CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
PROGRAMMING
Prepared for:
CSC 402 – Programming 1
© Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
© Rose Hafsah Ab Rauf – UiTM Shah Alam
© Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
OBJECTIVES OF THIS CHAPTER
In this chapter, you will learn about:
What is a computer
The components of a computer system
What is a computer program
Programming Languages
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
Do you think
computers are
dumb or intelligent?
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
Hardware:
Consists of all the physical devices
Software (Computer Program):
Consists of all the instructions
that tell the computer how to
perform tasks
Computer
System
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
Get a glass
Add water
Add a lemon
Add sugar
Computer Program
Taste it
Is a set of instructions that tells a computer
what to do
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
Computer Program Programming
Programmer
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COMPUTER
Is an electronic machine that will:
What is a Computer? 1. Receive data (input)
2. Store and manipulate those data (process)
3. Produce useful information (output)
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Components of a Computer System:
1. Hardware:
Input and Output Devices
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Main Memory
Secondary Storage
2. Software:
Operating System
Application Software
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Input:
Are data that is entered into the computer using an input device
Input Devices:
Are used to send or enter data into a computer
For example:
Keyboard
Mouse
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Processing:
Are the task of performing operations inside the computer system and this
is carried out by the CPU
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Is the “brain” of the computer
Because it is responsible in handling all the instructions you give your computer
through a computer program
It performs:
Arithmetical and logical operations
Input/output operations
COMPUTER SYSTEM
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
Central Processing Unit (CPU):
Consists of 2 main components:
1. Control Unit (CU):
Is responsible in directing the operations within the processor by:
Telling the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and
output devices how to respond to a program's instructions
2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
Is responsible in performing:
Arithmetical operations
(E.g.: addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division)
Logical operations (comparison)
(E.g.: equal to, not equal to, less than,
greater than etc.)
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Storage:
Is the process of saving data and instructions inside the computer system
There are 2 types of storage:
1. Main Memory / Primary Storage
2. Secondary Storage
Main Memory:
Also known as Random Access Memory (RAM)
Will hold data and program instructions for data processing
Will hold processed information before it is displayed as output
Is a temporary storage because its content will be lost once the computer is
turned off
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Secondary Storage:
Is the device that stores information permanently
For example:
Hard disks
Floppy disks
CD-ROMs
Thumb Drive
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Output:
Are any information or results produced by the computer system and are
displayed using output devices
Output Devices:
Are used to display data which has been processed or has been stored on
the computer
For example:
Monitor
Printer
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Software:
Is a computer program, which will direct the computer to do the tasks
you want it to do and to produce the results you want
There are 2 types of software, which are:
1. Operating System
Is a program that will control and manage
all the other programs inside the computer
For example:
Windows OS, Mac OS, Linux OS
2. Application Software
Is a program that will provide
services to the user
For example:
Word processing, games, web browsers
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
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How do we talk to a Computer?
Computers only understand Machine Language
Machine Language (Low Level Language):
Data and instructions are represented in a series of 0’s and 1’s (binary code)
For example: To code wages = rates x hours in Machine Language will be:
100100 0000 010001
100110 0000 010010
100010 0000 010011
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
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Assembly Language (Low Level Language):
Instructions are represented using an easy-to-remember form called mnemonic
and is slightly easier to use than Machine Language (more readable)
For example:
However, an assembler is used to translates a program written in assembly
language into an equivalent program in machine language
For example: To code wages = rates x hours in Assembly Language will be:
LOAD R1, rate
MULT R1, hour
STOR R1, wages
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
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High Level Language:
It enables programmers to program using English-like syntax and is a lot easier
to read, write and maintained
For example: To code wages = rates x hours in High Level Language will be:
wages = rates * hours;
However, a compiler will be used to translates a program written in high
level language language into an equivalent program in machine language
Example of High Level Language:
C++, Java, COBOL, Fortran
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
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Low Level Language:
Is a programming language that is closely related to the computer’s hardware:
Programmers are required to know how to manage hardware components
This includes Machine Language and Assembly Language
High Level Language:
Is a programming language that is an “abstraction” (far away) from machine code
instructions:
Doesn’t require knowledge about hardware
Enables programmers to just focus on the problem being solved
Interpreter and Compiler
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A program written in high level language is called
a source code
A computer only understands a program written in
binary (0’s and 1’s)
We need to convert the source code into machine
code which can be done by compilers and
interpreters.
Interpreter and Compiler
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Interpreter Compiler
Translates program one statement at Scans the entire program and
a time. translates it as a whole into machine
code.
It takes less amount of time to It takes large amount of time to
analyze the source code but the analyze the source code but the
overall execution time is slower. overall execution time is
comparatively faster.
No intermediate object code is Generates intermediate object code
generated, hence are memory which further requires linking, hence
efficient. requires more memory.
Continues translating the program It generates the error message only
until the first error is met, in which after scanning the whole program.
case it stops. Hence debugging is Hence debugging is comparatively
easy. hard.
Interpreted code run slower Compiled code run faster
Programming language like Python, Programming language like C, C++
Ruby use interpreters. use compilers.
Interpreter and Compiler
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© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
© Najwa Abd Ghafar – UiTM Johor
© Rose Hafsah Ab, Rauf - UiTM Shah Alam
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND
