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2.61 Internal Combustion Engines: Due: Tuesday, February 10, 2004

This document contains a problem set for an internal combustion engines course. It includes 4 problems related to analyzing spark ignition and diesel engines. Problem 1 asks about differences in fuel injection, load variation, combustion processes and pressure traces between the two engine types. Problem 2 involves calculating forces and torque in a spark ignition engine. Problem 3 requires estimating power needs for overcoming resistances like aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance at different vehicle speeds. Problem 4 involves sizing and analyzing performance parameters for a 4-cylinder diesel engine.

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Abdullah Khan
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114 views2 pages

2.61 Internal Combustion Engines: Due: Tuesday, February 10, 2004

This document contains a problem set for an internal combustion engines course. It includes 4 problems related to analyzing spark ignition and diesel engines. Problem 1 asks about differences in fuel injection, load variation, combustion processes and pressure traces between the two engine types. Problem 2 involves calculating forces and torque in a spark ignition engine. Problem 3 requires estimating power needs for overcoming resistances like aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance at different vehicle speeds. Problem 4 involves sizing and analyzing performance parameters for a 4-cylinder diesel engine.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

61 Internal Combustion Engines


Problem Set 1
Tuesday, February 3, 2004

Due: Tuesday, February 10, 2004

1. Explain briefly the following differences between a standard automobile spark-ignition (SI) engine
and a truck diesel engine:
(a) where the fuel is injected and why
(b) how the load is varied at fixed speed
(c) how the combustion process starts, develops and ends
(d) how the in-cylinder pressure varies as a function of crank angle (draw qualitatively the
pressure traces for both engines in the same graph showing their relative magnitudes and
when approximately the combustion starts and ends in each case).
(e) how the fuels are different and why

2. At 450 after top dead center (ATDC) on the expansion stroke, the pressure in a SI engine cylinder
is 1000 kPa. The bore and the stroke are 80 mm, the ratio of the connecting rod length to the crank
radius is 3.5, the piston mass (including the pin and half the connecting rod) is 0.57 kg, the
crankcase pressure is 100 kPa, the axial friction force on the piston (due to rings sliding against
the cylinder liner) is 65 N and the engine speed is 2500 rpm.
(a) Draw the piston and connecting rod free body diagrams, calculate all forces acting on them
and compute the torque delivered to the crankshaft.
(b) Answer part (a) for the same crank position during the intake stroke if the engine is
working at half load conditions assuming that the friction force is the same.

Hint: a good approximation to piston acceleration is the following:

1
a = 2p 2 N 2 L(cos ? + cos 2? )
R
N … engine speed
L … stroke
R … connecting rod length to crank radius ratio
theta … crank angle measured from TDC
(Bosch Automotive Handbook, 4th Edition, pp. 404 – 405)
A more accurate expression can be found be differentiating twice the distance between the crank
axis and the piston pin axis.

3. An automobile engine should provide enough power to a car in order to overcome its resistances.
These resistances consist of the rolling resistance arising from the friction of the tires with the
road, the aerodynamic drag, the inertia as the car accelerates and the gravity if it is travelling up a
hill.
Ford Taurus (4-door) weights 1515 kg, and has a relatively flat torque – engine speed curve of 247
Nm for medium speeds. Estimate:
(a) the road load power (power required to drive a vehicle on a level road at steady speed)
when the vehicle speed is 50 and 100 km/h. Comment on the relative importance of the
resistances as vehicle speed increases
(b) the power required to drive the car up to 20% gradient hill at steady speed of 50 km/h

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(c) the minimum time required to accelerate the car from 40 to 80 km/h on a level road with
the 3rd gear. You can assume that the ratio of the engine to the wheel speed is
approximately 1x3.27 (which is the transmission torque ratio with the 3rd gear times the
axle ratio).
Make appropriate estimations for road roughness and car geometry (drag coefficient, frontal area
and wheel radius).

4. A 4-cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine is being designed. A bore of 100 mm and a stroke of 120 mm
have been selected and the operating speed is to be 1500 rev/min. A turbocharging system is
envisaged which will supply inlet manifold air at 2.0 bar, 380 K. The volumetric efficiency is
expected to be 90%. The indicated fuel conversion efficiency has been estimated at 55%, and an
air-fuel ratio of 28:1 is to be used. The friction mean effective pressure is expected to be 2.2 bar.
The calorific or heating value of the fuel is 42.5 MJ/kg.

Estimate:
(a) Mass flow rate of air into the engine (kg/s)
(b) Mass of fuel burned per cylinder per cycle (mg)
(c) The indicated work done per cylinder per cycle (kJ)
(d) The brake mean effective pressure (kPa)
(e) The engine shaft power output (kW)
(f) The brake specific fuel consumption (g/kWhr)
(g) The brake fuel conversion efficiency

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