers

• The term “Datagram” can also be used instead of “Packet”.

• De-capsulation take place at the receiver end.

• At the destination host, each layer only decapsulates the packet

received, removes the payload (message), and delivers the
payload to the next-higher layer protocol until the message
reaches the application layer.

• Decapsulation in the host also involves error checking.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

TCP/IP Model
• Presented before OSI model.
• Originally Four Layer Model. But last layer can be
thought of as two layers: data link and physical.

• The TCP/IP model does not have session or presentation

layers. No need for them was perceived.
• Instead, applications simply include any session and
presentation functions that they require.

• Last layer also known as link layer

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Addressing
• There are four types of addressing in the networks:
• Physical Address
– At the physical and data link layers, communicating nodes (end nodes and
intermediate devices) are identified by addresses usually termed as Physical
Addresses.
– If the underlying interface is Ethernet, then the physical layer address is termed
as a MAC address and it consists of 6 bytes.
e.g. 07:01:02:01:2C:4B (A 6-byte (12 hexa digit) Address)
• Logical Address
– IP addresses are the logical address. There are different format for
physical addresses for different interfaces. In order to cope with this IP
addresses are used to identify the host in the network.
– IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long and number about 4.3×109 .
– IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long and number about 3.4×1038.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Addressing
• Port Address
– Physical and Logical addresses are necessary for transmitting the data
from source host to destination host.
– There are multiple applications running at any instant in the network.
– In order to label the different addresses we need port addresses.
– A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to
65535.
– For receiving Email port address is 25; HTTP port is 80; HTTPS port is
443 and so on.
• Specific Address
– Email addresses/ URL addresses

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Some Important Points to Remember

• TCP/IP model was introduced earlier than OSI Model.
• Original TCP/IP Model consist of four Layer:
– App, Transport, Network and NetwrokAccess or Link Layer.
– Application Layer of TCP/IP is equivalent to first 3 layers of OSI model.
– Link Layer of TCP/IP is equivalent to last 2 layers of OSI model.

• Your Desktop/PC has all the layers of OSI or TCP/IP model.

• Switch is a Layer 2 Device (It works up to layer 2 (OSI) ).
• Router is a Layer 3 Device (It works up to layer 3 (OSI) ).

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 4+5: Network Models – OSI + TCP/IP Model CS 313: CCNET

Reference
• Data Communications and Networking (Chapter 2),
5th Edition or Higher by BEHROUZ A. FOROUZAN

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi