5th Part

.
2 Communication
2.13.2.1 Existing Situation
Telecommunications
As of 2000, telecommunications facilities and services include the following:
• fifteen (15) telephone service utilities

• three (3) public repeater systems ( trunk radio )
• six (6) telefax service stations situated in strategic centers of the city
• five (5) radio telegraph stations established in the City of Cebu which are
operated by both the government and the private sector entities
• four (4) public coastal stations
• eighteen (18) AM radio stations
• seven (7) value added service i.e ISP
• twenty five (25) FM broadcast stations
• four (4) lease lives- digital/analog
• nine (9) television broadcast stations
• fourteen thousand three hundred five (14,305) private communications
• three (3) independent cable television companies.
• five (5) paging systems companies
• three (3) marine coastal facilities and
• one (1) international gateway facility
The past five years also saw the rapid growth of the cable television industry in
the Metro Cebu area.
As of June 2000, the data indicated that the existing switching capacity installed
in the City has a total of 123,378 telephone lines. Of the said total, there were
only 57,485 telephone subscribers/connections both residential and business
establishments listed. PLDT accounts for more than 98% of the total capacity
and 99% of the total telephone subscribers in Cebu City. A greater number of
individuals favor using cellular mobile phones because of convenience and
accessibility.
Postal Communications
As of 2000, the City of Cebu has a total number of fifteen (15) post offices. The
city’s postal density (ratio of population to post office) is placed at one post/
barangay office for every 40,546 persons. This does not meet the standard of
one post office for every 30,000 inhabitants and is also below the national figure
of 1:21,448. The City has 89 registered mail carriers making the mail carrier to
population ratio of 1:6.834.
Slow mailing time is still evident in the rural areas. This is emanating from the
fact that most of the hinterland barangays in the city still do not have postal
services.
2.13.2.2 Factors Influencing Sector’s Performance
Telecommunications
In 1993, President Fidel V. Ramos issued two crucial Executive Orders which
effectively accelerated the development of telecommunications in the country;
a. Executive Order No. 59 prescribes the compulsory interconnection of public

telecommunication carriers in order to create a universally accessible and fully
integrated nationwide telecommunication network.
b. Executive Order No. 109, on the other hand, seeks to improve the provision of
local exchange carriers (LEC) service by requiring cellular mobile telephone
service (CMTS) and international gateway facility (IGF) operators to cross-
subsidize local exchange services. CMTS and IGF operators were required to
roll out some 400,000 and 300,000 telephone lines, respectively, in service
areas assigned to them.
Central Visayas, along with Region 6 and 8, was assigned to ISLACOM. As

CMTS and IGF operator, Islacom is scheduled to roll out 700,000 lines in the
Visayas over a period of 3 years. The result of these policy guidelines in the
region’s basic telephone industry has been tremendous.
The entry of ISLACOM has minimized the dominance of PLDT in the Region’s
basic telephone service industry. In 1993, PLDT accounted for 90 percent of
the region’s telephone lines. As of June 1998, while PLDT was still the leading
local exchange service operator, its share in total telephone lines has
diminished to 59 percent. ISLACOM accounted for 32 percent while the rest of
the service providers shared the remaining 9 percent.
The expansion and modernization of telephone facilities in the city is being

undertaken (PLDT) and the ISLACOM. These companies have been linking
remote villages in the city to the rest of the country and to the world. First to
introduce digital technology in the country, ISLACOM has been providing the
most advanced telephone services using the superior GSM digital technology
of Deutche Telekom, its strategic partner.
ISLACOM was integrated with Globe Telecommunication and PLDT with Smart
Telecommunications. These two dominates the telecom industry in the country.
Recently, the entry of SUN Telecommunications broadens the CTMS and IGF
operations nationwide.
The problem of delivering postal services to the people is still manifested with
the inadequacy of post office buildings and barangay postal centers. The
Philippine Postal Corporation should institute measures to ensure the efficient
delivery of mails. Immediate processing of incoming and outgoing mails to
meet the cut-off time for delivery should be insured. New mail vans should be
given to distribution and sub-distribution centers for faster movement of mails.
Also motorcycles should be distributed to post offices which have large
volumes of mails.
2.13.2.3 Priority Issues and Concerns
Telecommunications
The major issue of the telecommunications sector, the public has been airing is
the delayed full interconnection of the telecom companies that has affected many
business transactions and if this issue is not resolved soon, the Philippines will be
again at the bottom of the list of our neighboring countries in terms of global
access and hence investment opportunities and sustenance will be affected.
Telephone System in All Barangays shall have the following set up;
i. Telephone interconnection for all barangays

ii. At least one public calling office in every barangay
iii. Telephone interconnection between local exchange carriers and PLDT
shall be efficient
Telecom Facilities shall likewise have the following set up:
i. Government telecommunications facilities shall be privatized

ii. Expansion and modernization of all telecom facilities
iii. Telephone density in Cebu City is overconcentrated in the CBD but widely
dispersed in hillyland barangays
iv. Promotion of telecommunications sector requires maximum participation
of the private sector.
One of the issues of postal communications is the prioritization of expanding

postal services to the hinterlands. The decision has to be made on whether to
provide the infrastructure of sub-post offices or provide more transport equipment
to postal people to carry out the delivery of mails and packages.
The only other concern that makes the postal system inefficient is the incorrect,
unupdated house postal numbers and unnumbered houses and/or
establishments.
2.13.2.4 Development Potentials and Constraints
Constraints
Putting up telephone lines in the upland areas using concrete poles and copper
wires is costly. That is why telephone companies opt to initially put public phone
stations with a single line or two to serve the people in these areas. This is also
true to postal services. The absence of transport infrastructure in the upland
areas will also delay the delivery of services to the people.
The efficient development of the telecommunication sector requires the maximum

participation of the private sector. The private sector shall, therefore, be
responsible for serving the telecommunication needs of the public throughout the
city, and for achieving and maintaining quality standards by the National
Telecommunications Commission. On the other hand, Government shall
continue to seek improvements in the regulatory system and to make it simplier
yet more effective.
It is recognized that telecom companies in the Philippines are not yet fully
interconnected despite the two Executive Orders that prescribes the compulsory
interconnection of public telecommunication carriers in order to create a
universally accessible and fully integrated nationwide telecommunication
network, If we want to establish immediate contact with the outside world using
out present telecom facilities, the City government must lobby for the full
implementation of the aforementioned Executive Orders.
Potentials
The increase in the number of telecommunications companies fighting to serve
the people has the latter as the beneficiary of more improved services.
The strong Government-Private sector relation within Metro Cebu would be a

major factor in the efficient development of the telecommunications sector.
2.13.2.5 Projected Development Scenario
The need to develop and modernize the city’s telecommunication facilities to the
state-of-the-art class will be a good preparation for the intended integration of
general communications in Metro Cebu. This can further promote the dispersal
of industries, commerce and businesses through fast, easy and accurate access
of vital information in a competitive and fast-tracked society.
At the same time, improved transport infrastructure nationwide, regionwide, city

wide and into the interiors of the City and municipalities will maximize the
services output of the postal communication subsector.
Sectoral Vision
By the year 2020, Cebu City will have established telecommunications facilities
comparable to developed countries in the world
Sectoral Mission
“To ensure the provision of adequate, efficient, affordable comprehensive and

state of the art communication facilities and services.”
Sectoral Objectives
The objectives of the communications sector are:
• To attain one hundred percent coverage of the basic and non-basic

communications services for all barangays in the city;
• To maintain high quality and efficient telecommunications facilities;
• To improve postal services to internationally-accepted standards and include

unserved and underserved areas in the postal network.
2.13.2.6 Strategies and Programs
Universalization
Executive Orders No. 59 and 109 were issued to attain Government’s goal of
providing access of both urban and rural areas to reliable and affordable basic
and other telecommunications services. The realization of this goal essentially
involves expanding the coverage of basic telephone services, promoting
regionwide and nationwide coverage of cellular mobile telephone service and
other non-basic telecommunications service and establishing telegraph and
telegraphic transfer stations in unserved areas.
Republic Act 7925 was enacted, known as the Telecom Policy Development that
encourages private sector participation.
Government regards the delivery of mails as a basic public utility. Providing
universal access to this service requires the establishment of barangay post
offices in all barangays to provide at least ordinary mail service. Equally
important is harnessing the capability and participation of private messengerial
service providers in the overall postal delivery network.
Modernization
In this era of increasing globalization, it is essential to regularly upgrade

communications facilities to keep abreast with technological advancements and
constantly improve services to cater to changing needs of users. In
telecommunications, improvement of facilities demands the replacement of
outdated analog technology with digital, fiber optics, satellites or wireless
technologies. Improving telecommunications networks to enable them to
efficiently handle value added services is critical to information technology, which
has been recognized by Government as a vital tool for the country’s economic
transformation.
Modernizing postal services, on the other hand, relies on the three-fold strategy
of mechanization, motorization and variety. Mechanization simply means that the
use of machines in mail handling should already replace the current manual
process. Motorization mail delivery not only improves efficiency but also partly
addresses the pervasive problem of lack of mail carriers especially at the
barangay level. Variety means offering a wide range of postal services and
products is imperative to meet the fast-changing needs of customers. Among the
postal services and products that are widely accepted as part of the postal
business are ordinary mail, registered mail, express mail, fax mail, lock-box
service, parcel service, money order, philately, postal identity card, aerogramme,
bulk pre-sorted mail, charge account, postal savings bank, etc.
Integration
Compulsory interconnection of public telecommunication carriers was mandated

to effect a fully integrated communication network, thus, maximizing the use of
telecommunication facilities and encouraging more investments in
telecommunications infrastructure. Interconnection involves the linkage by wire,
radio, satellite or other means of two or more existing telecommunication carriers
to enable their subscribers to access each other.
Fast-tracking the interconnection process necessitates the issuance of a national

policy defining among others, who should bear the cost of interconnection and
the appropriate access charge to the backbone. There is also a need to put more
teeth in the interconnection mandate by including a credible provision for
penalties to telecommunications firms that refuse to interconnect their facilities
with other authorized carriers.
Facilitation
The government’s efforts to provide universal access to telecommunications

services will remain largely ineffective if this is not matched by full support and
cooperation of local government in whose territories telecommunications
infrastructure will ultimately be located.
Essentially this means the Local Chief Executive must take a firm, active and
impartial role in resolving bottlenecks in project implementation. This involves
facilitating the issuance of necessary permits to telecommunication entities
granted congressional franchise to operate their facilities. It has been shown
time and again that project implementation is more expeditious if coordinated with
local governments.
Projects for Communications
• 700,000 telephone lines by service providers over a period of 3 years

• PLDT X7 Expansion Program
• Correcting and updating of postal addresses and providing postal numbers
to all houses and establishments in Cebu City
.3 Water Supply
Water Supply Sector covers the water produced by water systems, their
treatment, transmission and distribution to the different consumers namely:
domestic, commercial, industrial and institutional. Classification of water supply
systems generally follow the HLURB planning standard:
Level I - point source,

Level II - communal faucet, and
Level III - individual connection.
The institutional bodies mandated to oversee water supply, management and

development, include the following:
- National Water Resources Board (NWRB), attached to DPWH;

- Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), for Level II and III;
- Presidential Task Force on Water Resources Management
(PTFWRM), for long term sustainable management of scarce water
resources; and
- Metro Cebu Water District (MCWD).
For Cebu City, water supply is the responsibility of the Metro Cebu Water District.
MCWD was organized under PD 198 with a mandate to develop both water
supply and sewerage systems within the boundaries of Metro Cebu. The
coverage of the water district includes the three cities of Cebu, Mandaue and
Lapu-lapu and the five municipalities of Talisay, Consolacion, Liloan, Compostela
and Cordova
Assessment of Performance
Water Supply Sources
Water supply for Metro Cebu comes from groundwater and surface water
sources. Groundwater sources had increased to 97 wells as of December 1999
with an annual production capacity of 38.9 million cu.m. that accounts for 83% of
the total supply. Surface water comes from Buhisan Dam with an annual
production of 9.3 million cu.m. Water production in 1999 was recorded at 44.56
million cu.m. or an average monthly and daily production of 3.71 million cu.m.
and 122,000 cu.m., respectively.
An additional 33,000 cu.m. per day was realized when the Mananga Phase I
project was completed. This project includes the operationalization of 15 wells
and pumping stations, diversion weir, sedimentation and infiltration facilities.
Water Supply Demand

Despite these developments, the existing water supply system is inadequate to
deliver water to the service areas. Water demand served for the whole water
district in 1999 was only thirty nine ( 39%) percent. The remaining sixty one
percent is supplied by private wells and other water vendors.
Water demand for Cebu City alone in 1999 was 119,092 cu.m. pd, of which
sixteen percent was commercial/industrial demand. The total number of service
connections increased by 8,378 from 66,758 in 1998 to 75,136 in 1999.
MCWD is involved in the development of environmental programs consistent with

the national policy on sustainable development. Commitment for the preservation
of environment for sustainable development is now an MCWD's regular program
to address ecological and environmental concerns. Part of the commitment is the
Information, Education and Communications activity about water conservation
and environmental protection, which are initiated in different media and fora.
Water Consumption
Per capita water consumption in Cebu City is 220 liters per day (lpd), which is
based on total consumption and total number of service connections, much
higher than the planning standard average of 110 liters per day, for level 3
systems. Per capita water consumption is expected to increase to 190 lpd and
210 lpd in year 2000 and 2010, respectively.
Per capita consumption for communal faucet (level 2) is 35 lpd and 34 lpd for
1999.
Water consumption of Cebu City households is about 68.5% of the total

consumption district wide. In terms of water consumption growth rate for the last
five years, Cebu City's rate has an annual average of 4.6%, slightly lower than
the district average of 4.8%.
Water Supply Coverage
Percent of demand served with water in Cebu City in 1999 was thirty nine
percent. The ideal coverage is 100% or all households in Cebu City should be
provided with water for drinking and domestic consumption. Table 2.13.3.03
shows the percent of households that were served with water in 1998 in Cebu
City, by source/system: Level 1 = 24%; Level 2 = 34.1% and Level 3 = 39.5%.
Water truck is used to deliver potable water to elevated areas in Metro Cebu,
which could not be reached by MCWD's distribution system. Communal Water
Associations (CWAs) with a range of 30 to 60 low-income households were
organized by MCWD to collectively manage maintain a communal water system.
A total of are 220 CWAs were organized since it was started by MCWD in 1980s.
The actual supply of water is way below the water demand. The current water
demand for Metro Cebu is 261,000 cumpd and is expected to double in 2015.
Even at present, water supply is no longer sufficient to meet the demand even of
Metro Cebu.
Systems Recovery Rate
Systems Recovery Rate (SRR) went up to 62.41% in 1999 from 61.73% in 1998.
Water leakage in old and dilapidated pipes, still exists and these have contributed
to the non-revenue water.
The distribution of water supply in the hillyland barangays or areas with higher
elevations cannot be satisfied because of higher development cost and lesser
consumer demand.
Table No.2.13.3. 1
Water Service Connections andPopulation Served
By Coverage Area, Metro Cebu, CY 1997 & 1998
Number of Percent of
Water District Service Connections Population Served
1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999
1. Cebu City 45,444 47,821 36 37 40

52,902
2. Lapu-lapu City 2,259 2,620 6 7 10
3,800
3. Mandaue City 8,774 9,460 24 25 28
10,758
4. Compostela 692 694 49 47 46
716
5. Consolacion 1,280 1,439 13 14 16
1,691
6. Cordova 220 649 4 12 6
341
7.Liloan 977 1,251 24 28 34
1,593
8.Talisay 2,422 2,824 10 11 16
3,335
Water District 62,068 66,758 75,136 26 28 30

Total:
Table No. 2.13.3.2

METRO CEBU WATER CONSUMPTION
CY 1994-98 (in million cu.m.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 AAGR (%)
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1994-1998
Residential 17.26 18.76 19.92 21.49 22.93 24.00 6.59
Comml/Industrial 4.48 4.96 4.72 5.24 5.13 5.15 2.80
Government 0.89 0.74 0.65 0.64 0.72 0.75 (3.42)
Total 22.63 24.46 25.29 27.37 28.78 29.91 5.57

Source: MCWD
Table 2.13.3.3
Water Consumption by Households and Area Covered
Total Type of Non

Health Area Population House- Water Supply System Potable
1998 holds Level I Level II Level III Source
CENTRAL: 100,696 17,146 2,557 5,657 7,996 636
Babag 2,789 708 708

Bo. Luz 12,017 1,990 1,453 537
Busay 3,630 649 371 180 143
Camputhaw 16,773 1,991 144 156 1,691
Capitol 10,954 2,460 34 1,194 1,232
Carreta 6,384 1,213 43 1,013 157
Hipodromo 7,896 1,016 11 743 262
Kalunasan 4,116 744 164 75 505
Lahug 27,556 4,592 293 954 3,345
Malubog 1,639 343 157 186
Oppra 2,213 476 316 42 118
Pong-ol 1,722 288 189 99
Sapangdaku 3,007 631 127 147 6 351
NORTH: 88,896 14,916 5,434 4,475 4,507
Adlaon 3,045 559 131 428

Agsungot 1,676 368 80 288
Apas 8,764
Bacayan 2,374 819 358 461
Banilad 4,802 1,277 487 48 742
Binaliw 2,239 421 267 154
Budlasan 2,485 377 271 106
Cambinocot 2,100 403 335
Guba 4,150 747 467
Kasambagan 8,660 1,422 382 382
Lusaran 1,840 368 368
Mabini 1,225 3,037 456 1,373
Mabolo 16,687 221 86
Paril 1,198 360 40
Pit-os 2,563 508 89
Pulangbato 3,237 377 72
San Jose 2,811 581 490
Sirao 2,907 140 110
Tabunan 1,149 273 50
Tagbao 1,279 2,126 304 1,477
Talamban 12,487 258
Taptap 1,218 274 274
SOUTH: 153,153 16,183 9,146 1,318 5,259 460

Basak Pardo 9,127 1,160 819 32 309
Basak SN 15,023 1,317 832 19 466
Bonbon 3,773 94 21 42 31
Brotherhood 7,577 142 36 3 103
Buhisan 6,638 1,064 82 944 38
Bulacao 16,317 1,274 556 49 635 34
Buot 1,678 271 38 41 92
Cogon Pardo 6,387 644 588 56
Inayawan 15,817 2,107 1,730 21 356
Kinasang-an 9,876 695 674 21
Mambaling 10,950 1,209 808 401
Pamutan 1,337 212 201 11
Pardo 14,712 2,128 1,312 112 804
Quiot 10,340 1,040 40 5 995
Sinsin 2,217 404 362 42
Sudlon I 1,696 312 214 98
Sudlon II 2,370 233 201 32
Toong 3,021 331 200 131
EAST: 110,752 21,431 3,071 9,102 8,648 235
Arellano 4,588 873 558 292

Cogon Ramos 3,128 730 67 132 494 2
Day-as 4,155 848 26 213 581 17
Ermita 5,235 1,124 11 769 318 23
Kalubihan 1,119 90 12 17 61
Kamagayan 2,224 335 56 255 24
Lorega 8,118 1,581 118 956 499 8
P. Central 6,609 849 137 470 225 13
Pari-an 2,634 322 155 35 131 1
Pasil 8,331 1,710 4 847 853 3
Poblacion 1,016 198 8 123
Sambag I 10,922 2,251 358 635 1,204 51
Sambag II 13,501 3,091 3,091 311 1,794 21
San Antonio 2,302 469 9 28 426 6
Sta. Cruz 1,834 415 21 71 319 4
Suba 8,790 1,810 1 787 943 5
T. Padilla 9,281 1,763 886 681 149 18
Tejero 7,829 2,259 961 946 206 112
Tinago 6,063 No Data Available
Zapatera 3,073 713 153 516 6 38
WEST: 152,133 22,242 1,894 10,461 9,887
Banawa 15,885 1,968 280 510 1,178

Calamba 12,822 1,738 26 1,063 646
Duljo 15,765 2,437 150 1,421 866
Guadalupe 24,393 2,426 515 1,167 74
Punta 18,372 3,062 660 644 1,758
Tisa 22,257 3,709 141 2,157 1,411
San Nicolas 10,164 3,233 67 1,299 1,867
Pahina SN 3,279 No Data Consolidated in San Nicolas
Sawang 7,028 No Data Consolidated in San Nicolas
Labangon 22,258 3,669 55 2,200 1,414
2.13.3.2 Factors Influencing the Sector’s Performance
MCWD Programs
- Completion of Mananga Phase 1 with its 15 wells, and pumping stations,

diversion weir and filtration facilities. The project produces an additional water
supply of 33,000 cum.
- Rehabilitation of Buhisan Dam.
- Commitment by MCWD for watershed conservation and for the preservation

of environment for sustainable water supply is included in their corporate
program. Information, Education and Communications Program in different
media and forums were initiated by MCWD.
- Improvement of MCWD water services through the institutionalization of the

following programs: pipe systems repair/replacement, water loss reduction
and automation of water supply pumping station monitoring control system.
- Organization of Communal Water Association (CWA) by MCWD, has now

reached to 222 units as of May 2000. Delivery of potable water to elevated
areas, which cannot be reached by MCWD pipes, was by water truck
provided by the MCWD.
Cebu City Government Programs
- Organization of Cebu City's Barangay Water Service Office (BWSO), delivery

of water to areas where water is scarce, so far is about 356,000 cum.
- Barrio Waterworks System (BWS) has repaired 63 Level 1 and 2 units in

1999.
- BWSO's "Tubig Project" for different water systems (spring box, water tank,
water catchment/collector, earth dam, reservoirs and water delivery trucks.
2.13.3.3 Priority Issues and Concerns
Barangay Concerns
During the series of barangay consultations conducted by the team, the following
are the problems on water supply as aired by the barangay officials and folks:
a.) Coastal Barangays:
The presence of leaking pipes, minimal to no communal faucets and the

authorized illegal settlements are the main causes of the lack of water supply
and water contamination.
b.) Central Barangays:

Some areas have still no access to potable water, and have no continuous
supply of water. The problem is compounded with the proliferation of deep
wells that are unauthorized by Government. The DOH reported that as of
1998 there were 636 non-potable water sources in the area. These problems
were caused by:
• Difficulty in accessing water because of poverty,

• Illegal settlements and
• Refusal of landowners to put up communal faucets.
c.) Boundary Barangays:
The presence of leaking pipes and closure of some of the water sources are
the main causes of the lack of water supply and water contamination.
Concerns aired by Cebuanos regarding water supply are:
No immediate available alternative water supply source
Water recycling is now widely practiced whether in homes, commercial and

industrial areas, these should be promoted
Inadequate or absence of water conservation measures
Low supply due to low pressure
Rapid population growth
Environmental Concerns
Inadequate or absence of water conservation measures.
Flooding, mainly caused by either poor or lack of drainage or dumping of garbage

in waterways, is addressed as a relief or stop-gap measure by establishing
drainage structures.
The existing drainage/sewerage system is generally clogged by solid waste. It is

also noted that siltation and sedimentation are found in Cebu's river system.
Pollution or contamination of water bodies from sewerage discharge from

domestic, commercial and industrial areas resulted in alarming level of coliforms
in rivers and coastal waters.
Constraints
Difficulty in meeting Metro Cebu's ever-increasing water demand.
Significant non-revenue water and actual physical losses.
Extent of distribution in upland barangays is limited only to areas with ground

elevations between 60 to 80 meters above mean sea level.
Difficulty in regulating groundwater extraction, particularly private wells, which

brings water saltwater intrusion to an alarming level. According to MCWD study,
withdrawals of private wells have exceeded the safe yield of 92,000 cum/d.
Financial problems in financing water supply systems and water resources
development projects.
Potentials
Private Sector Initiatives through Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) and other

schemes for bulk water projects and systems improvement.
Water District’s Environmental Program for sustainable water resources through

the Protected Area Management Boards of the Mananga, Kotkot-Lusaran ad
Buhisan watersheds.
Appreciation of environment-friendly legislations by local policy-making bodies in

Metro Cebu supporting water district's development program.
Some 410 water sources were identified in the 20 upland barangays of Cebu City
and many more in the entire province (WRC, 1996 water resources inventory).
Water District’s modernization of facilities, like the installation of a scada or

supervisory standard water control and data aquirium system which is
internationally accepted.
Maximization of the use of rainwater and application of alternative water supply

system such as the use of solar energy, etc.
Cebu City government’s influence in the decision-making activities of MCWD,

specifically, in water supply and distribution system.
2.13.3.5 Project Development Needs
In the determination of water supply needs, the following water planning

standards (based on HLRB guidelines) were applied:
a) Water Supply Coverage:
Residential (Urban) : Level III, 1 system = 3,510 households (HHs)

Residential (Rural) : Level I, 1 system = 250 population or 25
HHs
Level II, 1 faucet = 5 HHs
Almost all of the residential zones in the city's urban barangays are
provided with Level III connections.
b) Water Standard Requirements:
Residential: Level III : 110 lcpd

Level II : 30 lcpd
Level I : 60 lcpd
Commercial: 1.0-2.0 cumd (individual connection)
Institutional: 3.0 cumd (individual connection)
c) Water Supply and Demand Projections
The following average annual growth rate (AAGR) assumptions, for water
supply and water demand of the whole water district, were used:
AAGRs for Water Supply: 2000-2005 = 1.0%
2003-onward years = 5.7%
AAGRs for Water Demand:
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

(Low) (Medium) (High)
Population (2000-2010) 2.5 3.0 3.5

Population (2011-2020) 2.0 2.5 3.0
Commercial (2000-2010) 4.5 6.5 7.5
Commercial (2011-2020) 2.5 3.5 4.0
Industrial (2000-2010) 2.5 2.7 3.0
Industrial (2011-2020) 0.5 0.7 1.1
Institutional Demand is based a net increase of 5% per annum, per MCWD

standards.
d) Water Supply and Demand Projections 1999 & Selected Onward Years.
Selected Year Water Supply Water % of Demand Water

Projected Projected Demand Served Sources
1999 102,200 261,217 39 Existing + new
2003 116,200 288,624 40 + Carmen ! & 2
2008 180,500 325,571 55 + Mananga 2
2015 274,500 388,413 71 + Lusaran 1 & 2
2020 375,700 442,232 85 + Kotkot River
Beyond - - - Provisional projects
Sectoral Vision
By the year 2020, there will be equal access to potable water.
Water supply in Cebu City will be enough to meet the needs of its people as
well as the requirements of the industries. By then, eighty five percent of the
households are provided with water and majority of the population will be
conscious of conservation, protection and proper utilization of the region's
water resources.
Corporate Vision of MCWD:
The water district envisions to become a progressive and economically viable

utility firm. It is committed to provide adequate, safe, potable and affordable
water and effective sewerage system.
Sectoral Mission
“To ensure provision of adequate and affordable water.”
Sectoral Objectives
To provide adequate and affordable water supply for domestic, commercial

industrial and other uses.
To tap new and sustainable water sources and expand the coverage of the
water supply systems.
2.13.3.6 Strategies and Programs
a) Source Development
The water utility will continue its exploration and development activities aimed
at the preservation and sustainability of the water resources. The
development of water resources shall focus on new sources other than the
coastal aquifer and shall be outside of the over-pumped areas.
The development of new water sources shall be based on a technology that

will not adversely affect the environment. Tapping of surface water shall be
given priority. To ensure sustainability of water source development, the
formulation of appropriate policies and regulations shall be promoted.
One of the promising technologies for alternative water source is desalination.

In Lapu-lapu City, MCWD has entered into an agreement with a private group,
Mactan Rock Corporation for the supply of water to Lapulapu City and nearby
areas, the source of which is the existing seawater of Mactan. The process is
quite expensive but for isolated islands/places where the construction
distribution lines are much much more than the process would be
economically acceptable.
The other alternative source is the recycling process, where the cost is very
prohibitive at this time except that the level of recycling can be up to industrial
and/or domestic use.
The City has been a recipient recently of an unsolicited offer from a private
group to treat actually the City’s wastewater initially but has upgraded their
proposal to the production of industrial and/or non-potable water. While the
project has been approved in principle at the RDC level, the proposal have to
revised to take into consideration the updating to produce non potable water.
This is also detailed under the Environmental Management Sector.
All of the projects shall be supported by the City Government and MCWD as
the mandated entity for water supply and sewerage sysyems.
b) Watershed Environmental Protection and Conservation
A management program to protect and conserve the watershed shall be

formulated to promote recharging of the aquifer. The Mananga-Kotkot-
Lusaran-Buhisan watersheds, the forefront of ecological and environmental
issues shall be rehabilitated and sustained.
Information, Education and Communication Advocacy Program through the

different media shall be continuously pursued to promote public awareness
on various aspects of water utilization and conservation.
This is also explained in detail under the Environmental Management Sector.
c) Public-Private Partnership
The private sector will be encouraged to participate in the development,

implementation, operation and maintenance of facilities especially for
domestic water supply system. This can be done either through Build-
Operate-Transfer or variant scheme, joint-venture or partnership.
The participation of the Private Sector in the provision of the basic needs of
people such as water supply is the only practical solution considering that
Government has limited money to fund so many development projects
needed to alleviate the living conditions of its people.
BOT schemes notably the unsolicited proposal may look good on paper, but it
has been a failure in most projects implemented in the Philippines including
the Mananga II Dam project and only very few projects have really succeed
under the scheme. This is because of the many requirements that some
Government officials wanted to squeeze from the BOT proponents and/or
who do not fully understand the basic BOT law. BOT projects of the
unsolicited scheme normally take so much time because Government has
practically no control over the private proponents on dates to submit
deliverables or whether will really pursue the project or not.
However, private participation can still prosper when Government has

established the feasibility of the project such that that it can already formulate
the terms and conditions for the implementation of the project and obtain bids
from proponents through the solicited bids process. By this system,
Government controls already the submission of deliverables from
participating firms and therefore has a higher chance of obtaining good
results from fair competitive selection and surer project implementation and
completion.
d) Modernization
MCWD and private well operators will be encouraged to upgrade/modernize

their water distribution system in order to minimize water waste and leakage.
The modernization of the transmission and distribution network will increase
the efficiency of water consumption. Computerization of water leak control
and monitoring system will also improve the efficiency of the water system.
e) Fastrack The Implementation of Priority Water Development Projects
1. Mananga Phase II Project
The project includes the construction of a 90-meter high dam on the

Mananga River, a five-kilometer raw water tunnel mains, a 120,000 cu.m.
per day capacity water treatment plant, and a 20,000 cu.m. reservoir in
Guadalupe. Estimated cost of the project is P4.5 billion at 1997 prices.
When completed, some 61% of Metro Cebu's water requirements will be
met with the targeted 100,000-120,000 cu.m. per day additional supply of
water.
Six years ago, Johann Holdings offered to MCWD the proposed
development of Mananga II under the unsolicited BOT scheme. The
agreement did not materialize because of a considerable number of
issues. MCWD and the proponent could not agree two of which are
Government guarantees and price schedules. Because of the failed
negotiations, both suffered. The proponent, on the money they spent on
the conduct of the studies and project development activities and the
Cebuanos for an unfruitful six years that should have allowed the City to
solicit alternative offers from other groups or from alternative Government
funding from soft loans like the ADB or JBIC.
Recently, MCWD received a grant from the US Technical Development
Assistance (TDA) for the conduct of the feasibility study, development of
bidding criteria and assistance for the actual bidding of project under a
solicited bid process.
The selection of Consultants is on going where it is expected that the

study can commence in early 2001 and actual proponent selection can
hopefully commence towards the last quarter of 2001.
The City therefore should monitor the progress of the project since this
will answer the water demand of Metro Cebu up to 15 to 20% bringing to
60% the total served demand. Unless these materialize, the development
of Cebu will always be constrained by water supply.
2. Improvement of Existing Water Distribution System
The program includes the rehabilitation/expansion of the existing water

distribution system in Metro Cebu. This project is also proposed under a
BOT scheme. This program includes the modernization of water supply
facilities and monitoring system.
Sometime last year, MCWD received an unsolicited offer from the

VIVENDE Group and Aboitiz Equity Venture for the rehabilitation,
expansion and improvement of the existing MCWD water distribution
system. As of this date, the offer is still under evaluation by MCWD.
The City should talk with MCWD to hasten the implementation of the
project since the upgrading and/or expansion of the distribution system to
accommodate all the water from any of the proposed supply projects
should be installed prior to the completion of the “water source” projects,
and most importantly to reduce the existing high systems losses.
3. Kotkot and Carmen Rivers
These rivers are considered as other possible sources under MCWD's

Long-Term Water Development Program. The status of the proposed
program is currently at different stages of documentation or arrangements
with potential investors and proponents.
4. Lusaran Dam Project
The target completion date of the project is 2015, at an estimated cost of

P9 billion. The project will increase the supply-demand ratio to about 95%,
with an additional supply of 160,000 cu.m. per day.
5. Non-conventional sources
Alternative water supply sources include using non-conventional system

such as ocean, solar and wind (OSW) energy for water systems level 1
and 2.
6. Other Water Programs
−Master Plan for Cebu’s Water Resources (See Environment Sector)
−Restudy MCWD’s Long-Term Program, whether there’s a need for the

establishment of another water utility to meet the remaining water
supply-demand gap, which could not possibly be met by MCWD, even
if all of their projects are completed.
−Watershed Environmental Protection and Conservation Program (See

Environment Sector)
- Development of new water sources (e.g. Badian Water Resources

Level III system).
.4 Power Supply
.4.1 Existing Situation
Electric power industry in the region includes the generation of electricity and bulk
transmission by the National Power Corporation (NPC) from different energy
sources, and distribution to areas with minor or no power generation by the
National Electrification Administration (NEA) cooperatives and other utilities.
Power utilities are generally dependent on four traditional energy sources, which
are classified as geothermal, diesel, coal thermal and hydro.
The total installed system capacity of the Regional Power grid as of June, 1999 is
1,189.8 megawatts commissioned in 30 different generating units. However, the
total system could only account for a capability of 1,020.2 megawatts dependable
power or about 85.7% of the declared capacity due to various rehabilitation and
maintenance works done on some of the units.
The Cebu-Negros-Panay-Leyte-Samar grid has the largest capacity at 977

megawatts, including the mobile power barges temporarily connected with the
system. The Bohol grid which is still not a part of the interconnection up to the
present, has 43.2 megawatts. In terms of plant type, 724.8 megawatts or 60.9%
of the total is oil based, 458 megawatts or 38.5% is geothermal while 7
megawatts or .60% is from hydro electric.
Power supply in Cebu, including the City of Cebu and the four other component
cities is being generated by National Power Corporation, CEBECO (12MW for
Toledo), VECO (75 MW) CPPC-EAUC. These are being distributed through
various power distribution utilities. Those in the outlying municipalities within the
Cebu mainland, power is being distributed by Cebu Electric Cooperatives I, II, &
III. In the island municipalities, power is being supplied by NNPC Strategic
Power Utilities Group) (SPUG) and distributed by BANELCO, for Bantayan Island
and CIELCO for Camotes Island. On the other hand, power in Metro Cebu is
being distributed by two private utilities, the Visayan Electric Company (VECO)
for Cebu City and nearby municipalities and the Mactan Electric Company
(MECO) for the island of Mactan.
By the end of 1998, 73.58% or 113,339 residential households in Cebu City were
served with electricity, an increase of 16,400 households from the 1994 figure.
This translates to a total of 75 barangays now enjoying access to electricity or
93.75% coverage of the potential number of barangays.
In Cebu City’s North District, all the hinterland barangays have access to
electricity.
In the City’s South District, barangays Buot-Taop, Pamutan, Tabunan and Tagbao
also do not have access to electricity up to the present. On the other hand,
commercial and industrial establishments in the city have their share of 11,237
and 405 customers respectively while others not specified otherwise comprises
only of 293 customers.
The total coincident peak demand for power in the VECO Franchise Area is
observed to be 217 MW. Table 2.13.4.01 shows the Power Consumption and
Table 2.13.4.02 the Number of Customers in Cebu City from 1994-1998.
Table 2.13.4.1
Energy Sales and Number of Customer
Actual, 1990-1999
YEAR RESIDENTIAL GENERAL GENERAL BULK WHOLESALE OTHERS
SERVICES POWER POWER POWER
1990 5,801 8,072 816 437 3 1,024

1991 136,454 7,884 794 431 3 1,031
1992 144,049 8,369 841 494 3 1,094
1993 157,808 9,028 918 554 5 1,114
1994 163,743 10,159 901 607 8 1,041
1995 175,589 11,442 931 662 10 1,125
1996 180,595 12,128 1,033 706 10 1,133
1997 193,200 14,031 1,064 762 11 1,099
1998 204,185 15,970 1,150 833 18 1,161
1999 205,617 16,170 1,071 816 23 474
TOTAL 1,697,041 113,253 9,519 6,302 94 10,296
Source: VECO
Table 2.13.4.2
Projected 2000-2004 Energy Sales and Number of Customer
YEAR RESIDENTIAL GENERAL GENERAL BULK WHOLESALE OTHERS
SERVICES POWER POWER POWER
2000 209,729 16,655 1,071 832 26 474

2001 220,216 17,904 1,103 874 33 474
2002 231,227 19,247 1,136 918 41 474
2003 242,788 20,691 1,170 964 52 474
2004 254,927 22,242 1,205 1,012 65 474
TOTAL 1,158,887 96,739 5,685 4,600 217 2,370

Source: VECO
Table. 2.13.4.3
Energy Sales and Number of Customers
Actual Data
YEAR RESIDEN- GENERAL GENERAL BULK WHOLESALE OTHERS
TIAL SERVICES POWER POWER POWER
1990 154,717 70,093 52,692 161,084 66,538 449,829

1991 166,246 77,614 50,602 63,035 497,097
189,821
1992 184,681 80,969 52,686 61,490 550,718
219,718
1993 205,261 90,119 56,697 63,924 610,656
244,261
1994 217,636 107,314 57,873 71,203 659,249
259,374
1995 244,736 107,965 61,973 97,209 719,624
287,012
1996 269,382 120,542 62,979 103,396 781,428
309,529
1997 310,456 143,216 66,633 99,698 863,465
323,493
1998 357,265 150,844 70,348 112,742 941,999
343,870
1999 363,518 145,258 64,495 127,110 945,978
340,516
TOTAL 2,473,898 1,093,934 596,978 866,345 7,020,043
Source: VECO
Projected 2000-2004 Energy Sales and Number of Customer
YEAR RESIDEN GENERAL GENERAL BULK WHOLESALE OTHERS
-
TIAL SERVICES POWER POWER POWER
33,800
2000 378,204 149,616 64,495 347,326 159,721
2001 416,970 160,837 364,693 170,145 37,180
66,430
2002 172,900 382,927 173,124 40,898
459,710 68,423
2003 185,868 402,074 175,314 44,988
506,830 70,475
2004 199,808 422,177 177,942 49,487
558,780 72,590
Total Sales 869,029 1,919,197 856,246 206,353

2,320,494 342,413
Source:
VECO
Projected 2000-2004 Energy Sales and Number of

Customer
YEAR Company System Syst. Load Power
Use Loss Factor Demand
(MW)
2000 2,596 0.64 232
162,251
2001 2,755 0.65 242
158,402
2002 2,891 0.65 254
144,451
2003 3,069 0.65 269
145,767
2004 3,280 0.65 288
155,786
Total 14,591
766,657
Source: VECO
.4.2 Factors Influencing Sector’s Performance
The reliability and efficiency of the major generating plants has greatly improved
through the operation by the private sector of three power plants. One such
power plant is being run by the Toledo Power Corporation, another one by Salcon
and the third is by VECO themselves at their Ermita Plant. East Asia Utilities
Corporation is another IPP Serving Mactan Island for MEPZA.
The Visayas Grid has greatly improved with the accomplishments of major
projects by the Napocor during the 1994-1998 implementation period. It include
among others, the following:
o Leyte-Cebu HVAC Interconnection project, and Leyte geothermal power

plant
o Negros-Cebu Interconnection project
o The commissioning of the 4 x 20 MW modular geothermal power plant in
Valencia, Negros Oriental and
o The installation of four (4) major transmission lines.
o Completion of SCADA equipment installation for monitoring and supervision
and control of the Visayas Power Systems
o Completion of the Visayas Integrated Telecom Network
Other major projects implemented during the period are:
o The operation of four (4) power barges

o The completion of three (3) mooring facilities in Cebu and
o The upgrading of four (4) power substations.
.4.3 Priority Issues and Concerns
Alternative Energy Sources
The primary concern, over long term and up to the planning horizon for power,
shall be addressed towards the development of alternative energy sources.
Energy sources such as the geothermal potential reserves in Leyte and Negros
Occidental have the greatest potentials to meet the Region’s energy
requirements. Optimum and effective utilization of Cebu’s coal sources can also
augment the region’s generating capacity. Their development will therefore be
vigorously promoted and pursued.
Power Distribution Improvements

Improvements in power distribution, especially in rural electrification will focus in
localities where the demand is sufficient enough to warrant the investment. This
implies that investments in power distribution will have to be concentrated in
areas where population or human settlements are densely aggregated and where
complimentary infrastructure is well-developed, inducing a growing potential in
the productive use of electricity in farm and non-farm industries. With respect to
other isolated areas in the city, bio-mass, solar, wind and other non-traditional
energy sources may be tapped.
It is envisioned that at the end of the planning stringing of power distribution lines
will no longer be allowed especially in the urban areas of the City. Instead, it will
be integrated with other utilities in an underground system, which is also a major
future undertaking of the City
Power Development Program
There is an immediate concern for power development specifically during the first
five years of the planning period to meet the power requirements of the South
Reclamation Project (SRP), the Cebu Commercial and Business Complex at the
old Lahug airport and for the various commercial and industrial complexes that
are earmarked for implementation during the first decade of the new millennium.
Cebu is already interconnected in November 1997 to Leyte and almost all the
major island grids in the Visayas. The ultimate objective of the power sector is to
interconnect all provincial and island grids to the Mindanao in 2004 to 2005. The
Luzon grid is already interconnected with the Visayas grid in August 1998.
Rural Electrification
As a major force for rural development, the government’s rural electrification

program is geared towards accelerating the pace of rural electrification to achieve
a higher rate of growth and improve the quality of life in the countryside. But the
extension of the rural electrification program to the upland barangays using the
traditional method would entail enormous appropriation considering their
proximity from the nearest energized barangay and the almost inaccessible
terrain in the area. It would be more practical to energize these barangays by
tapping non-conventional energy sources derived from either wind, solar or
biomass. One very viable source is solar energy. It’s viability is proven and is
being experienced now by the residents of Pangan-an Island in Lapulapu City.
Their installed solar power plant was made possible through a grant from the
Belgian government.
.4.4 Development Potentials and Constraints
Constraints
a) High Cost of Electricity
Electricity tariffs in Cebu City are among the highest in the Philippines,
affecting the City’s industrial competitiveness and hurting low-income
consumers. High tariffs are attributed to the structural and administrative
deficiencies both in generation and distribution sector. NPC’s structure in the
past as highly integrated – vertically and horizontally – state owned monopoly
is seen as inadequate to provide incentives for efficiency and prevent market
competition. The highly fragmented distribution sector leads to high system
losses, both technical and non-technical, and exorbitant power cost.
b) Risk allocation in private sector

While the power supply situation has stabilized, real gains from private sector
participation have yet to be realized as the government still assumes financial
risks and contingent liabilities due to performance guarantees issued to
secure the NPC’s take-or-pay obligations to independent power producers.,
these high PPAs is what is killing NPC.
c) Low level of electrification particularly in rural areas
In far-flung areas, lack of access to electricity has deprived the residents of

the modern amenities that electricity brings. It also hampers enterprise
development and job creation, thus generating rural-to-urban migration and
congestion of the city.
d) High cost of indigenous energy development
Except for geothermal energy, the Region is not geologically endowed with
other commercial energy resources such as large-scale hydro. Coal on the
other hand, still suffers from poor quality and under-investment.
Potentials
a) Technology choices and commercialization
New and renewable energy (NRE) resources abound in the Region. While
technologies for large-scale and efficient use of these resources are still
expensive, there are other overriding reasons for pursuing the use of these
technologies. Apart from broadening the Region’s energy resource base with
an indigenous and environmentally desirable option, NRE technologies offer a
great potential, if not the only means of electrifying remote and marginalized
areas.
b) Strong government-private partnership
Private sector investors and private financial institutions can spearhead in

sustaining energy efficiency by mobilizing their own resources but in order to
do this clear cut policies shall be set by Government to reduce the private
sectors risk through the providing of guarantees in other forms nor restricted
under the BOT Law.
Projected Development Scenario
By 2020, Cebu City and Metro Cebu Shall have:
a) Security of Energy Supply
This means putting in place adequate measures to avoid energy supply

disruption, which can cause considerable economic losses considering the strong
link between energy consumption and economic growth particularly for rapidly
growing rural economies.
b) Affordable and reasonable energy prices
Efficient pricing requires that monopoly profits and cross-subsidies between

consumers are avoided to ensure that supply is provided at the lowest cost
possible. Industries, hotels and commercial establishments as well as the Export
Processing Zones may avail of NPCs bulk power supply/ direct connection
packages to substantially reduce power costs.
c) Socially and environmentally compatible energy infrastructures and

projects
Market prices can be adjusted to account for externalities, e.g. energy supply to
depressed communities which can be considered as “public good” and hence can
be financed through taxes or government assistance subsidies can be applied on
a take off basis (social fund portion of electricity tariff).
Sectoral Vision
By 2020, Cebu City shall have affordable and highly reliable electric service.
Mission of the Power Sector
To ensure reliable energy supply at reasonable costs with a socially and

environmentally compatible energy infrastructure.
Sectoral Objectives
The objectives of the Power Sector are:
o To develop and provide adequate, reliable, efficient and reasonably-priced energy

sources for households and industries.
o Provide and distribute an affordable and reliable electric service to all consumers
in the Region.
o To promote efficient and judicious use of energy sources.

o To undertake the above objectives with full consideration of their effects to the
environment.
.4.5 Strategies and Programs
Source Development
Develop the region’s indigenous sources to its maximum potential, intensify

research and development of new and renewable energy systems (NRES) such
as ocean, solar and wind (OSW).
The promotion of geothermal, coal and hydropower development should be

pursued in view of their cost effectiveness, renewability and environmental
compatibility. On the other hand, research, development, demonstration and
commercialization of techno-economically feasible and socio-economically
compatible new and renewable energy systems such as ocean, solar, wind and
mini and micro hydro should be intensified in order to provide energy supply for
the consumption of the population in the rural areas and small islands in the
region.
Integration
Integrate environmental protection policy and guidelines in planning and

implementation of energy programs and projects.
Social and environmental concerns should be integrated in the planning and
implementation of energy programs and projects to ensure socially and
environmentally sustainable power development program. The government
should also take the lead in demand side management and energy conservation
programs.
Private Sector Participation
Enhance continued private sector participation in the implementation of energy

programs and projects through privatization or BOT/variant schemes.
The private sector should always be involved in the construction, ownership,

rehabilitation, maintenance and operation of energy facilities. Most of the power
generating facilities in the province is now being run by the private sector. Salcon
Power is running the Naga Thermal Power Complex, Hopewell is running the gas
turbine power barges, Toledo Power Company is supplying the NPC 60 Mw of
power and the Visayan Electric Company has re-commission its Ermita Plant,
Mactan Island has East Asia Utilities Corporation supplying MEPZA its power
requirements.
Restructuring
Restructure and privatize the National Power Corporation by separating its

generation from its transmission functions to improve its competitiveness in
providing energy to the end users. The generation function of the National Power
Corporation should be transferred to the private sector, while its transmission
function will be retained by the NPC. This will open the generation sector to
competition.
Expansion
Complete the interconnection of the Visayas Island grid to the entire country by
2007.
The capability of the Cebu-Negros-Panay interconnected grid was bolstered with

the interconnection of the Cebu grid with the Leyte Geothermal Power Plant. The
plan is to eventually interconnect the whole Visayas grid to the entire country in
2004. This is also the schedule when the Mindanao is interconnected with the
Leyte grid.
.4.6 Proposed Projects
Future Power Development Projects – 2001
- Const. LIBERTAD Natural Gas Power Plant 3.0 MW NPC

- Lagtang- Pardo 69- KV line 5.4 km VECO
- Upgrading of Naga substation 25 MVA VECO
- Const. Kan-irag 69- KV line 11 km VECO
- Const. Kan-Irag substation 10 MVA VECO
- Const. Kan-irag 23 KV lines 20 ckt-km VECO
- Upgrading of Cabangcalan substation 23 kv VECO
- Const. of Naga 23-KV lines 6.0 ckt-km VECO
- Installation of 23 KV, 3000 Kvar line capacitors 23 KV VECO
- Installation of 23-kv line reclosers 69 KV VECO
- Repositioning/replacement of insulator Cable at 1st MM Bridge
- Expansion of Naga Sigpit and Talamban Substation NPC
- Mambucal Geothermal power Plant 40 MW NPC

- Const. of Mandaue-NPC Mandaue Line 2.5 KM VECO
- Const. of Lahug Substation 25-MVA VECO
- Lahug 23 kv lines 5.0 km VECO
- Inst’l. of 3000 Kvar line capacitors 23-kv VECO
- Const. of Timbaban Hydro Plant 29 MW NPC

- Const. of Pardo –South Reclamation line 5 km VECO
- Const. of South Reclamation Substation 25 MVA VECO
- South Reclamation 23 KV lines . 17 km VECO
- Const. Of Negros-Mid-range Plant 50 MW NPC

- Const. Of Villasiga Hydro Plant 32 MW NPC
Future power Development Projects – 2005
- Const. Of Cebu Base Load 100 MW NPC
Future power Development Projects –2006
- Const. of Panay Local Coal Power Plant 100 MW NPC

- Const. of Panay Peaking Plant 50 MW NPC
- Const. of Cebu Base Load 200 MW NPC
- Const. Bugtong Falls Mini-hydro 1.1 MW NPC
- Const. of Panay Base Load 50 MW NPC
- Const. of Bato-Lunas Geothermal Plant 60 MW NPC

- Const. of Siaton Mini-hydro Plant 5.4 MW NPC
- Const. of Negros Mid-range Plant 50 MW NPC
Cebu City Barangays to be Energized
In the Year 2000 2001 2002
Pamutan Bout-Taup Tabonan

Tagba-o
.14 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
.14.1 Water Resources Management

Water resources in Metro Cebu have both physical and hydrological limitations in
the catchment area. MCWD estimates show that about 84 percent of the existing
water supply for Metro Cebu is sourced from groundwater, primarily from the
coastal aquifer. This constitutes about 280,000 m3 per day of water extracted by
MCWD and private well owners combined. At the present situation this source is
already experiencing contamination from domestic sewage and from seawater
intrusion.
There are other sources of water that are not yet developed because their
development requires a substantial amount of money and both the Local
Government and the National Government could not afford the amount at this time.
It is vital therefore that water resources development should continue. Managing
what is distributed to the community through water conservation programs are key
components for sustainable development. Hence, appropriate planning for water
resource development sources protection and the corresponding water distribution
systems are deemed very important.
Water resource and its development is under the control and management of
National Water Resources Board (NWRB), created through executive order 124-A,
signed on July 22, 1987. NWRB is responsible for coordinating and integrating all
activities related to water resources development and management. It formulates
policies, evaluates and coordinates water resources programs, regulates and
controls the utilization, exploitation, development and conservation of the country’s
water resources. It also regulates the operations of water utilities. Specifically, it is
tasked to issue water permits to various water users including water districts and
water bottling companies.
The operation and distribution of water in Metro Cebu area is given to the Metro
Cebu Water District (MCWD), a quasi-public corporation organized under
Presidential Decree 198. It is tasked to acquire, install, operate, maintain and
improve water supply and distribution systems for domestic, industrial and
municipal uses of residents within the boundaries of its coverage district, that is
Metro Cebu.
Other agencies, which have concern over waterworks development are the Local
Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), established through Executive Order No. 52
in 1986 and the Provincial Waterworks and Development Task Force (PWDTF).
One of the unique functions of LWUA is that it provides funds (through lending) to
LGUs for water development projects while PWDTF provides the technical and
engineering assistance for water development in the Province.
The combined water supply source in Metro Cebu, including those that can be
derived from the four watershed areas of Mananga, Kotkot, Lusaran and Buhisan is
estimated to be about 550,000 m3 per day. However, due to systems losses,
ecological factors and other interventions, the actual available volume that reaches
the homes of the Cebuanos is much less.
With the present population and economic growth, it is estimated that by year 2015
the total water demand for Metro Cebu will equal the water potential. Without
proper water management and monitoring combined with relentless efforts to
develop alternative sources, there will be groundwater mining that will ultimately
result to depletion of the groundwater source and contamination due to saltwater
intrusion.
There are numerous potential water sources outside the Metro Cebu area (Carmen
and Sogod, in the north and Badian and Argao in the south) but extensive studies
have yet to be conducted on these areas to establish its economic viability. In the
past decade, several groups have undertaken studies and assessments in the
hope to supply Metro Cebu and the Province with water until up to the present.
It has to be noted however, that the reliability of any water source as to quality and
quantity will depend on the integrity of the watershed areas and/or recharge areas.
The planning therefore shall include strategies and programs to ensure the
management and protection of the watersheds.
There are two main issues associated with water resources, namely: water quantity
and water quality. These two issues are interrelated and are affected by economic
development. Severity of the impact on development depends on the degree of
importance these issues are considered in any development planning and actual
implementation.
The following factors affect these two items:
1. Increasing population
2. Watershed conditions (vegetation cover, erosion, and other activities etc.)
3. Water discharges in the urban areas
4. Overpumping near the coastal areas resulting to seawater intrusion
Water quantity is a function of the population and the type/degree of economic

activities. More population and greater economic activities require substantial
amount of water. With the limited water resources and big cost of development,
conservation becomes of utmost importance. Re-use and recycling as well as
development of alternative sources for water supply are essential to sustain
development.
The issue on water quality is a serious concern, not only in Cebu City but in any
city and/or municipality outside Cebu. The sources of contamination must be
properly identified and addressed by appropriate agencies tasked to monitor and
control them. Studies showed that the main sources of water contamination are
discharges from domestic sewage, waste generated from establishments, heavy
metals and other toxic substances from industries, seawater intrusion, pesticide
and fertilizer from agricultural activities and many more.
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources or DENR conducted

monitoring of rivers and coastal waters of Cebu in 1995 and results revealed that
these water bodies were badly contaminated by domestic and industrial waste.
The BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) was found to exceed the “Class C” river
classification and found to contain high Ecoli. This indicated that these water
bodies were contaminated by both human and animal waste.
Results of water quality tests conducted by the Water Resources Center (WRC) on
springs and wells in the mountain barangays of Cebu City also showed
contamination from human and animal waste. These would indicate how extensive
the contamination of microbiological organism from human waste would be.
It is important therefore that a thorough assessment shall be conducted to

determine the chief cause of contaminations rather than the other effects so low-
cost solutions can be practically formulated and readily implemented.
It has been reported that the cause of seawater intrusion is overpumping, and
these could only be addressed if people have other cheaper alternative sources
and stricter and efficient monitoring activity be followed by MCWD and the
Government. To check and control pumping by private individuals and/or firms
maybe another alternative to ensure consistency not only in implementation but
also in monitoring results.
Factors Influencing the Performance
The most basic but readily easy to forget solution of the water supply problem is
the protection of watersheds and catalyzing the recharging of the acquifiers
through planting of trees and vegetations. At the present, while some sectors of the
community are working hard for the achievement of the above, some pure
development oriented groups with little care for the environment, do the opposite.
The other evident factor that have contributed greatly to the worsening situation of
the water resource is the lack of a comprehensive program for water resource
development and monitoring of quality of existing sources and distribution systems.
The proposed utilization of surface water through the construction of holding

structures such as dams and reservoirs will enhance water supply, although theses
are more technical and costlier solution. Optimum utilization of surface water is
necessary to augment the existing water supply for Metro Cebu. The northern and
southern river catchments may well yield substantial quantity of water but detailed
studies on water resources still need to be conducted in these areas.
Other project component potential that will increase quantity of water supply are:
a. Recycling or reuse of treated wastewater for industrial and non-potable uses.

b. A detailed study on the existing water distribution system of MCWD to
determine the most viable solution to reduce the system losses to the minimum
level.
c. Strengthen the water conservation program more particularly in maximizing the
use of rainwater through construction of rainwater collectors/ tanks in
residential houses.
d. Prosecution of existing water supply programs and encouragement of the
private sector to participate in the undertaking
Another potential development would be on the technology aspect of seawater

desalination. Water supply could be augmented through desalination or similar
technology. This is operating in Metro Cebu and is already producing water of
about 2500 m3 per day.
In most projects/programmes, financial consideration is the most obvious constraint

that deter/slow down the realization of water supply and related projects. However,
there are inherent constraints that also affected the water supply system for Metro
Cebu and the country.
a. Institutional or organization constraints
An organization having clear plans and programs supported by the

constituents if given a mandate will overcome most of the obstacles. Policies
in relation to the proper utilization and distribution of water must be put in
place and this can be looked into as strength rather than a constraint.
Depending on how these policies are put in place together with financial
supports per program development, this item can also be a potential or a
constraint.
b. Physical constraints
The watershed areas and the underlying aquifer are limited in size and
storage. This means that the natural occurrence of water is finite and that it
might be exhausted in the future due to the increasing population and
economic activities. Furthermore, development in the catchment areas are
happening that could affect the quality and quantity of water supply.
Development should be done with due consideration of the carrying capacity
of the catchment area. To strike a balance between development and
environmental protection is a difficult process. One needs a complete
understanding of the dynamics of interaction within the integrated catchment
management, to be able to achieve this balance.
c. Socio-economic constraints
Because of the higher cost of land for housing in the urban area, the
population is moving towards the rural areas. More areas of the latter are
developed for housing use and other economic activities. While ecological
integrity is important, livelihood of the communities is equally critical for
survival. Many of the upland residents are not trained to do sustainable
agriculture and related activities that are not harmful to the environment.
Destructive and exploitative activities and other practices that the area is not
sustainable in nature are still in practice.
d. Technical constraints
Availability of well-trained individual to develop programs to address water

resources issues is also a concern. The solution to the problem does require
expertise in the interdisciplinary field of water resources, planning and
management, agriculture, forest ecology, socioeconomic etc. to prepare a
water resources master plan. Here the issue on availability rather than
capability normally governs.
e. Social constraints
Social acceptability of government programs is an important consideration in

the success of any project undertaking. The project must be understood,
appreciated and accepted by the community in order to be successful. It is
not good that the project could be seen merely as a source of income rather
than a vehicle to attain better living conditions for everyone in the long term.
Sectoral Objectives
The objectives of the water resources component under environmental

management are:
• to protect watersheds and other water refilling areas

• to manage water resources for sustainable use
• to restore the water quality of rivers and other water bodies to acceptable
standard and sustain them in long term
2.14.1.3 Strategies
Basic strategies are recommended to attain the objectives of the Water

Resources component, include the following:
a) Formulation of a Masterplan for Cebu’s Water Resources

A water resources masterplan shall be prepared for Metro Cebu. An update
and/or consolidation of past and existing studies should be done in order to
come up with a comprehensive and accurate plan and direction for the source
development, utilization, protection, management and monitoring.
b) Formulation of a Watershed Management Plan for Cebu City’s

Watersheds
Utilizing the technology and processes of known successful projects in

watershed management, a comprehensive watershed management program
shall be done for all the watershed areas in Metro Cebu and the neighboring
areas. Consolidate these with the existing activities initiated by GOs and
NGOs in order to come up with a specific course of action that have to be
strictly followed by all. This is to ensure proper-coordinated management of
the watersheds. The City of Cebu, as the unit whose constituents are most
affected by the shortage and poor quality of water should lead in all these
undertakings.
All activities should be integrated to address the issue of water quantity and
water quality because any activity and/or project done within the watershed
areas surely affect water quality and quantity.
The CUSW and PCEEM programs have substantial undertakings along these
directions and these should be given due considerations and be the core
portion of the plan.
c) Strengthening of Agencies’ roles in the implementation and monitoring

of water conservation measures
Many Agencies are implementing measures to save and conserve water. The
Cebu City Government, in the approval of permits for building construction is
incorporating the provision of “cisterns” specifically to collect and store
rainwater. However, no monitoring of its effectiveness is being done. MCWD,
the local water district has its own water conservation program/tips for water
users. All these are good initiatives, however, there is a need to strengthen
and develop an effective persuasive program for water conservation in all
levels of users. The program should be designed to consider maximum water
savings and it should be “from the source to the end of pipe” (distribution line)
to household uses.
d) Formulation of guidelines with respect to alternative water sources and

technology
Sources of water outside Metro Cebu are potential sources for future
development and hence, must be promoted. Water resource investigation
must be conducted in these areas. Aside from source development,
technology for converting water or purifying water is becoming a thing in the
present. Desalination plants are now extensively used to produce potable
water at a competitive cost, therefore, an in depth study shall be conducted
and guidelines have to be formulated to come up with definite directions and
specific ordinances in the development, utilization and operation for
alternative water sources.
e) Implementation of Control Measures for Groundwater Extraction
Provisions and guidelines related to groundwater extraction has always been

included in the mandate of MCWD but the enforcement is considered a failure
because of the lack of alternative cheaper source of water available
compounded by the strong influence politicians and well entrenched officials
wield, enabling unauthorized extractors of private wells to do their thing even
in the face of MCWD.
f) Implementation the Improvement, Expansion and Modernization of the

Existing Water Distribution System
The losses of the existing water distribution system have almost reached to
unacceptable levels and if this is not addressed soonest, every Cebuano will
be paying double the actual volume he will be using. Once and for all, a
comprehensive and detailed study have to be conducted on the existing
system so that it can be intelligently determined what improvements have to
be done to render the distribution system more efficient i.e. least systems loss
and least subject to water theft and under utilization reporting. The selected
scheme considering future supply requirements have to be implemented
immediately.
g) Expand existing provisions of tapping rainwater in individual houses for

their daily needs.
The existing provisions imposed by the City on buildings for cisterns have to
be expanded to even small individual residential structures in order to
augment scarce supply of water for ordinary uses other than drinking.
h) Implementation of water supply projects initiated and fully participated

by the private sector.
Several offers from the private sector for the supply of water have reached
MCWD under the Build Operate Transfer schemes and their derivatives and
these have to be pursued. Encourage more proponents by providing these
groups with full technical and other assistance within MCWDs limitations,
instead of imposing bureaucratic red tape that only discourage them.
i) Continue Implementation of the small and medium water supply

projects of the barangays
The implementation of small and medium water supply projects for the
barangays as enumerated in the consolidated barangay profile have to be
continued unless there are ones included in the comprehensive program.
2.14.2 DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE MANAGEMENT
Drainage and sewerage systems are basic infrastructures that are a must for all
developing and developed cities. These require appropriate planning and
design that will have to consider efficient operation and maintenance to sustain
the level of efficiency in conveying storm water and liquid waste from individual
sources down to the main treatment facility.
In general, Metro Cebu has a combined drainage and sewerage system. This
means that storm water and domestic sewage are conveyed through a single
pipeline, culvert or open canal and is directly discharged to rivers or into the
sea with minimal treatment. Compounded with the uncollected solid waste, a
number of these drainage systems are clogged and silted rendering them
almost useless. Flooding of the City streets and low lying areas are a common
sight even during a slightly heavy rain. In addition, the stormwater is
contaminated by domestic and industrial waste.
Stormwater and sewage from domestic waste are simply allowed to infiltrate
into the ground, that in the process had affected our groundwater source, the
main source, which is of Metro Cebu’s water supply.
While having embarked on implementing quite a number of drainage system

projects the past several years, Cebu City still could not satisfy the overall
drainage requirements even up to the level of the existing development. At
present, there are still areas with out drainage, much more sewerage facilities.
Drainage and its efficient management is the responsibility of the Local

Government Unit like the City of Cebu. This particular aspect is the
responsibility of the Department of Engineering and Public Works (DEPW)
being the technical and engineering arm of the City. Sewerage, however, is
included in the mandate of MCWD although at this point in time, MCWD has
not yet undertaken any sewerage implementation, operation and much more
maintenance in any of the Metro Cebu LGUs, Cebu Citys sewerage system is
not even serving a tenth of the requirements of the existing development.
Assessment Performance
Cebu City has implemented and is still implementing several drainage

programs and projects to address flooding of streets that occur right after heavy
rains. Construction of revetments, installation of culverts and mini dams in
Budlaan, have been part of these interventions. These projects however,
except for the mini dams have not incorporated modern stormwater
management strategy where detection, utilization and controlled release of
stormwater are major aspects. In addition, their implementation has not been
based on plans/designs holistic comprehensive approach.
Several observations are made on the existing drainage and sewerage systems
of Cebu City, among these are:
a) Stormwater
The existing drainage system does not incorporate the stormwater disposal and
management to control the flow on the other hand and maximize the use of
stormwater on the other hand. The old paradigm of “collect and dispose
immediately” is still the mode used in their designs. The focus of the system
was simply to provide relief and stop gap of flooding rather than overall control
and utilization of stormwater.
b) Combined Drainage/Sewerage System
Stormwater and sewage are conveyed in a single pipeline. This method always
allows contamination of the stormwater and consequently the receiving water
bodies. Some exceptions are observed in the new housing development where
a separate pipeline conveyed stormwater and another one from sewage.
However, inadequate treatment of the sewage discharges defeats the purpose
of separating the conveyance system.
c) Constriction of Waterways
Many of the City’s waterways are constricted because of the proliferation of

illegally built housing structures. Many of these structures block the drainage
and obstruct waterflow. These are among the major contributors to flooding
and river overflows.
City ordinance number 1764 provided for the creation of the Cebu City River-
Eco Park Management Commission (CC-REPMC) or Bantay Sapa Commission
for the purpose of developing, managing and rehabilitating the major rivers and
streams within the boundaries of the city.
The ordinance was based on the devolution to the Local Government Units, the
DENR functions on the management, protection, rehabilitation and
maintenance of small watershed areas which are sources of legal water supply
and the water code of the Philippines which provides for the retention of rivers,
streams and shores of the seas and throughout their entire length
In March 2000, the CC-REMC rendered a report on the pilot area; the
Guadalupe River which enumerated the different abuses the river had been
subjected to this past years from throwing of both solid and liquid wastes,
construction of illegal structures, extracting volumes of sand and gravel that
sometimes endangers bank protection and other structures and the definite
lack of attention from the City in terms of garbage collection, lighting, etc. The
situation is not unique to the Guadalupe River, it is almost the same in the other
waterways within Cebu City.
Factors Affecting Performance
The level or degree of the design basis of drainage and sewerage systems
used by most LGUs like Cebu City is not holistic in its approach and therefore
right after the completion of a drainage system in one area (maybe 1 block to a
maximum of 5 x 5 blocks), the same problem was simply transferred to the next
blocks. Since the planning is on a specific area basis, without consideration of
the over-all system, many drainage projects have been rendered in effective
and wasted scarce Government funds.
Compounded with the absence of a well defined solidwaste program/policy, the

enforcement of garbage disposal has been almost arbitrary and quite lax such
that the disposal of plastics and other materials into the streets and water
bodies have caused the clogging of drainage pipes, catch basins and the water
bodies themselves not to mention the contamination they have effected on
these water bodies and ultimately the groundwater source of water supply.
The inconsistencies in enforcing the building code requirements on Sanitary

Engineering aspects like the septic tanks design, construction and operation
have allowed its use without concrete bottom slabs, allowing wastewater to
penetrate the ground and hence slowly find its way into the ground water
sources.
The same situation occurs in much bigger industrial establishments where

owners are good up to the permits application only (for their wastewater
facilities) but do not really implement them in the actual operation to cut on
costs.
In most city streets except those along the National Roads, almost all of the
roads constructed in the past did not have a complete drainage system
component. While construction and improvement of roads in Cebu City were
implemented by the City Engineer’s Office and some by the DPWH, Cebu City
Engineering District, there had been no major road projects as big and as
important as those under the Metro Cebu Development Projects (MCDP) and
all of the roads, MCDP implemented under MCDP-1 and MCDP-2 have already
complete drainage components.
Likewise, since the creation of HLURB, sometime in the early eighties up to the
present is the agency that is mandated to issue development permits to
subdivision and housing projects until the enforcement of the Local
Government Code, the construction of housing projects in the past did not fully
consider the drainage and sewerage facilities. These are the discrepancies
where the problems have originated.
The recent Government requirements on drainage and sewerage that

developers and Agencies have to comply at the “permit application” stage are
the potentials that improvement of the existing road infrastructure will not really
start from zero drainage and or sewerage. The enforcement of these new laws
on subdivision development and similar infrastructure has taken into
consideration and made them compulsory, the provision of drainage and
sewerage systems.
The main constraints that always prevent the attainment of the proper drainage
and sewerage systems in our roads and other development projects are:
a) Budget limitation is still the main reason for the neglect of drainage systems
as basic components to road construction and improvement, and because
these are basic services, no private groups would dare to invest because
the investment costs is very difficult, if not, almost not recoverable.
b) Most, if not all LGUs including Cebu City, does not have a definite drainage
and/or sewerage masterplan such that applications for new development,
be it residential, commercial, industrial, should have had specific locations
and or elevation requirements for their drainage outlets. This should have
ensured smoother flow of the stormwater of the development area to the
exit water bodies as based from the hydraulics and hydrology of the entire
area.
c) By the same reasons, sewerage lines for most of the new developments
have nowhere to drain their stormwater thereby causing flooding of nearby
areas like the recent case of a subdivision development in Pardo and
similar other development in some Cebu City areas.
d) Monitoring of new developments with respect to the implementation of

approved drainage and sewerage systems, have not been that religious
such that a number of subdivision development and/or newly constructed
road systems are done, still without appropriate drainage and sewerage
systems.
e) The high cost of real estate and the tedious process of road right of way
acquisition is sometimes the reason for deleting and/or delaying the
drainage components of road projects and other new developments, and
finally,
Sectoral Objectives
The objective under the drainage and sewerage component is to provide,

operate and maintain an efficient integrated drainage and sewerage system for
Cebu City.
2.14.2.3 Sectoral Strategies
To attain its objectives, the following strategies are recommended to address

the issues on drainage and sewerage and attain its objective:
a) Formulation of the Cebu City Comprehensive Drainage Masterplan
A drainage masterplan incorporating the stormwater management concept with

due consideration of the social dimension is essential. As mentioned earlier,
the “collect and disposed immediately” concept is still being the mode of
planning and design. This process must be extended to incorporate new
planning techniques and strategy in stormwater management.
The designs for all of the sub-projects should be based from the
comprehensive analysis of the entire Cebu City and adjacent areas.
The conduct of a comprehensive drainage and sewerage masterplan for Cebu

City has long been overdue. This study will attempt the following;
a) define the drainage requirements to satisfy the existing development.
b) define the total drainage demand to fully serve the planned development.
c) pinpoint the magnitude and location of existing drainage system that needs
rehabilitation, improvement, expansion and/or simply needs regular
cleaning and determine the final new infrastructure requirements to satisfy
both the existing and planned.
d) pinpoint magnitude and location of appropriate flood control structures.
e) establish inlet-outlet elevation requirement for the drainage systems of new

developments.
The designs based on the above have to be implemented within the next 5 to
10 years.
b) Formulation of an Integrated Drainage, Sewerage and Treatment

Management System
Recent technologies that look at closely the integration of the drainage and
sewerage system into a single treatment system, recycling them to ultimately
produce water that can be utilized by industries, commercial and even for
residential common uses even up to potable level are available world wide. An
in-depth study should be conducted to formulate a system that will work and
best suited to the Cebu conditions and ultimately implement them.
The more advanced and meaningful system is the integration of the other utility
lines (communications, electric, etc) into an underground tunnel/ structure using
modern construction methods that does not disturb the road surface and its
surroundings.
c) Promotion of the private sector participation in the recycling of wastewater

to industrial water
The City has an offer from the private sector that will address the collection and
treatment of the city’s wastewater and converting them into usable water for
industrial and non-potable uses. This should be fully supported.
d) Strengthening the Provisions for the Strict Compliance of River Easement

and Disposal
River easements are essential to maintain ecological health. Removal and

relocation of housing and other structures from these river easements must be
planned and implemented. In combination with the proposed housing
development plan under this study, a 100 percent compliance to both easement
and disposal to them will be achieved.
e) Implementation of the River Easement Law for Waterways
Careful planning combined with appropriate and careful addressing of the

transfer/relocation of existing structures and inhabitants along and within the river
easements have to be done. To ensure success in the implementation of the
development program, clear and green program in the river banks easements
maybe another prudent activity.
The CC-REMPC program and projects have to be fully supported and financed,
however, a detailed comprehensive suvey has to be conducted first to determine
more accurately the number and ownership status of existing structures that will
be affected so that a more realistic and reliable budget for their eviction and/or
relocation can be determined.
f) Rehabilitation and Improvement of Drainage and Sewerage Structures
Many of the drainage appurtenances are badly damage and not functioning
properly. Inlets should be given extra attention in its design and maintenance.
For new developments, it is essential to consider the use of separate system
rather than combined system. It has several advantages such as prohibitive cost,
improved effluent quality and etc.
g) Continue implementation of the small and medium drainage and sewerage

projects of the barangays.
The implementation of small and medium drainage and sewerage projects for the
barangays as enumerated in the consolidated barangay profile that resulted from
the barangay consultations have to be continued.
2.14.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
In an effort to improve solid waste management in the country, the Integrated

National Solid Waste Management Systems Framework (INSWMSF) was
adopted in 1993. The framework aims to protect public health and safety and the
environment as a whole through secure disposal of solid wastes. It calls for a
gradual phase out of open dumping by requiring all local government units in the
country to upgrade their existing open dumps to a more environmentally
acceptable and secure method of waste disposal like a sanitary landfill.
Through Republic Act 7160, also known as the Local Government Code of the
Philippines, functions such as those on solid waste management have already
been devolved to the local government units, thus making the local chief
executive as the final authority of any given locality.
In response to the INSWMSF, Cebu City constructed its sanitary landfill in 1998.
Cebu City is one of the few fortunate cities in the country that has implemented
an environmentally sound method of waste disposal. The City has not only
shown its concern but has likewise adopted a solution to its hounding garbage
problem with the construction and operation of a sanitary landfill in barangay
Inayawan.
The mayor of Cebu City is actively pursuing a public awareness campaign in

support to the city’s solid waste management program. In 1997, he launched the
“Clean and Green Hapsay Sugbo Program” which was designed to generate
awareness on the problem of garbage disposal.
To ensure the success of the project and to coordinate the executive and
legislative forces, the mayor also created the Cebu City Cleanliness Action
Team (CCCAT), which is mainly responsible with the enforcement of anti-littering
ordinances and other related laws of the city.
To tap the expertise of existing local government agencies, private organizations,

and non-government organizations, the mayor created the Environmental
Protection Committee (EPC) in 1997. This is a decision making body actively
involved in policy-making, implementation and monitoring processes of solid
wastes.
The city also has many civic and private initiatives, which are aimed at
maintaining cleanliness and improving the solid waste management system of
the city. The central office responsible for all cleaning and greening activities as
well as management of solid waste in Cebu City is the Department of Public
Services (DPS).
2.14.3.2 Assessment of Performance
a) Past Solid Waste Situation of Cebu City
The Central Visayas Urban Project (CVUP) report in 1983 categorized solid
wastes of Metro Cebu into two major types, namely;
a) residential or domestic waste from food preparation, sweeping, cleaning, fuel

burning and gardening;
b) non-residential wastes which are further subdivided into
• commercial waste (bank/offices, wholesaler, retailer, restaurant and hotel

waste),
• industrial waste (principally manufacturing waste coming from
establishments involved in production of food, beverage, textile,
garments, leather and footwear, woodcraft, metal craft, paper products,
printing, chemical products, plastic products, rubber products, non-
metallic products, machinery and equipment and others),
• institutional wastes from hospitals and schools,
• market waste,
• construction and demolition wastes from operations on houses, pavement
and structures,
• street waste like dirt, leaves, paper and the like, and
• other wastes such as special waste, hazardous waste, sewage and septic
sludge.
The CVUP study reported that 49.7 % of Cebu City waste came from residential
sources, 17.7% from streets, 12.6% from industries/ manufacturing, 12.6% from
markets, 2.5% from commercial establishments, 2.5% from other sources and
1% from construction and demolition (Table 2.14.3.01). The total estimated
amount of solid wastes generated in Cebu City in 1982 was 212.20 tons per day.
The amount of waste generated varied in accordance to the income of the

household. The low-income group was found to have generated 61.5% of the
total garbage of Metro Cebu, the medium-income group at 21.3% and the high
income group generated the least, about 17.2 % (Table 2.14.3.02).
Data taken from the Department of Public Services DPS showed an increasing
trend in the annual volume of garbage collection in Cebu City during the period
1977-1998. Waste quantities decreased sharply in 1978 then stayed nearly
constant in 1979, had risen slightly in 1980 and increased sharply in 1981. From
then on until 1985, waste quantities decreased gradually. From 1986 until 1999,
the waste volume kept on increasing gradually, annually. The highest ever-
recorded annual volume of collected garbage in the city was in 1997 where the
annual total volume was 533,746.90 m3/yr.
It can be observed that a span of 10 years (1986-1996) the garbage volume

increased more than three times. Lately in 1998, the volume decreased suddenly
by approximately 8%.
The National Statistics Office (NSO, 1990) revealed that Cebu City households
mode of waste disposal were: by truck collection (47%), burning (34.8%),
dumping in pits (12.4%), other means (3.7%), composting (0.9%), burying (0.8%),
and feeding to animals (0.4%) (See Table 2.14.3.03). Other means could include
disposing of wastes in canals, streets, and other open areas.
b) Assessment of Existing Solid Waste Situation of Cebu City
Waste Quantities and Types
Cebu City has a total population of 662,299. The 1999 population of the city is
estimated at 726,877 (POPCOM, 1999). Being a commercial center and a
distribution point, it is projected that the city population will continually increase in
the next 12 years.
Table 2.14.3.1
Types of Solid Wastes in Metro Cebu
Waste Category Sub-category Source/Origin of Waste
Residential or From food preparation, sweeping,

domestic clearing, fuel burning and gardening
Non-residential waste Commercial waste From bank/office, wholesaler, retailer,
restaurant and hotel waste
Industrial/manufacturing F r o m e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n v o l v e d i n
waste production of food, beverage, textile,
garments, leather & footwear, woodcraft,
metal craft, paper products, printing,
chemical products, non-metallic products,
machinery & equipment and others
Institutional waste From hospitals and schools
Market waste From public markets
Construction & demolition F r o m b u i l d i n g s , a n d d e b r i s f r o m

waste construction, remodeling, repair and
demolition operations on houses,
pavements & structures
Street waste Like dirt, leaves, paper, etc.
Other waste Like special waste, hazardous, sewerage

& septic sludge
Source: Central Visayas Urban Project, 1983
Table 2.14.3.2
Estimated Waste Generation in Cebu City
(tons/day), 1982
Study Waste Type

Area
Residential Commercial Industrial Market Institutional Street Construction Others
& Demolition
Cebu City 105.50 5.40 26.80 26.80 2.70 37.50 2.10 5.40
(49.7%) (2.5%) (12.6%) (12.6%) (1.3%) (17.7%) (1.%) (2.5%)
Source: Central Visayas Urban Project, 1993
Table 2.14.3.3
Households by Usual Manner of Garbage Disposal
And by Province: Rural –Urban, 1990
Area Total Picked up Dumping in Burning Composting Burning Feeding Others

by to
HHS Garbage Individual Animals
Pit
Truck
Central 78,020 130,578 60,461 15,991

Visayas 837,843 511,528 21,216 56,049
Urban 73,837 49,830 9,465 9,121
345,780 188,287 5,715 9,525
Rural 4,183 80,748 50,996 6,870
528,063 323,241 15,501 46,524
Cebu 66,938 84,740 41,504 10,910

506,109 263,257 9,941 28,819
Urban 64,397 37,585 6,381 7,620
259,227 134,442 3,824 4,978
Rural 2,541 47,155 35,123 3,290
246,882 128,815 6,117 23,841
Cebu City 53,969 14,176 996 4,269

114,708 39,905 953 440
(47%) (12.4%) (34.8%) (0.9%) (0.8%) (0.4%) (3.7%)
For an average per capita generation of 0.50 kg/day, it is estimated that in 1999
the total amount of waste generated daily is 363,438.50 kg. The DPS placed their
average actual collection in 1999 at 93% of the total daily waste generation,
amounting to about 350 metric tons of garbage collected per day. All of this goes
to the sanitary landfill for disposal.
The projected annual total solid waste generation in Metro Cebu area in the next
12 years based on an annual 10% growth rate of the current average per capita
solid waste generation. The 10% growth is proportionate to the growth of the city
residents’ personal consumption, commercial and industrial activity, and social
and cultural interaction.
The other areas mentioned in the table refer to the Metro Cebu area, excluding
Cebu City but including the cities of Mandaue and Lapu-lapu together with the
municipalities of Cordova, Consolacion, Liloan, and Compostela in the north, as
well as those of Talisay, Naga and Minglanilla in the south.
The average annual growth rate of these other areas is estimated at 2.5%, giving
a population of 853,920 (1999). The estimated current solid waste generation for
the other areas is about 425 metric tons/day or 155,840 kg/day basing on the
current 0.5 kg/day/person solid waste generation.
For the whole Metro Cebu area, including Cebu City, total amount of solid waste
generated in 1999 was 288,505 kg/day.
Metro Cebu solid wastes can be classified into three types (MCSWC, 1999),
namely:
1) Class A waste, comprising 90% of total and is composed of paper, plastics,

rubber, metallic, leather, green and dry vegetation (such as wood, banana
strokes, peels, etc.,), construction rubber and fiber;
2) Class B waste, which includes all solid wastes from all hospitals and medical
facilities within the Metro Cebu Area (approximately 3-5 metric tons/day
equivalent to about 5% of total solid waste); and
3) Class C waste, which refers to semi-solid waste mostly organic in nature,

comprised of kitchen wastes from households, restaurants and eateries
including wet market wastes such as from fish and meat section, estimated to
be about 5% of the total community waste generation (Mt Carmel Solid Waste
Corporation, 1999).
There is no information available regarding the composition of solid wastes in

Metro Cebu or Cebu City alone. In the absence of such a data, the average
waste composition of solid waste is approximated as follows:
Table 2.14.3.4
Average Composition of Solid Waste in the Philippines
Percentage by Weight
Component
Yard and field waste 33.5%
Fines and inerts 12.9%
Wood 11.5%
Food Waste 11.0%
Paper and cardboard 10.2%
Plastic and Petroleum products 9.8%
Textiles 4.1%
Metals 3.3 %
Glass 1.9%
Leather and Rubber 1.8%
Total 100.00%
Source: Solid Waste Management for LGU’s, DENR-EMB, 1996
Waste Storage and Separation at Source
For storing garbage, households and establishments usually use two solid waste
container types. Most commonly used is the separate unit storage, which
consists of temporary, non-standardized separate containers such as plastic
bags, baskets and cartons. The other type is the communal storage, which is
usually employed by schools, offices, and public markets. The four-sided
roofless enclosure with door common storage is the one used by most schools
while the Carbon market uses the communal stationary bin type.
Separation of wastes at source is practiced mostly by the informal sector

(scavengers, waste collectors, and animals) usually at temporary storage areas
before collection but there is no available information on the magnitude, social,
financial and waste reduction aspects of materials recovered.
The office of the DPS in coordination with the non-government organizations

conducted waste segregation projects in several barangays of the city like in
Talamban, Mabolo and Guadalupe. The most notable pilot project was the one
conducted at barangay Guadalupe in 1998, under the Miliev Fund granted by the
government of Netherlands.
Hospital and clinic wastes are segregated into infectious and non-infectious
wastes during storage but are combined during collection.
Waste Collection
There are four types of collection services that are practiced in Cebu City and
these are:
1. Block collection system
This allows garbage trucks operating at regular routes to stop at every street
intersection and ring a bell or play music signaling residents to bring their
waste bins to the waiting truck.
2. Communal collection
This system consists of a common container placed at a convenient point

where residents or waste generators can deposit their wastes.
3. Entrance collection
This system allows collection of waste from bins or containers placed outside
of the house, either close to the sidewalk or at the house entrance.
4. Door-to-door collection
Residents put their wastes outside the front door at a designated collection
time and waste collectors empty the waste bins or throw the waste bags into
the vehicle.
The type of collection system used by the DPS is the mechanized (or motorized),
stationary-container system consisting of an enclosed top, manually loaded
compactor. Barangay garbage trucks are usually dump trucks that of the open
top manually loaded type.
Out of the city’s 80 barangays, only 54 urban and rural barangays are covered by
the city collection service. This translates to a collection efficiency of 68%, in
terms of area coverage.
Waste collection is done daily at major roads and highways, at central business
districts and other commercial areas. In other areas, collection is carried out two
to three times a week.
DPS owns a total of 52 compactor trucks but only 22 units are operating with a
total vehicle capacity of 215 m3. Three thrash bins having a total capacity of 45
m3 are stationed at the Carbon area to collect market wastes. Some of the city’s
barangays also own garbage trucks to collect garbage in areas not served by
DPS such as the interior portion of the barangay.
For SW collection purposes, the city’s urban area is divided into three zones: 1)
north, 2) south, and 3) central district. The north district is composed of 10 sub
zones, the south has 9 and the central district is comprised of 21 sub zones.
Solid waste collection is done during the day shift except for the central district.
Table 35.3.09 shows the component barangays and areas for the city’s three
zones and the corresponding schedule of collection.
DPS also deploys roving collection services in some areas like Buhisan and
Taboan, Hipodromo, and the Guadalupe abattoir. This is considered one zone.
The total waste quantity collected from this zone in 1999 was 11.41 metric tons.
This also includes waste collected by the city’s metro aides/ sweepers.
One dedicated truck of the DPS serves government and private hospitals in the
city. The amount of garbage collected from hospitals in 1999 was 108.19 m3 or
about 4.42 metric tons (1999).
Table 2.14.3.5
Existing Waste Collection Districts and Zones of Cebu City
District Zones Collection Schedule

North Capitol site 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Banilad 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Talamban, Bacayan & Pit-os 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Apas 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Mabolo 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Ermita 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Task Force Gallardo 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Task Force II 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Guadalupe Support 6 A.M. - 2 P. M.
Camputhaw 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
South Suba, Alaska Mambaling 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Basak, Kinasang-an & Quiot, Pardo 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Mambaling & Basak San Nicolas 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Tisa 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Duljo Fatima 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Labangon 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Calamba 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Guadalupe 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Banawa Guadalupe 5 A.M. - 1 P. M.
Central San Nicolas Proper 4 - 12 P. M.
Pasil, Pahina San Nicolas 4 - 12 P. M.
Pahina Central 4 - 12 P. M.
Sambag I 4 - 12 P. M.
Sambag II 4 - 12 P. M.
Cogon and Ramos 4 - 12 P. M.
San Antonio, Day-as 4 - 12 P. M.
Kamagayan, Kalubihan 4 - 12 P. M.
San Roque, Tinago 4 - 12 P. M.
Central Proper, Sto. Niño 4 - 12 P. M.
Tejero, Parian 4 - 12 P. M.
Lorega-San Miguel and Zapatera 4 - 12 P. M.
Luz 4 - 12 P. M.
Ermita 4 - 12 P. M.
Kasambagan 4 - 12 P. M.
Carbon Area and Carrita 4 - 12 P. M.
Lahug lower-south 4 - 12 P. M.
Lahug upper- north 4 - 12 P. M.
Punta Princesa- south 4 - 12 P. M.
Inayawan - south Cogon 4 - 12 P. M.

Bulacao – south 4 - 12 P. M.
Task Force I 4 - 12 P. M.
Task Force II 4 - 12 P. M.
Task Force II 4 - 12 P. M.
Souce: Department of Public Services, 1999.
Table 3.14.3. 6
Volume of Garbage Disposed in Inayawan Sanitary Landfill
Cebu City (As of 1999)
BARANGAYS DPS TRUCKS GARBAGE DISPOSED

( IN KILOGRAMS) IN CU.M. IN TONNAGE
CENTRAL
San Nicolas Proper 46,945.0Kls. 164.33cu.m. 6.71T
Pasil, Pahina, Sn. Nicolas 43,990.0Kls. 153.97cu.m. 6.29T
Pahina Central 33,990.0Kls. 118.97cu.m. 4.86T
Sambag I 36,360.0Kls. 127.26cu.m. 5.19T
Sambag II 33,870.0Kls. 118.55cu.m. 4.84T
Ramos 48,570.0Kls. 170.00cu.m. 6.94T
San Antonio Day-as 35,160.0Kls. 123.06cu.m. 5.02T
Kamagayan Kalubihan 43,000.0Kls. 150.50cu.m. 6.14T
Sn. Roque Tinago 48,960.0Kls. 171.36cu.m. 6.99T
Central Proper Sto. Niño 38,850.0Kls. 135.98cu.m. 5.55T
Tejero Parian 49,880.0Kls. 174.58cu.m. 7.13T
Brgy. Lorega Zapatera 38,825.0Kls. 135.91cu.m. 5.55T
Brgy. Luz 39,210.0Kls. 137.24cu.m. 5.60T
Brgy. Ermita Carreta 43,925.0Kls. 153.76cu.m. 6.28T
Brgy. Kasambagan 55,340.0Kls. 193.69cu.m. 7.91T
Multi Lift System 69,130.0Kls. 241.96cu.m. 9.88T
Brgy. Lahug, Upper North 48,050.0Kls. 168.18cu.m. 6.87T
Brgy. Lahug, Lower South 61,160.0Kls. 214.06cu.m. 8.74T
Brgy. Punta Princesa South 46,365.0Kls. 162.30cu.m. 6.63T
Brgy. Inayawan South Cogon 21,190.0Kls. 74.17cu.m. 3.03T
Task Force I 41,300.0Kls. 144.55cu.m. 5.90T
Task Force II 27,450.0Kls. 96.08cu.m. 3.50T
Task Force III 2,940.0Kls. 10.29cu.m. 0.42T
SUB-TOTAL 954,460.0Kls. 3,340.75cu.m. 135.97T
NORTH
Capitol Site 43,661.0Kls. 261.5cu.m. 10.67T
Camputhaw 42,860.0Kls. 168.4cu.m. 6.87T
Banilad 36,060.0Kls. 126.2cu.m. 5.15T
Talamban 44,380.0Kls. 218.1cu.m. 8.90T
Bacayan, Pit-os
Apas 44,900.0Kls. 161.3cu.m. 6.58T
Mabolo 61,810.0Kls. 259.4cu.m. 10.59T
Carbon
Ermita 179,770.0Kls. 629.2cu.m. 25.58T
Task Force
Support 2,600.0Kls. 9.1cu.m. 0.37T
Lorega 2.6cu.m. 0.11T
Sambag I & II 126.1cu.m. 5.15T
Hipodromo 12.0cu.m. 0.49T
Sto. Niño 11.0cu.m. 0.45T
SUB-TOTAL 456,041.0 1,984.97cu.m. 80.91T
SOUTH
Bulacao Pob. Pardo 32,870.0Kls. 238.53cu.m. 9.74T
Kinasang-an Basak Quiot
Pardo 61,150.0Kls. 289.56cu.m. 11.82T
Basak, Sn. Nicolas Mambaling 58,150.0Kls. 288.75cu.m. 11.79T
Tisa 40,180.0Kls. 190.12cu.m. 7.76T
Duljo Fatima 34,920.0Kls. 133.11cu.m. 5.43T
Labangon 39,260.0Kls. 239.23cu.m. 9.77T
Calamba 39,360.0Kls. 145.53cu.m. 5.94T
Guadalupe 50,120.0Kls. 283.29cu.m. 11.56T
Banawa 46,040.0Kls. 161.14cu.m. 6.58T
Suba-Alaska
Mambaling 43,160.0Kls. 221.66cu.m. 9.05T
Inayawan 144.97cu.m. 5.92T
Punta 84.07cu.m. 3.43T
SUB-TOTAL 445,210.0Kls. 2,419.96cu.m. 98.79T
DPS ROVING COLLECTION
ZONE
Support Guadalupe Abbatoir 89.43cu.m. 3.65T
Buhisan, Taboan 52.50cu.m. 2.14T
Hipodromo 78.09cu.m. 3.19T
Metro Aide 59.64cu.m. 2.43T
SUB-TOTAL 279.66cu.m. 11.41T
Hospital House 108.19cu.m. 4.42T
OVER ALL TOTAL 1,855,711.0Kls. 8,133.53cu.m. 232.71T

SOURCE : DPS
The Environmental Protection Committee (EPC), created in 1997 to enhance

partnerships between the city government, NGOs, barangays, and the private
sector, has one sub-committee on Information, Communication and Education
(Media) that takes care of all affairs concerning information and communication
dissemination on proper solid waste management in the city. The IEC
subcommittee has previously conducted waste management seminars for
barangay officials and has distributed leaflets containing guidelines on proper
solid waste disposal, in line with their responsibility of enhancing public
awareness and concern towards environmental protection.
The Cebu City Cleanliness Action Team (CCCAT) one of the member
organizations of EPC that is mainly concerned with the enforcement and
implementation of the city’s ordinances and laws on anti-littering has a committee
on Information and Education. The committee, run by the Philippine Marketing
Association, is tasked to create a communication plan for the city’s “Clean and
Green Program” and to develop marketing material.
DPS Level
DPS is not actually involved in any Public Awareness-raising activities conducted

by many civic private and public initiatives in the city due to lack of budget and
staff specializing in public awareness activities.
Barangay Level
The health centers of the CHD coordinates with the barangay in the conduct of
their activities. In support to the “Clean and Green Program” of the city, some
active civic groups are organizing cleaning up campaigns, holding information
meetings, and initiating sweeping campaign at the barangay level. Two of such
initiatives were the Operation Linis Gugma in barangay Guadalupe and the Don
Bosco Cleanliness Drive in barangay Pasil.
Budget
The annual budget for DPS, as well as with other departments at Cebu City Hall,
is set up following the “skin and bones” methodology, meaning, that the annual
budget of the current year can not exceed the actual spending in the preceding
year.
Beginning in 1998, major changes were made which affected the budget
allocated for DPS. Several activities of DPS were transferred to DGS in 1998,
which reduced the overall budget intended for DPS. These activities were 1)
street lighting, 2) artesian wells services, 3) building maintenance, and 4)
transport and maintenance, heavy equipment, light vehicles and bus repair.
Division budgets most affected were the Garbage Collection and Disposal and
Street Cleaning. Shifts were made from the accounts for salaries and wages in
the Street Cleaning division towards the account for the Clean and Green
Program of the mayor of the Cebu City.
Under the General Administration activity, the total current operating expenditures
from 1997 to 1998 do not reflect any significant changes. This account is already
under the GPS budget.
Under the Street Cleaning activity, the Maintenance and Other Operating
Expenses (MOOE) for 1997 was only P 472,127.43 but it increased to P
8,087,540.00 (1998) and P 8,728,105.00 (1999). The sharp increase of the
MOOE budget was mainly due to the “Clean and Green Program” budget.
Under the Garbage Collection activity, the total actual chief operating
expenditures recorded for 1997 was P 64,873,261.00. This amount was reduced
to P 33,605,420.00 in 1998 and P 40,072,152.20 in 1999. The decrease was
primarily due to 1) the transfer of the Maintenance, Materials and Supply costs for
Heavy Equipment/Light Vehicles, Transport and Maintenance and Bus repair
from DPS to the GPS budget, and 2) a big cut in salaries and wages (personal
services expenditure) of garbage collection personnel to accommodate the Clean
and Green Program expenditures.
Under the Maintenance of Plaza, Parks and Monuments activity of the Cebu City
Parks and Playground Commission, no significant changes were observed on the
budget.
For street lighting, artesian wells services, and building maintenance, the total
chief operating expenditure for 1997 was P 18,664,000.00. As expected, DPS
has no budget for these activities for 1998 and 1999 because the budget for
these had been transferred to GPS.
Because of significant changes introduced in 1998, the 1998 DPS budget was
reduced to about 42%. Although the budget increased by more than P 7M in
1999, but it still is about 35 % reduced in comparison to 1997.
As mentioned earlier, the Artesian Wells Services (or Barangay Waterworks) and
the Street Lighting Services have been returned to DPS starting 2000. The
estimated total appropriation for the budget year 2000 is P 4,760,634.00 and P
6,125,698.00 for Artesian Well Services and Street Lighting Services,
respectively. On the other hand, the Maintenance of Plaza, Parks and
Monuments of the Cebu City Parks and Playground Commission, now under the
city Mayor’s Office has a total appropriation (estimated) of P 5,290,664.00 for the
budget year 2000.
Existing Laws on Solid Waste Management

Local Level
City Ordinance no.1082, dated December 1980, provided for the collection,
transportation and disposal of refuse or garbage within the City of Cebu and
prescribing a revised rate of garbage fees.
City Ordinance no.1295 dated July 11,1988, provided for establishment of a

system of garbage collection, imposing fees therefore, organizing a garbage
commission for its effective implementation and appropriating funds and for other
related purposes.
City Ordinance no. 1321 date January 27,1989, amended a few articles of
ordinance no. 1295 and instituting a Grievance Committee by the Office of the
Mayor.
City ordinance no. 1361 dated February 5,1990, provided for the establishment of
a system of garbage collection, imposing fees therefore, and appropriating funds
and for other related purposes. This ordinance introduces the public services
manager as a decentralized supervisor dealing with a number of public utility
tasks and supervising the public cleansing and waste collection service delivery
of the DPS. Moreover, a very comprehensive waste collection and disposal for
structure for all types of social, commercial, and other activities is worked out in
this ordinance.
Fees and other updates are presented in ordinances no.1366 of April 30, 1990,
no. 1385 of November 20, 1990, No.1391 of February 18, 1991, No.1482 of
November 29, 1993, No. 1521 of April 18, 1994 and No. 1537 of August 29, 1997.
It is interesting to note that in 1998 a resolution has been adopted in the City
Council, requiring the barangay captains to supervise the collection of garbage,
implement measures to minimize waste and take responsibility in the sanitation of
their barangays.
Pursuant to the Local Government Code, the barangay captains are required to
enforce laws and regulations for pollution control of the environment, to ensure
delivery of basic services and to promote the general welfare of the barangay.
2.14.3.3 Issues and Concerns
During the consultation/validation activity conducted by the study team last

October 1999 to January 2000 in the 43 urban barangays of the city, some of the
problems identified by the barangays:
• Improper garbage disposal (18 out of 43 barangays, or 42%)

• Irregular collection of garbage (16/43 or 37%)
• Lack of funds (2%)
• Collection of garbage is done during Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays
only (12%)
• River is polluted (2%)
• A need to maintain cleanliness (2%)
• Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes are stored separately but
mixed together during collection (2%)
• Collection of garbage is done twice a week only (2%)
• Collection of garbage is done once a week only (2%)
• Unpleasant smell of garbage truck (2%)
• No problem (5%)
The most probable cause for the problem of irregular collection of garbage is the
lack of trucks that go around the city to pick up garbage. Other probable causes
are: limitation on the garbage trucks, accessibility to the interior sitios of the
barangay, dependence on the availability of the dump truck, limited schedule of
collection of garbage in the Lahug upland area (once a week only), lack of
garbage truck available, waste collectors are sometimes in a hurry, collectors
would rather collect wastes from big stores and food chains, and the garbage
truck that goes to Sta. Cruz is already filled up with garbage.
Major reason for improper disposal of garbage is the lack of discipline of the
residents. Second is the lack of cooperation among residents. Other reasons
include narrow roads because vendors are occupying a portion of the road and
lack of funds.
Some 18 barangays have clogged-up drainage or poor drainage system because

residents throw their solid wastes into the drainage outlets, creeks, rivers and
tributaries.
2.14.3.4 Factors Influencing Performance
a) Community attitude /behavior
The general community, who is the most important stakeholder in waste

management activities, plays a very significant role in finding solutions to
solid waste problems. The barangay consultation results reveal that the
major cause of the problem of improper garbage disposal is the lack of
discipline and cooperation of residents. It appears therefore that community
behavior/attitude is a major factor that generally affects the total performance
of the sector. Modifying behavior patterns of the community would surely
make an impact that will influence the solid waste management sector’s
performance.
b) Coordination between DPS and barangay waste collection activities
In the interior parts of the barangay, which usually are inaccessible to

garbage trucks and in some other areas where DPS cannot serve, the
barangay can always fill in as support to DPS.
c) Reduction of DPS budget
A reduced budget will generally affect the DPS program of service delivery to
the city residents eventually leading to poor collection services, because of
improper equipment and vehicle maintenance and poor overall performance
of the sector.
d) The need for massive information campaign on good solid waste

management practices.
The government has the support of the community’s civic groups and non-
government organizations on matters pertaining to enhancing the level of
awareness of the citizens through massive information, education and
communication campaigns.
e) Limited waste recycling activities done at source
Efforts to recycle wastes at the household level are very minimal. Commercial
and industrial waste generators do not have any waste recycling programs for
their solid wastes. When waste containers are placed at the street sides for
collection, some waste pickers usually scavenge through the containers for
recyclable materials while animals (usually dogs) look for food and leave the
area littered with garbage.
f) No real waste segregation is practiced in the city
Students learn and practice waste segregation and composting of garbage in

schools. They use labeled garbage bins for biodegradable and non-
biodegradable wastes.
Hospitals also separate their wastes into infectious and non- infectious
wastes, using receptacles and color-coded bags for specific waste materials.
During collection waste collectors mixed back the already segregated

garbage and combined it with all the other collected solid wastes inside the
garbage truck.
Potentials and Opportunities
a) Good public awareness program
The solid waste management sector has a good public awareness program
involving the public and private sectors. In support to the cleanliness and
greening program of the city, some community organizations are actively
pursuing information, education, and communication (IEC) campaigns on the
fight against drugs as well as on cleanliness, sanitation and waste
management.
b) Potentials for alternative waste management
Waste quantities reaching the sanitary landfill can be minimized through

alternative approaches to Solid Waste Management such as waste reduction,
reusing and recycling.
c) Active participation of barangays in waste management
Barangay captains are directed to take the general responsibility of

maintaining sanitation and protection of the environment pursuant to the
Local Government Code and City resolution. Moreover, barangay captains
are required to supervise the collection of garbage, implement measures to
minimize waste, enforce laws and to ensure delivery of basic services to
promote the general welfare of the barangay.
d)Involvement of the Health Department in sanitation and waste management
Health districts conduct inspection and monitoring of the overall community,

hygiene and sanitation including waste collection and disposal systems. The
health department is also involved in campaigns on environmental sanitation
issues in coordination with the barangay.
e) Involvement of schools in Ecological Waste Management Programs.
The Education sector is also advocating environmental protection through

some DECS initiated programs like the Ecological Waste Management
Program, the “War on Waste” Program, the Revitalized Tree Planting and
Greening program, among others.
f) Private sector participation in waste collection services
Large commercial and hotel establishments as well as some big industrial

companies in Metro Cebu and Mandaue cities are contracting private firms
who can collect their solid waste everyday.
g) Presence of market for recyclable/recoverable materials
Scavengers sell materials they recovered from trash to junk shops/scrap

dealers. The resource value of recyclable materials in garbage is such
powerful inticement that more people are venturing into this kind of business.
h) Organized Scavenger/waste sorters at landfill site
Presently, more than 100 scavengers at the landfill are already organized into
a cooperative. This is advantageous because issues on worker health, safety
and dignity of the scavengers can now be considered.
Constraints
a) Inefficient garbage collection
This is one of the two constraints identified by the Economic sector, during the
General Consultation and Planning Workshop for the Cebu City Strategic Master
Plan Study (CCMPS). In general, the city garbage collection is described as
inefficient because of the irregularity of garbage collection, there are other areas
of the barangay not served by the city collection services such as the interior
sitios and barangay road inaccessible to garbage trucks, and only 54 of the city’s
80 barangays are covered (68%) by the DPS collection.
b) Unlimited garbage potential
The Philippines, along with Indonesia, China and India, are the Asian countries
facing the greatest waste management challenge, based on the projected waste
generation rates and relative affluence to deal with the problem (World Bank,
1999).
The paper further stated that not only are the quantities of waste increasing
commensurate with the growing economy and expanding population; the
composition is also shifting towards plastics and paper packing.
Cebu City demonstrated a population growth of 1.56% during 1990 to 1995.

Considering that the city is the commercial and industrial center and the
distribution point of the Visayas and Mindanao area, it is expected that the city’s
population will keep on increasing in the next 20 years. It is projected that the
total solid waste generation in the Metro Cebu areas during this period will exhibit
a growth of 10% annually. Based on this, it is expected that the Metro Cebu area,
particularly, Cebu City, will experience unlimited garbage potential in the coming
years.
This is the second constraint mentioned during the General Consultation

Workshop for the CCSMPS.
c) City Ordinance no.1361 does not state waste categories falling under the
responsibility of the city
Cebu City Ordinance No. 1361, doe not define which categories of waste the city
either will or will not pick up. It does not state which waste category is the
responsibility of the city. It appears therefore that the city is responsible for all
urban waste of the city including residential, commercial, industrial, institutional,
construction and demolition, and hazardous wastes.
d) Need to refocus the activities of DPS
Presently, DPS is involved with environmental sanitation, refuse collection and

disposal, sanitary landfill operation and sewage treatment plan. DPS activities
should focus on solid waste collection and disposal, which shall include 1) waste
collection from households, commercial establishments, institutions, etc., and 2)
street cleaning including cleaning of drains, seven canals and rivers. Cleaning of
drains, rivers, and canals is currently being carried out by the Department of
Engineering and Public Works (DEPW). There is therefore a need to transfer
this function from DEPW to DPS.
DPS does not have a public relation section that will support IEC campaigns of
other bodies and groups. The department also does not have a marketing and
sales section that will take care of its commercial function to raise funds or collect
more revenues.
e) Lack of financial resources for a sustainable solid waste management
The lack of funds is one of the problems cited by the barangays during the
barangay consultation/validation.
f) Not all households are serviced by garbage trucks
The city collection service covered only about 68% of the total 80 barangays.
Most barangays in the upland area are not served. Likewise interior and
inaccessible areas of the urban barangays are also not serviced.
g) Equipment maintenance
Of the total 25 vehicles, only 22 units are operational. The second-hand

compactor/packer trucks donated by Japan are nearing their lifetime. Most of
them require repair and heavy maintenance resulting in low reability.
Procurement pocedures for the purchase of spare parts is tedious and have
consuming affecting equipment maintenance and operation.
h) Lack of discipline and cooperation among residents
Despite the massive IEC campaign of the government and the civic groups,
people continue to be indifferent, indiscriminately throwing their garbage at the
public areas/places like the streets, drainage outlets, canals, sewers and rivers.
i) Inadequate database for a good solid waste management
There is a need to develop a good database particularly on the characterization

of solid waste streams according to sources, type, generation rate and
composition. Accurate information in these three areas is important in order to
monitor and control existing waste management systems and to make regulatory,
financial, and institutional decisions (World Bank, 1999).
j) Need to upgrade landfill site
The present landfill is experiencing some problems, which need immediate

attention. One major issue is the short life span of the landfill because of some
design defects, i.e., depth of the landfill and faulty design of conveyor belts and
platforms of the waste recovery section.
2.14.3.6 Development Scenario
Solid Waste Disposal Standards
The solid waste disposal practice authorized by the DOH is outline below:
Incinerator
- where combustible refuse are burned or oxidized
Composting
- Rapid but partial decomposition of moist, solid, organic matter, primarily

garbage by the use of aerobic micro-organism under controlled condition
-Result is a sanitary nuisance-free humus-like material that can be used as a

fertilizer and/or soft conditioner.
Salvage and Reclamation
- Covers a number of disposal process sorting of refuse either individually or

mechanically for metals, tin cans, paper, rags, and other materials that can be
resold, rendering of animal wastes for fats, dehydration of garbage to be used
for hog feed, composting and landfills that reclaim otherwise unusable length.
Garbage reduction, in which grease is extracted from cooked garbage and
sold.
Open Dumpsite
- Not allowed by DOH unless there are no other means of disposing wastes.
Should this method be used, safety precautions should be observed.
- It must be fenced/enclosed at derived height and should be sprayed with

insecticides. As much as possible it must be covered with net to prevent
scavengers from the place.
(Source: National Statistic Office, HLRB, IAD, and TAPP)
Some of the guidelines for community with special requirements for waste
disposal (Hongkong Planning Standards & Guidelines, 1999) are as follows:
Abattoirs
Abattoirs should include adequate waste treatment facilities to handle all waste
forms generated. These should include treatment facilities for carcasses,
condemned meat, blood, skin, offal’s, grease, stomach content, nails, hairs and
waste water. There should be a separation of wastewater sewerage from storm
water sewerage.
Markets and Cooked Food Stalls

Many of the wastes produced by the facilities are highly putrescible. Adequate
refuse storage area should be provided and located so as to minimize potential
nuisance to the public and people living and working nearby. Animal carcasses
should be segregated from other water stream and separate temporary storage
and collection facilities be provided. The facilities should preferably be confined
in covered areas and grease traps should be provided to prevent the chokage of
sewers.
Hospitals/Clinics
All clinical wastes should be separately collected from other municipal wastes.
All clinical wastes must be disposed of in specially designed pathological
incinerators.
(Source: Hongkong Planning Standard and Guidelines, 1999)
Present Level of Services
Incinerator
Hospital wastes are segregated at the source but end up combined again during
waste collection because the truck has no compartment to separate the infectious
from the non-infectious wastes. Hospital wastes, although separated from the other
waste types, are treated in a similar manner as the others. The incinerator, which
was intended for treatment of hospitals wastes, never been used due to opposition of
some environmental groups.
Composting
The composting practice is limited only in school were students learn to compost
garbage, using the compost for greening the school compound. Most urban
households do not practice composting of garbage.
Salvage and Reclamation
Sorting of garbage at source is not popular among scavengers. They prefer to sort
garbage at the disposal-working site, which supposedly is a restricted area because
it is a health and safety hazard.
Open Dumpsite
The sanitary landfill has some environmental controls like the liners and leachate
collection piping network but has no leachate treatment system. Only a small portion
of the completed landfill is covered by the soil material because of the lack of trucks
to haul soil cover materials. Moreover, the landfill is not constructed according to its
original depth design. Two of its very important facilities are presently not used.
Abattoirs
The two abattoirs of the city have no waste treatment facilities.
Market and Cooked Food Stalls
Three thrash bins, each with a capacity of 15 m3 are placed at the Carbon Market,
the city’s major market. Stall owners and vendors dump their wastes, animals and
vegetable wastes combined, at the bins. The containers are placed and transported
to the disposal site daily by the one garbage vehicle equipped with a hydraulic lift
system. The other markets have basically the same system.
Sectoral Vision
Cebu City shall become a zero waste community in year 2020.
Sectoral Objective
To ensure efficient collection of solid wastes, provide an environmentally sound

landfill and recycling hundred percent of the solid waste and convert them to housing
materials, fertilizers and other useful by products.
2.14.3.7 Sectoral Strategies
a) Establishment of an integrated solid waste management system
An integrated waste management involves using a combination of techniques

and programs to manage the waste stream. The waste stream is made up of
district components that can be managed and disposed of separately. A
combination of approaches such as source reduction, recycling, combustion, and
landfilling can be used to handle targeted portions of the waste stream.
The hierarchy of integrated waste management can be a useful tool for goal
setting and planning and for evaluating the components of a integrated waste
management against the community’s needs. At the top of the hierarchy is source
reduction, which is designed to reduce both the toxic constituents in products and
quantities of waste generated. The second step of the hierarchy is recycling that
includes composting. Below these two are waste combustion and landfilling.
Waste combustion, like incineration, reduces the bulk of the waste and can
provide the added benefit of energy production. Landfilling is necessary to
manage non-recyclable and noncombustible wastes.
Recent technology in Australia, Germany and the US utilize the microwave

technique to recycle solid waste and produce construction materials for low cost
housing and road pavements. Some technologies has fertilizers as by products.
b) Strengthen of managerial and technical capacity of the city to enable it to

develop adequate waste management
This involves development and running, training courses on SWM for the benefit
of the DPS staff. This is to provide additional technical knowledge on good solid
waste management and landfill siting, design, construction, operation, and
monitoring; knowledge on specific regulations and criteria for sitting design, and
construction of sanitary landfill site; and knowledge on leachate collection and
treatment, landfill gas collection and management, and monitoring tools,
equipment and procedures.
c) Promotion of private sector participation in the delivery of solid waste

management services, and actual recycling of solid waste.
The city government should work closely with private collectors, haulers,
processors, and the secondary materials industry for a good solid waste
management. The private sector includes the private companies that are hired
by some large commercial establishments for collection services, the informal
sector consisting of scavengers and waste pickers and the junk shops/scrap
dealers proliferating around the city.
Several private groups have presented and proposed to the City along these
lines and these should be supported.
d) Establishment of a separate accounting for solid waste management and
adoption of performance measurement to increase cost effectiveness and
efficiency of solid waste management services.
Full accounting of costs in the delivery of solid waste management services is

necessary to establish monitoring and reporting program. The real cost of city’s
waste management system including all related costs need to taken into account.
When Solid Waste Management (SWM) costs have been established,
performance may be measured to determine how efficient is the city in delivering
its services and to increase cost effectiveness.
e) Development of cost recovery capacity with the aim of raising funds

specifically earmarked for solid waste management.
The city must continually look for ways to raise funds to increase its cost recovery
capacity. The SWM cost recovery rate of Cebu City in 1998 was only about 8%.
To generate extra revenues for waste disposal, the city can start collection and
disposal through a differentiated tariff systems based on the “Polluter Pays
Principle”. Target groups may include the high and middle income households,
businesses and commercial institutions and disposal fees at the landfill (for those
who are disposing their wastes at the landfill other than DPS). Low income
households may also be charged with a relatively small amount to generate
additional revenue.
Taxes and fees for garbage handling as laid down in Ordinance 1361 should be
revised and corrected for inflation over the period 1990-1998.
f) Increase of efficiency and effectiveness of waste collection including the

improvement of maintenance of facilities and procedures.
This requires implementation of strengthening programme for vehicle

maintenance and review of existing procedures to fast track acquisition of spare
parts and repair of vehicle.
g) Expanding collection to unserved areas
The city must continually improve the coverage and level of services it provides
to its residents.
h) Adoption of the Integrated National Solid Waste Management System

Framework including its strategies, to wit:
To obtain a 30% reduction of waste generated at source and to promulgate

policies to catalyze market for recyclables the following strategies are
established:
i. Mobilization of community/barangay units in recovery centers

ii. Mobilization of NGOs/POs who have experience and expertise on
organization of communities and blank networks.
iii. Enactment of laws/ordinances and segregation of wastes at source
iv. Massive information and dissemination campaign/ program.
To improve collection efficiency for all sources of solid wastes, the following
strategies are identified:
i. Establishment of a regular and systematic collection system in each

barangay
ii. Revision/amendment of current pricing/contract systems for collection of
wastes.
iii. Enforcement of ordinances, rules and regulations relating to effective
collection system.
To reduce volume of solid wastes in order to extend serviceability of final disposal

sites, the strategies were:
i. Review and assess existing technologies, which can possibly be adopted

to include, but not limited to the following in their combination thereof:
incinerator, composting, recycling, conversion, etc.
ii. Establish guidelines for selection of technologies that will be adopted for
recovery and processing.
Strategies for a safe, environmentally acceptable way of disposing wastes

include the following:
i. Continued efficient operation of existing sanitary landfill sites to serve as

“field laboratories” on safe disposal of wastes.
ii. Conduct appropriate activities leading towards development of
appropriate guidelines on disposal of wastes.
iii. Mobilization of multi-sectoral concerns on information/education
activities.
2.14.3.8 Proposed Programs/Projects
a) Conduct of a local waste stream assessment study
This is necessary to provide the basic information needed to make planning,

design, contractual, financial and regulatory decisions. This is also needed for
making decision regarding future waste management.
A waste stream assessment is a procedure designed to determine some basic

aspects of the local waste stream such as the quantity, composition, and sources
of waste.
This method consists of actual separation and sampling of the waste produced.
Sampling can take place at the landfill or curbside. Samples are extracted and
the contents separated, identified and weighed. Samples are taken
systematically. This method provides the most accurate and reliable information
possible because the data are unique to the waste shed being studied. This also
involves significant monetary and time commitments. The study is an important
component of a solid waste database of the city. This must be carried out in the
short or immediate term.
b) Promotion of waste minimization, reuse, recycling, and recovery program
Recycling is currently done by the informal sector, more at the disposal site than
at the source. By separating and selling recyclable materials from waste loads,
scavengers/waste pickers generate income from the sale of goods while also
creating an avoided disposal cost savings. As a result the quantity of wastes that
goes into the landfill is reduced or minimized.
A proper source segregation program must be instituted. This program refers to

the segregation of recyclable materials at the point of generation. Educational
and medical institutions have performed source separation in the past years.
Students are segregating non-biodegradable from biodegradable wastes while
hospital staffs are separating non-infectious from infectious wastes. However,
this activity has not been successful in the past due to the fact that wastes are all
mixed during collection.
To be feasible, source separation must be performed in conjunction with the

separate waste collection systems, not just by source (e.g., households,
commercial, industrial, etc.) but also by separated/segregated wastes (e.g.
recyclables and trash).
The sorting facility at the landfill may be operated once the source separation
program is successful. Since bulky wastes are eliminated, the facility will be able
to sort the light wastes, which the sorting conveyors can handle.
Scavengers will be contained in the sorting area and will not be allowed to
conduct their activities at the landfill working area.
The recycling program may be managed/operated by the city, the private sector,
or by a corporation created by the city. The corporation will allow financing from
the tax base while separating recycling from the normal city functions. In such a
system, the recycling program has independent budgeting and money-raising
powers. This program shall be implemented in the short-term.
c) Separate waste collection system
This shall be a support program to waste recycling.
To introduce the “Polluter Pays” principle, it is necessary to separate the

collection of waste services for specific target groups. Wastes from 1) large
department stores/shopping malls, 2) large hotels, office buildings and banks, 3)
hospitals, and 4) high income residential areas, must be collected separately to
determine the waste weight data for each which shall be the basis for cost
allocation and calculation of service charges. This shall be conducted in the
short-term.
d) Improvement of collection, storage and transportation study
The vision/desired scenario for the SWM sector is that by 2005, all solid wastes
will be collected on a regular basis (CCSMPS General Consultation and Planning
Workshop, 2000).
Storage
The city must consider putting up standardized waste bins or containers to

individual households or establishments, preferably in high-income areas. The
preference for high-income households/establishments is emphasized because
these are the people who are willing to pay for an improved service.
Furthermore, the city is assured that waste containers placed in these areas will
not be damaged and vandalized because these will be taken cared of by the
establishment/household.
Collection
A separate collection will be instituted for the target groups identified above. DPS
will be mainly responsible for the collection of wastes placed in major and
national roads. While the barangay will take care of the collection of wastes in
areas not accessible to DPS trucks.
Private households and small and medium institutional and commercial

establishments may be serviced in one integrated collection schedule.
A public service manager or area manager may be placed in each zone to
supervise the waste collection activities. He shall also be in-charged with
information dissemination regarding waste collection schedules, collection points,
etc. He shall coordinate with the barangay. Article 6 of City Ordinance 1361 calls
for coordination of waste collection activities by a public services manager.
Transportation
For hospital wastes, a van-type vehicle or light truck may be used to correctly
store the special bins, boxes and bags.
There is a need to rehabilitate and improve the present maintenance and repair
facility at the DPS office. Some modern workshop tools may be acquired to
facilitate the existing maintenance activities.
Maintenance staff should be properly trained and must have proper technical
knowledge, i.e., hydraulics, electrical systems, and application of specific tools for
every new vehicle purchased. DPS should also consider recruiting young and
properly educated technicians in the future.
A dedicated management system is required to keep track of the costs involved

in managing a vehicle fleet. The system will consist of the vehicle reference data,
spare parts inventory system, work order system for registration of maintenance
activities and a cost recording system per vehicle.
This study must be implemented in the short-term.
e) Study on the alternative use of solid wastes
Certain solid wastes may be unwanted and useless in one area but may
eventually become valuable resources to others once they are removed from the
waste stream.
By use of an appropriate technology, mixed community solid wastes may be

processed and converted into something useful. An example is the Australian
technology that can process the mixed solid wastes and convert them into
construction material for housing/commercial industrial structures and a host of
other products for industrial application.
f) Monitoring Program
To determine efficiency and effectiveness of the SWM programs/projects

proposed for the city, a proper monitoring program must be in place.
To monitor the effectiveness of separation at source initiatives, for example, it is

important to conduct a periodic analysis of representative samples of waste
categories.
To make a more efficient use of available equipment, it is necessary to monitor

and analyze critically the present zone division and the daily operational
experience.
g) Upgrading of sanitary landfill and promotion of a public-private partnership
The existing landfill was designed to operate for seven years. Due to increased
solid waste generation and some design problems, the life of the landfill is
shortened to about three years. It is therefore very essential to extend the life
span of the landfill by considering appropriate technology that will not have any
adverse environmental concern to the community in terms of air and water
pollution.
Recently, the landfill was found to have violated some conditions stipulated in the
Environmental Compliance Certificate. It is very essential that the city has to
rectify the violation by immediately implementing some measures, such as:
construction of a water-pollution source facility, prohibiting scavengers from
sifting through the thrash in the working area, ensuring that soil covering
requirement is complied to prevent odor generation and insect infestation,
ensuring availability of trucks/haulers to bring limestone to the landfill,
implementation of waste segregation, installation of monitoring wells, etc.
The technical/engineering aspect has to be looked into to see what can be done
about it, i.e. design of conveyor belts, depth of the landfill, etc.
Foremost is to find solutions (appropriate technology) to ensure that garbage

disposed at the landfill can be minimized, processed and converted into
something valuable.
Promoting public-private partnerships, the city can go into a BOT scheme with a
private firm, local or foreign, that could offer the best solution to the city’s growing
garbage problem.
This program is to be implemented in the immediate term.
h) Management Information System (MIS)
Solid waste stream data and other related statistical information are necessary in
monitoring and controlling existing waste management systems. Key input and
output solid waste data can be linked and evaluated for effectiveness,
productivity and efficiency. The processed information is relevant for planning,
policy preparation and implementation. The MIS is to be carried out immediately.
i) Enhancement of public awareness through communication advocacy

program for solid waste management
Government agencies such as DENR, DILG, DECS, and the DOH and some
civic groups and stakeholders have been actively pursuing public awareness
campaign for the past years. However, the city’s solid waste manager, the DPS,
has not been actively involved in the campaign.
There is a need to bring forth an internal change of the organization of the DPS to
be able to cope with the changing condition of solid waste management of the
city. Secondly, for the DPS to be able to introduce changes and new approaches
to the city such as a more participative attitude of Cebu City residents. It is
therefore necessary to introduce a Public Awareness section in the DPS that will
mainly responsible for the development of public awareness campaign, that will
handle public complaints and that will coordinate with the City Hall, Barangays,
and NGOs.
There must be efficient coordination and clarity on the lines of authority and
delegation between EPC and CCCAT. Similarly, an effective working relationship
must also be established between EPC and PIO.
All public awareness and community participation activities can be linked with the
National Health Promotion Program of the DOH. Important linkages and
networks can be developed for shared promotion and education, training and
awareness raising materials and methodologies for organization communities.
With this strategy, it is important that DOH/CHD must be represented in the EPC
along with all the other important stakeholders of the city.
Health workers who have developed good contacts with barangay residents or
sitio leaders could be involved in awareness raising campaigns on solid waste
management.
Awareness materials developed by PIO are targeting only the communities and
households. Information and awareness stream must be developed towards the
industrial, institutional and commercial sectors of the city.
Continuity of public awareness and of participatory experiments at the barangay

level must be pursued.
j) Conduct of industrial waste generation inventory
The collection and disposal of hazardous waste fractions and components of

community wastes have not been attended to in the past. An industrial waste
generation inventory is proposed to be undertaken in the short-term in
cooperation with DENR and CCCI. The inventory can be helpful in developing
regulations, enforcement procedures, preventive and corrective measures for
proper packaging, storage, collection, transport and disposal of special and
hazardous wastes.
k) Improvement of health and working condition of scavengers
Scavengers are important players in the waste minimization and recycling

program of the government. It is just but proper that the government should
institute programs to improve their working and health conditions.
The health units in the city could provide waste workers with regular health
checkups and injections. This shall be implemented in the immediate-term.
l.) Establishment of an Environment Department
Cebu City is the only city in the country that is proposing an Environment
Department. The Department shall act as the overall agency responsible for all
environmental concerns/affairs and programs that the city will undertake. At
present, environmental functions are carried out separately by different agencies,
sometimes not in coordination with one another. The proposed Environment
Department shall be composed but not limited to the following divisions: solid
waste management, flood-prone areas, drainage and sewerage, and decision
zones. The plan shall be implemented in the short-term.
m) Increased partnerships with businesses/companies
The city government can seek the help of the business and the industrial
companies and work together as equal partners in developing comprehensive
waste management programs. For example, multinational companies, such as
Coca-Cola, McDonald’s, Unilever, etc., with their global expertise can become
powerful allies to the local government in the fight against waste. Similarly large
business/ corporations in the city can also support this program. This shall be
implemented in the medium-term.
n) Construction of a night soil treatment facility

Night soil/sludge collection and handling, treatment and disposal need to be
carefully planned, properly designed and implemented. This projected shall be
carried out in the long term.
o) Extended product responsibility (EPR)
The EPR has gained popularity in Europe in the last few years. In Sweden, the
Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources, through an ordinance,
required the increased return and recycling of consumer packaging, scrap paper,
old automobiles, and used tires.
The EPR is a voluntary measure, which places the responsibility upon the
manufacturer to reduce the environmental impacts of their product at each stage
of the product’s life. The responsibility is extended to all those involved in the
product chain, from manufacturers, suppliers, retailers, consumers and disposers
of products. (World Bank, 1999). The EPR shall be adopted for implementation
in the long-term.
p) Environmental Eco-labeling
Eco-labeling programs were first established in several Organization for

Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries such as Germany,
Canada, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Portugal and France.
Under this program, consumer products are voluntarily labeled by manufacturers

and businesses to inform consumers of the environmental impacts of their
products and to promote more environmentally-friendly products.
Been tested to raise consumers’ environmental awareness in OECD countries,

environmental labeling can be replicated in our city, in the long-term.
q) Waste exchanges
A waste exchange is another way of directing wastes from disposal to a beneficial

use. Through waste exchanges, some US companies were able to save
thousands of dollars in avoided disposal costs or in obtaining raw materials at
reduced prices.
The internet is a good venue that companies can use in listing their materials to
increase the exchange rates.
East Asian countries like the Philippines may benefit from working cooperatively
in establishing secondary materials markets and from instituting consistent
product and packaging design standards (World Bank, 1999). The city can adopt
this program in the medium to the long-term.
r) Landbanking
Waste quantities are generally linked to a city’s economic activity and resource
consumption. As the city becomes more urbanized and economically developed,
the population uses more resources and produces more wastes.
Inmigration is believed to be one of the causes of a city’s unpredicted population

growth. The World Bank study revealed that rural-to-urban migration accounts
for about 40-60% of annual population growth of a city in a developing country.
The growth of squatter colony communities is one of the effects of inmigration.
The city’s housing sector is aiming for a controlled squatter settlement in 2020.
This means that the city will no longer allow squatter settlements encroaching the
city. There will be non-existence of settlements along riverbanks, coastlines,
esteros and other critical areas.
The city can work towards resettlement of squatters to further sites. The
landbanking program encourages squatter resettlement but discourages on-site
development and slum improvement. This program must also be complemented
with another program that is providing more economic opportunities for
households to improve their housing condition. Implementation of this program
will be in the medium to the long-term.
2.14.4 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Air pollution is the presence of undesirable materials in air, in quantities large enough
to produce harmful effects. This may result to damage in human health, vegetation,
human property, or the global environment. Air contaminants will also affect aesthetic
conditions in the form of brown or hazy air or unpleasant smells. The principal
sources of these pollutants are human activities.
Air pollution sources are: 1a) combustion stationary sources (i. e., power stations and
industrial plants, incineration of wastes, open burning of agricultural wastes, and
forest fires) and 1b) combustion mobile sources (i.e., internal combustion engine of
automobiles), 2) land use changes and agricultural activities (i. e., change of forest
land into farmland, change of grassland into farmland, and increasing consumption of
fertilizer), 3) eruption of volcano, 4) regional war and oil well fire, and 5) indoor air
pollution.
Most common air pollutants in the Philippines are: 1) total suspended solids (TSP),
2) sulfur dioxide, 3) nitrogen oxides, 4) photochemical oxidants, 5) carbon monoxide,
and 6) lead.
Total suspended particulates are primarily comprised of small solid particles such as
dust, metallic and mineral particles, smoke, mist and acid fumes.
Sulfur dioxide results from burning of fossil fuel where sulfur present in dry air is
converted into sulfur dioxide. When released in massive amounts, it may increase
the acidity of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen oxides are mixtures of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide. The
presence of nitrogen oxides in air is largely derived from internal combustion engines
and boilers. Agricultural activities and use of fertilizers are the other source of
nitrogen oxides.
Photochemical oxidants are secondary air pollutants. These are the products of
photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons with relatively high concentrations of
nitrogen oxides. Ozone (O3), oxidizing agents, and other trace substances which
participate in the chemical reaction as oxidizing agents - this means they can oxidize
other air pollutants - are considered photochemical oxidants.
Carbon monoxide is generated during incomplete combustion of organic matter.

About 80 % of the carbon monoxide found in urban air originate from motor vehicle
exhausts, open fire and boiler.
Most lead entering into the atmosphere is traced to tetraethyl lead, which is used as
an octane improver in most motor gasoline in the world. The remaining sources of
lead come from the remaining small amount of leaded gasoline, miscellaneous
industrial processes, and waste incineration.
Table 2.14.4.1 below shows the initial list and values of the hazardous air pollutants
with the corresponding air quality guideline values for each criterion pollutant. These
are considered national standards. These values refer to the concentration of air
over specified periods classified as short-term and long-term, intended to serve as
goals or objectives for the protection of health and/or public welfare.
Table 2.14.4.01
National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines for Criteria Pollutant
Short Term Long Term
Pollutants Ug/Ncm Ppm Averaging Ug/Ncm Ppm Averaging
Time Time
Suspended Particulate
Matter ©
- TSP 230 (d) 24 hours 90 - 1 year
- PM 10 150 (f) 24 hours 60 - 1 year
Sulfur Dioxide © 180 0.07 24 hours 80 0.03 1 year
Nitrogen Dioxide 150 0.08 24 hours - - -
Photochemical oxidants 140 0.07 1 hour - - -
As Ozone 60 0.03 8 hours - - -
Carbon Monoxide 35 mg/Ncm 30 1 hour - - -
10 mg/Ncm 9 2 hours - - -
Lead 1.5 - 3 months g) 1.0 - 1 year
a) Maximum limits represented by 98 % values not to exceed more than once a year.
b) Arithmetic mean.
c) SO2 and Suspended Particulate Matter are sampled once every 6 days when using the manual
methods. A minimum of 12 sampling days per quarter or 48 sampling days each year is required
for these methods. Daily sampling may be done in the future once continuous analyzers are
procured and become available.
d) Limits for Total Suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 25-50
micrometer.
e) Annual Geometric Mean.
f) Provisional limits for suspended Particulate Matter with mass median diameter less than 10
microns and below until sufficient monitoring data are gathered to base a proper guideline.
g) Evaluation of this guideline is carried out for 24-hours averaging time and averaged over 3
moving calendar months. The monitored average value for any 3 months shall not exceed the
guideline value
Source: Republic Act No. 8749 or The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.
2.14.4.1 Assessment of Past and Existing Situation
Being a major commercial center, Cebu City is affected more by air pollution from
combustion from mobile sources than by combustion from stationary sources.
This means that the deterioration of air quality of Cebu City is mainly caused by
emissions from motor vehicles that ply the streets of the city, day and night, night
and day.
About 47.07% of the number of motor vehicles registered at the Land

Transportation Office in 1999 are motorcycles/tricycles, 38.90% cars, 27.74%
utility vehicles, 9.79% trucks, and the rest are buses and trailers. This information
shows that motorcycles/tricycles and utility vehicles make up most of the motor
vehicles that ply the streets of the city and the neighboring areas. Tricycles and
motorcycles generate not just air but also noise pollution. Diesel- and gasoline-
fed cars, public utility vehicles, trucks and buses likewise generate air pollution.
Another concern is the disposal practices of the city residents. Although majority
of the residents depend on the city garbage collection services, a bigger portion
of the population still practice burning. This portion refers to the people in the
interior and inaccessible areas of the barangays and in the mountain barangays
of the city where practically all garbage are not collected. The Refuse Collection
and Disposal Services Division of the Department of Public Services only collect
garbage from 54 of the city’s 80 barangays.
When garbage trucks break down, people will most likely resort to burning their
wastes. Others find it easier and more convenient to just throw their wastes in
open areas such as vacant lots and in water bodies like rivers and creeks. During
heavy downpours, plastics and other thrash are carried downstream. In the rural
barangays, people have no other choice but to burn their wastes, thus, burning is
widely practiced in this part of the city.
Although considered a commercial center, Cebu City also has a number of

industrial establishments such as the Lu Do & Lu Ym Corporation, which is an
edible oil manufacturing plant, Visayan Glass, Rubber World, and Nylex Industrial
Corporation. The last two are manufacturers of export-quality rubber shoes.
There are also a few small-scale jewelry and electroplating industries proliferating
around the city. Air pollution from industrial sources such as the above-mentioned
companies, are not much of a problem in the city since they have anti-pollution
devices installed in their premises. The problem probably lies in the small-scale
electroplating plants because nobody is really monitoring their activities.
The condition of the road is also another determinant of the air quality of the area.
In general, Cebu City’s roads are asphalt (58.94 %), concrete (6.18 %), dirt/
gravel/anapog (25.99 %), and unclassified (8.89 %). Only 6 % are classified as
rural roads and about 87 % are in good condition. Dirt/gravel/anapog roads
obviously contribute to the deteriorating air quality of the city. Air pollutants in
these areas are dusts, metallic and mineral particles, smoke, and mists.
In general, the important air pollutants in Cebu City are the total suspended
particulates, photochemical smog, and heavy metal pollutants like lead. These
pollutants are emitted from the exhaust tail pipes of motor vehicles. Highly toxic
pollutants coming out from vehicle exhausts include lead particulates, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, mutagens and 200 other elements of the hydrocarbon family.
The Land Transportation Office in coordination with the Cebu City Traffic
Operations Management (CITOM) has been undertaking an anti-smoke belching
campaign since 1995. Pursuant to Department Order No. 2000-11 dated January
17, 2000, all motor vehicles are required to undergo a smoke emission test. From
1995 until 1999, the number of units that were apprehended by CITOM totaled
10,670, with 9,418 units of which were tested and 5,948 were issued compliance.
2.14.4.2 Issues and Concerns
1. Emissions from motor vehicles
Aside from traffic congestion, the other important negative impact of the
transportation industry is air pollution. The type of air pollutants that is plaguing
pedestrians, commuters, vehicle drivers and ordinary residents of Cebu City is air
emissions from motor vehicles. This problem is alarming considering that motor
vehicle registration in Cebu City tremendously increased from 69,824 vehicles in
1994 to 95,861 in 1999, exhibiting a total increase of 26,000 vehicles during this
period or an average annual growth rate of 7.5 %.
2. Emissions from burning of wastes
Data from the National Statistics Office showed that in 1990, Cebu City
households disposed of their wastes primarily, by truck collection (47 %) and
secondly, by burning (34.8 %). Although NSO has no recent data on waste
disposal practices (this survey is done once every ten years), it can be observed
that the same trend is happening at present. Once garbage trucks broke down,
people automatically burn their wastes.
2.14.4.3 Air Pollution Control Programs
For a more effective air quality management, the city shall establish a system of
planning and coordination with the DENR, in the designation of airsheds in the
city and its neighboring areas, in the formulation of an Action Plan for the airshed,
and in the constitution of a Governing Board. The board shall be responsible in
the carrying out of the formulated action plans.
Prepare and develop an Action Plan consistent with the Integrated Air Quality
Improvement Framework to attain and maintain the ambient air quality standards
within their respective airsheds. This will also contain the procedure in the
carrying out of the Action Plan.
Coordinate with the DENR, and the multi-sectoral monitoring team in the conduct of
periodic inspections of air pollution sources to assess compliance with the emission
limitations contained in their permits.
Prepare and implement a program and other measures to protect the health and
welfare of the residents in the city, in coordination with the DENR and other
appropriate government agencies.
Conform to the DENR Action Plan that details emission standards or standards of
performance for any stationary source, emission testing procedures, and standard
enforcement procedures.
Promote, encourage and implement a comprehensive ecological waste

management in the city that includes waste segregation, recycling and composting.
Section 20 of the Clean Air Act prohibits the burning of municipal, bio-medical and
hazardous wastes, which process emits poisonous and toxic fumes.
Develop an Action Plan for the control and management of air pollution from motor
vehicles consistent with the Integrated Air Quality Framework.
Formulate and implement a national motor vehicle inspection and maintenance

program that will promote efficient and safe operation of all motor vehicles.
Promote a continuous program of monitoring air quality, air sheds and air
emissions.
Implement section 24 of the CAA, which prohibits smoking inside a public building
or an enclosed public place including vehicles and other means of transport, or in
any enclosed area outside of one’s private residence, private place of work or any
duly designated smoking area.
Coordinate with the DOE, DENR, DTI and the DOST in the regulation and control
of the use of fuel additives such that any proposed additive shall not in any way
increase emissions of any of the regulated gases like carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter.
Prohibit the manufacture, import and sale of leaded gasoline and of engines and/or
components requiring leaded gasoline.
Coordinate with the DENR in its effort to phase-out ozone-depleting substances.
Coordinate with the DENR and the PAGASA in its effort to implement a national
plan, which is consistent with the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change and other international agreements, convention and protocol, to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, persistent organic pollutants (POP), and
radioactive emissions in the country.
The city government of Cebu shall share the responsibility in the management and
maintenance of air quality in the city. It shall implement air quality standards set by
the Governing Board of the city.

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2.13.2.1 Existing Situation

As of 2000, telecommunications facilities and services include the following:

• fifteen (15) telephone service utilities

2.13.2.2 Factors Influencing Sector’s Performance

a. Executive Order No. 59 prescribes the compulsory interconnection of public

Central Visayas, along with Region 6 and 8, was assigned to ISLACOM. As

The expansion and modernization of telephone facilities in the city is being

2.13.2.3 Priority Issues and Concerns

i. Telephone interconnection for all barangays

Telecom Facilities shall likewise have the following set up:

i. Government telecommunications facilities shall be privatized

One of the issues of postal communications is the prioritization of expanding

2.13.2.4 Development Potentials and Constraints

The efficient development of the telecommunication sector requires the maximum

The strong Government-Private sector relation within Metro Cebu would be a

2.13.2.5 Projected Development Scenario

At the same time, improved transport infrastructure nationwide, regionwide, city

“To ensure the provision of adequate, efficient, affordable comprehensive and

The objectives of the communications sector are:

• To attain one hundred percent coverage of the basic and non-basic

• To maintain high quality and efficient telecommunications facilities;

• To improve postal services to internationally-accepted standards and include

2.13.2.6 Strategies and Programs

In this era of increasing globalization, it is essential to regularly upgrade

Compulsory interconnection of public telecommunication carriers was mandated

Fast-tracking the interconnection process necessitates the issuance of a national

The government’s efforts to provide universal access to telecommunications

Projects for Communications

• 700,000 telephone lines by service providers over a period of 3 years

2.13.3.1 Existing Situation

Level I - point source,

The institutional bodies mandated to oversee water supply, management and

- National Water Resources Board (NWRB), attached to DPWH;

Water Supply Sources

Water Supply Demand

MCWD is involved in the development of environmental programs consistent with

Water consumption of Cebu City households is about 68.5% of the total

Water Supply Coverage

Systems Recovery Rate

Water District Service Connections Population Served

1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999

1. Cebu City 45,444 47,821 36 37 40

Water District 62,068 66,758 75,136 26 28 30

Table No. 2.13.3.2

Residential 17.26 18.76 19.92 21.49 22.93 24.00 6.59

Comml/Industrial 4.48 4.96 4.72 5.24 5.13 5.15 2.80

Government 0.89 0.74 0.65 0.64 0.72 0.75 (3.42)

Total 22.63 24.46 25.29 27.37 28.78 29.91 5.57

Total Type of Non

CENTRAL: 100,696 17,146 2,557 5,657 7,996 636

Babag 2,789 708 708

NORTH: 88,896 14,916 5,434 4,475 4,507

Adlaon 3,045 559 131 428

SOUTH: 153,153 16,183 9,146 1,318 5,259 460

EAST: 110,752 21,431 3,071 9,102 8,648 235

Arellano 4,588 873 558 292

WEST: 152,133 22,242 1,894 10,461 9,887

Banawa 15,885 1,968 280 510 1,178

2.13.3.2 Factors Influencing the Sector’s Performance