SRAWING | y ene fete |!CHAPTER 1 CONVENTIONS The following articles should be reviewed before going le thie subject I. Geometrical constructions. , (1) Alphabet of lin (2) Construction of straight line into equal number of past (3) Construction of square and rectangular hexa; (4) Construction ofa circular are tan (5) Construction of circular arc tangent to 9 given arc and given stra Mi (6) Construction of « circular are tangent to two given ares (7) Construction of a lino t (8) Conic sections. n nt to two lines gent to two giv TT, Multiview representation, (1) Orthographic projections. (2) First angle and third ang (3) The natural and glass box method of obtaining the view (4) The principles of multiview drawing, (5) Projection of lines and surfaces. (6) Analysis of surfaces, Lines and poit (7) Hidden lines or invisible lines and their treatment (8) Precedence of lines (9) Representation of hi ajoction IIL. Sectional views. (1) A fill section. @) Ab (3) A broken or partial (4) Are () Are (6) Sectioning lining. (7) Conventional secti (8) Conventional br olved section, noved section® CHAPTER 2 SHOP PROCESSES AND SHOP TERM 2-1, Shop Processes. ‘An engineering draft fundamental shop quirements of the A every individual must be thoroughly familiar with processes before he is qualified to prepare drawing that will fulfill th duction shops. In preparing workings, he must consider each involved inthe production of apiece and than specify the processes i will understand, Alihor je knowledge of the shop proces experience in the various shops, it is possible for an apprentice draftsman 0 obtain knowledge of the fundamental operations through study and observation. This chapter presents and explaing the principal operations in the pultern shop, foundry, forge shop, and the machine shop. rus that the proces shopm: b an nce can be required only sctual Castings. ti » forined by pouring molten metal into an eavily. In'sand mold ‘OLLOW Fig 2-1. Sand Mold,When large holes ( in, and over ) or interior passe acasting, dry and sand cores are placed in the cavity. Cores they oceupy and thus form desired openings Large holes are cored in order to avoi unnecessary boring operation. A er is form ig mixture of sand binding material into a core box that has b: Je in the paticrn shop. To make @ finis core rigid, the coremaker places it in a core oven where it is baked until it is hard The molder when making a mold inserts in. the sand a sprue stick that he remove aller the cope has been rammed. This resulting hole, known as the sprue, conducts the molten metal to the gate where is apastageway cut to this cavity, The adjacent hale, called the riser provides as outlet for excess i ings are needed in xclude the metal from the space The pattern shop. The putlera shop prepares patierns of all p Although special pattern drawings are frequently submitte uses a drawing of the finished piece that the draftsraanhas prep: at tie foundry is to cast pattern maker ordinarily d for both the pattern shop ad the machine shop.The finish marks on sich a drawing are just important to him as to th machinist, forhe must allow, on exich surface 10 be Finished, extra metal, the amount of which depends upon the method of machining and the size of the casting In general, this amount varies from 1/16 in., on very small castings t as i castings. \ is not necessary for the draftsman to specify on his drawine the amo b illov hrinkage, for the 4 has availat rink nul ufficiently oversize Capproximal t are of the shrinkag attern st i uch as white pine or fh 1 1 making sand mold 1 its place: pattern must b: i ction of the sand mold, IP reasons, they are difficult to cast; and | the erystals of the cooling metal arrap Fill med by nailing quar Hey or by filling the angles with w | 8 ! ned he 8 ince th 1 y molder, it ty u be tara per nk Id nd a ¢ ic casting is an inexpensive method for producing certain types of'machine par is ' I P i particularly those needing no great strengti,in m nlten alloy into a cavity b salty requite litt #3 production, The castings are made by in a die- ve strength and yet be Li Hammer. Drop foraine yee heated metal is co cavity might be considered a form of casting. However, because dies ure difficult to make and are expensive, this method of Cr4 producti a principally to ake parts Waving. irregular supe tat would be costly machine (be made from casting material Forging made of a high-zrach steel. Dies are made by expert crallsian who are known simply az diemsers, Generally, special drawangs,giving onfy the dimensions needed, are made for the fore hanes, along with other mutertals that are uved in the stops for making parts Lor structures, are purchased from manufactures in stock sizes. They are mud cin the stock department, where rough stock, such as rods, bars, plates, sheet sired by the machine shop drallaman is more concerned with machine shop jprocesses than with es in other shops, as all castings and forgings that have been prepared in e with his drawings tust regeive therr final nactining inthe machine shop. Since all machining operations snust be considered in the design and then properly specified, a ft ughly familiar with the limitations as well as the possibilities of such deill press, boringmachine, shaper, planer, milling machine ,and grinder 2.9. Hand Reaming. Anole may be finish d to an accurate size 1 reaming. 2.10, Superfinishing, polishing, honing, and lapping Polishing consists of bringing a ground suriace into contact with a revolving dice of leather or cloth, thus producing lustrous smoothness that would be impossible to obtain by using a even the finest grinding whee!, The operation is specified on a drawing by a not “polish” or “grind and pol Honing aud lapping are rosthods of producing superfinished after grinding, through the use of abrasives. For honing eylindrical bores, fined-grained abrasive sticks, that are available in many styles and a mize seratehos andto finish the bore to precision limits, ping is w final stock formed by rubbing the surfaces of d a powered abrasiv mixed with a lubricg 11. Br and to form square, rectangular, hexagonal, or rd, tempered cutting tool with serrated cutting edges that irregular-shap: nlarg? a drilled, punches, or cored liole to a required shape. In operation, each tooth removes a chip of materia) trom the surface except the last few teeth which are to size. A broach produces a fin vith the work accurately sized. This is accomplished with a single pass. Bi thor used to finish an interact (hote) or an sxternal sr we vithor pushed or pulied. A special breaching machine is ured for ss, hydraulic or otherwise, is required for push broaches pulling breaches, Some form 2.12. Jips and fixtures. Often, wi operation must by performed many times in mal an a general machina, one of two devic ip or a fixture, a production and insure nccuraey without making repeated mensuremen ring pr e detail drawing. Tn preparing the deta drawing Wat is needed for the production of a part, the that will be jed and the drafisman must give considerable thought to the manufacturing process eaguived 10 mish pnceplion @ rewlity. Machined surfaces must be indies dand placed mensions st leete i the manufacturing methods in mind The detail working drawing prepared will be used by both the pattern shop and the machine stiop since these iwo shops will be involved in the production of part. It would does contin all the dimensions and notes seeded to make the pattem for the casting and econ, fo niake the cast part {0 obtain the finished ready for use Wy looking inthe record strip of the drawing. one finds that the material specifi5 eto, Av inthe case of all euch parte that are machined from standard must be muchiwed mild steel or east iron or stock most of the surfiac 214. Measuring tools. The oulside calipers are suited for taking external measurements, for example, from a shaft. They are adjusted to fitthe piece, and then the setting is applied {o a rule to making a reading The inside calipers have out turned toes, which fit them for taking internal measurements, as for example. in measuring either a cylindrical or a rectangular hole, When d, some form of micrometer calipers may be used extreme accuracy is requil 2.15. Special production machines. In large industrial concerns, most mechanical parts are made on either s automatic of fully automatic machines by semi-skilled operators. Sinc ' mass-production machines, having mechanisms that control the movement of cutting tools operaie on the samme general principles as the general purpose machines, a young engineering draftsman should be able to determine their limitations and capabilities through observation, a if he has a gengral knowledge of such machines as the lathe, shaper, drill press, milling , and s0 on. Ih use at the present ti eos that meas s not wie ne are production machines that follow directions given on electrically to millionths of an inch. The use of tapes # will have less re, that ti punehed tap: by Industry anid compute fo do and that dere wifl by fewer of th n t of the ¢ jan should learn how to dimension th he F ime be willing to a aah are to js is or an fd for Bevex nti fart, th will be and th band tisCHAPTER 3 MATERIAL SPECI ability on the part ofthe engineer to tell the shep'or outside construct is of grew! importance Much has beew done ued rmeh-remains to ation for carbon and allay steel bon stvels may be produced with ¢ silicon) within the specified limits of a given grade and still have haracteristics that are widely different nical Composition (carbon, manganese hosphorous. sulfur In all phases of I production, various practices are employed which determine th quality and type of the finished material, The diversity of steel requirements necessil in grades and qualities, and governs the practices and precautions in steel indicate many conditions such 2 he term relates to steel products, mig ¢ degree of internal soundness, relative uniformity of composition. relative freedom from injurious surface imperfections. and finish. When sheet steel is to have u good painted ‘ it should be broadly identified by the suflix “E", and when th finish is unimportant th Ui” is used of the qualities and supplomentary requirements for hould be made to he lea cable AIS! Steel Product the primaryreaction is the combination of carbon and scary for this reaction is nat removed prior to or d 1) the geseous product © eval i fiesti volved determines the type of Increasing degrees ofgas evolutionresults in-semikilled, capped, or rimmed steel] Killed steels are recommended for forging. piercing, carburizing, and heat treating spplications mikilled stoels are produced for structural parts and noneritical forging or heat vated pit Capped steels may be used toa when the material is to withstand cold bending old forming, or cold heading J steels may U ai f ticles invsT MW 1d forn mm som dependent upou the eflet of other elements. As the nunber of elements specified increases, uid axrestrictive requirements increase, availability decreases, to the end that special heats are necessary and material must be ordered in heat fot aanount of carbon required in the steel Limits the type of stee! that ean be made ron is the principal hardening element of afl steel, Tensife stren soiled coudition incre sbout 0.84% eurbon, Ductility and weldabitit with an \ increase in carbon.% 8 Table 34, SAE 1H 3008 son 1018 wa qs sani uses of plain exrbon steels Character “These steeds are thy lowest ca bon steels of the plain carbon type apdtate xelvetvd where cold formability is the primary requisite. The have ively tow termite vulees, but may kave excellent surface finish wut rood dhawing qualities, Thesy steels are nearly juune iron or ferritic in shuciuts aod do vol muchine Seely: rimmed steel is used for cold heading wire for'tacks and rivets, for body ane fentler stock, goods, Ens, od pans, and other deep-drawn produets, 116 through 1027 Steels in this group, because ofthe carbou range covered, have increased strength sad burduess aadreduced cold formability: These steels are used foRtumeroUs forged parts. SAE 1020 is used for fan blades and some frame members, SAE 1024 may be used for such parts as transmission and rear axly gears 1030 1933 1635 through 1043 1045 1046 1049 1050 1052 These sively, of the mediun carbou type, are selected where their higher inechanical properties are needed. All steels in this class are used for forging. As a class they are considered good for normal machising operations. SAE 1030 and are used for shiiter forke and many small forge AE 1036 is used for bolts and sinds, 4055 1060 Losa toss 1070 1074 1078 1080 1084 1085 1086 1990 Table 3-2 give is intended for uses where cary mac cold-torming properties, weldub: ‘Steels in this group are ofthe high carbon type. They are ured principally for applications where the higher carbon is needed to improve wear characteristics for culting edges, lo inske springs of various types, and for special purposes, such as valve-spring wire and music wire, These steels find wide usage inthe farm implement industry the character 8 of five- cutting carbon steels. This class of steels ining is of primary impostance, at some sacrifice of ly, and forging characteristics.1109 nd uniform response to heat treatment i ded. Th Lis for small parts that are to be ease-hardened. Mi hrough 1120 . 113 Th teels are widely ui part a mou 3 machining is necessary, or where threads, spl f operation 3: ffer speci SAL idely used for units, bol 4 and stud 14 144 4. | 4 | | WL | lustri cast hi d ry t hall ti oth and clea: fall repr c 1 fice fi npr 8 hi it i Hardness, t tse, and tension t hall be made on bars cast sep y | according to ASTM A 48. n for aluminum allovs Ismenis commonly used ‘or all forms of aluminum and aluminum ion, and is soparated there from by a dash ving Basic Temper Desi and Subdiv contained inIl Sinn tim dened (wrougld prodets only), Susbalivagions af the -H Terspor S11 Strain hardened only “HZ Straw hardened wid thea partially anyealed. -H3 Stenin hardened and then stabilized” -W_ Solution heat sreatos, anslable temper -T Treated to produce stable iempers ather than -P)-0, oF -H. Subdivisions of the T tompers -32 Anacaled (casting only). “43 Solution beat treated and then cold-warked. TM Soluson beat treated, -T8 Artificially aged only 6 — Sofution heat treated and then artificially aged, -17— Sobwion heat treated an then stabilized. . -T8 Solution heat treated.cold worked and then artificéiiv aged <9. Solution heat trestedertificially aged, and then oid worked. “319 Artificially aged, and then cold worked. “The -H designation is always followed by two or more digits. Tae first divit. 3, uidicetes the specific combination of basic operations, and the following di digite thy final degree of strain hardening #16 indiewies » temperature midway in strength between BE 1d aud EOC A shitd digitinay be ysed to ideutily a specified set of plysicnl properties For exampts. 1 § pypreoats ateniper with similar physical propertics to H 16, but having specified auis eat ondiaizinmm values developed for a specific apphication. ‘Tuy -T designation is dhways followed by ane or mare digits. The murnsr throngh 12 cach indicate a specisie sequence of basic operations ontlined above, Mut sig sgrbolsarensed for some chctings Asan example, in SAE 38 sand castings the'T6 an + 7 frupsrs ary bath designations fer citings, solution heat ieeted anc artiieialiy ae vavied ty dev clop difterent spectfied physical properties. Table 3-$ Snggested ses for sitomotive gray iron castings ‘Miscel?aizous soft iron chstings in Which strength 1s pet of prin. impostmee, Extinust manifolds, i all ovine! blocks, evlinler heads, sir-evetoa ssTinders, pieicaws ¢1 eoia boxes, el 4 vadies, transi ssion Tuck and waotor cylinder blocks and heads, heavy Aywhecls. Rac | isvioa eases, differential catrior castings, and heavy gear boxr: m castings, Lincts, cylinders, pistons and heavy pals tm | 3 cleans generalJon casting (yt Minin it al i Ina eos ted ae ak ai ak Be bg Corte 2 oa SAP sci eed coer aa aa wes fer eet secttiv applic stale, ‘Table 3-4 grees lypresi ities of SAD hese nnnny enelinge be 8, Cieueral cyformalion for copper t “Hie ves fo mtcigoll cape they brave cine and fia. cespeetiveh. as tiie of! We wrought alloys ax one or offer is usally net Ticul! How eter, then ofining te dives accustomed of} Joes rv aiows abe pace Medi ayo cous? tarstd: and Oh cfahy teed on Ma thoes metate thy uynfovrous: neetale trade muse be since i dex net abwirye lola When the terra “brass” vi to refer to alloys of vont two paris copper and one part vine. Other wide this compasition ure "yellow bras "Zand | bices', and "high bys ates 4 brass of hich rine coutents, ong af tow cine content, Troe bronzes are the copper-te alloys. sud they wre semetcrmss called “this, bronzes"or "phosphor bronzes". Today it is. cormmmon practice to uso a furidier qualification siedesignat. the particular alloying clenvnt used for in aba de iteeation, i 1s uswatly muderstane used dames for ‘Pigh by ave" itudi- aidjestive with so-called bron stance, aluniaum bronze or manganese bro A number ef copper-Lase alloys. both cast and wrought ars capable of being. treated with considerable resnluam iacreasy in physical properties. Copper-baxe alloys ean be joined by welding, soldering, and brazius. und teud deisel ves to 2 Lares variety of sur face Finishes aud woatings. The preparation ef copper aud copper-bused allays for electro pling is comparatively simple, and such mals ss gold, silver, nickel ed divomium cap be readily plated for ilecorative and tamish-resistance purposes. Table3-4. SAE| ASIM Usual form: General date designation i Bin | CS 654 Penaanent weld | Pistons prinmatiy castings sia | Die casing ioodtto excell casting characteristics. aH | S12 cood to high ceroxon resistance. Suited for 306 | SUSE A , Use it thin-walled of intricate castings: 30g | sC8IB : 509 | sc ia. ‘ 310 Soul Castings Gonsrol-purposs structurst exeiues, | eb Gea i F scteate tough tush vartosiea esistanes, | | : ' oe “ roy i wee ctines a | sesia High strength wud presinae for gensral we, such ts pup bodies and liqnid-rooted cylinder _ heads aH | GieA at een | Theis strers requires special [_fowudry practice,Etlivet of alloying element clominating allpying constitiient,in amounts| loys known as brasses. Inpafts a better strength] Added to copper ai 15 to40° and corres to form on resistance fo the copper Aided to copper in amounts of 5 to 20 % to forma series of alloys tin bronzes and leaded tin bronzes, known hardens copper, muting i tough and resistance to Weer] Stre J increases ils corrosion resistance. in large amounts of around 35% for] hinability | - Add) “automotive b ‘arings, Inereases n | Added to copper as a predominating alloying constituent to form a| series of high strength alloys known as aluminum bronzes. As an} impurity it is detrimental to high leaded broazes and non-leaded tia bronzes | stituent for silicon,| 1 impurity, tron} Added fo copper-base alloys as u strength | aluminum, and manganese bronzes. W is dotvimental to machinine. present constituent for refining the grain and wenieth and corrosion resistance tnall gtnounts ofCHAPTER @ SCREW THREADS Hi eads are “The principal ies of ser 15} For fastening a. otra batt ov screw (2) Vor adinstine, a2 on the raleting sere o Ly For trausariitice pow er, as 08 1 VISE Sere OF ayn bens oe Niaiot Diameter —HH Pilch Tiometer coal i il Minor Diameter —el]! . ot: se of Sere 12, Errme aod fot cevnal thread, Exiomad xeren thread or in short usually called extemal thread is on the oabade ace ofl Seated past. For example, thread on the ouler sudlace oF balt (3) Indennad thread futertosl sea i is onthe br rsa Fies oh f internal teend, 1 iycalled internal thread, witetttle weed sere cord ot ut shod veut! it steal pat in only be seen fit is i section. ‘en essuaply, thyead jeiele14 id) Major dinmeter. Major diameter or outside diameter is due Inrgevt dinmetor of a scrow Oiread (5) Minor diameter. Minor diameter or internal diamoter isthe somallest diameter of s screw thread. (6) Pitch diameter. On a cylindrical screw thread, the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the eurface of which wouldpace through the threads af such pointe as tomskce equal the width ofthe threads and the width of the spaces between the threads 1) Crest. The top surface joining the two sides ofa thread. (8) Apex. IWtwo adjacent sloping sides of screw threst is continue, il will mee! {intersact) sf a point called apen. , (8) Root. ‘The bottom strface joining the sides of twa adjacent thread (20) Depth ef threse. ‘The distance between the crest and the root of a thread measured perpendicular to thr axis (11) Flank of thread. Sloping surface of the thread ia called flank of thread. (12) Thread Angle. Also called saugle of threud. The angle letween the sides of a thread measured axial plone. (13) Flank angie. The angle benween the sloping surface and the plane perpendicular to the axis of ts trea. Flank angte 1s one-half the thread angle. TABLE 4-1, Sed den Ty AUBIN Unified throes, Depth, of tread is shown ia peaportioa fo pitch.« Seennier Of els we us Sh ae oe aw Wether tecaesews mabe pera 1g rds Thee ate le tithe CS) Seete stars lke : feel yo. a jet | i : : Hl i rr : . vids i : : A 4 i ote oS ~ Jey Fre tt Shite stare and tin ra Fie auder cn two pacific! he “tae wad ie revice the pte axarcads are Weagpsdd me oaid tks oy Saeb te the sd hee LEAD Be j2 goubh stant Hci! plete hee he pe Whupys @ dent dee grater eh Hats pate eines, Fou Foal wn iple He piles, See jute aul fea.16 Fig.4-4, Triple-start thread, Similarly, multi-start thread will have multiple threads ( same number as start ) wrapped around the cylinder, (17) Bitch. ‘The distance from a point ona screw thread toa corresponding point on the next adjacent thread measured parallel to the axis The distance from one crest tothe adjacent crest, or from one root to the next adjacent root measured parallel to the axis is the pitch Fig 4-6, Pitch on ACME trond The lead 0 when the serew is For singh the dintanve advanced paraltel to the ai art threa lead equal pitehFor example, suy 1° diameter shalt hae $ 4p.i. Since ithad 3 threads peric.5 trea in one inch, Sthreads > 1 incl, TV tvead = V/5 inci ' Fit were turned one revolution, one thread will come oul for single -sturl thread But that come oul for one revelulion ix pitch Lead J thread-= 1/5 inch bul, pitch = 1/ Stp.i. = L/S inch. Therefore, Lead = Pitch Sinslarly, For double-stait, 1,= 2x P For viple-stant, L=3xP andso on. START | . 9) Slepe. Dravw a perpen we WAL _. h Fr PUTC44 LEAD Fig.4-8.Slope for sing] DtTABLE 4-2 Proportions e Mult lea ite For single-start ) L ec =P for sin (20) Fit is the g : gnify the range of tightaess which uit from the on of nibinntion of allowances and tolerances in the design of into engagement in a direction away from the obeei Thread on bolt willbe right-hand (external) and thread 4-9. Right-hand thread, jaced in the horizontal position, the sloping wi(22) Left-hand thread. A thread that advances into engagement in a direction away from the observer when (urned in 2 counter-clockwise direction. Thread on bol! will be lefl-hand (exterual) ‘and thrond on nut will be left-hand (internal). LITT Fig 4-10.Left-hand thread. Flefi-hand (extemal) thread is placed in horizontal position, the sloping will b ind is placed alongside the thread , th direction 0 thamb indicat 4, itis written LH NOTE:- To distinguish external right-hand and left-hand th place y chit b hand on the thread. If is as iidlipabesee Getic flan it is left-hand 1. reverse, then it i hand lassificat Th hows in Fig4-11, First,th bee r ain classified es nal of intern Single-start a’ tread | Double-start — Right-hand — i Left-hand —— | | ek ad >) | Group (2) } Pt ! 4-11. Classification,hh fread. either right-hand oF fell-hand from groupt 1) , eit terval from gt kind of start from group (3) 4s shown, one fre iigronp: featur, righ and external thread is usually omitted aud not six wa i IW nothin i (1), take as right hand: from group (2). tak . mn grout take at x depth of thrend Ri Right-hand head engl 1 Coat ail British Standard Fin Pine tlio th hare thread, Kp nuckle thread,4-5.Form of threads. Prt¢ Fig 4-12. Forme of throndsFig.4-16,Jdentification symbol for external thread.TABLE TABLE for drawing SCHEMATIC THREAL PITCH, P n L | | I | é & | or Schematic The step ind bli pp hown in Fig4-20. Vi for depth a pitch are shown in table 4-3 meni {1 | WH i Las not bi cified in the note. In r ugivena olKnows for drawing tread. From ook fr th wead. ‘Hien, from the number of threads per inch (specified in wentification), calculat thread. For square thread in this ease, depth of thread is half the pitch Major diamotor, depth of thréad, piteh nust be known before drawing LF iter Hine for thy wxia, ‘Mew draw major diantcter Lines atating Hi on Ui tical Time of th the end of thread. “Then, rameter lines L bir ing) «frown the major diame Mt t wor fine. aark slope for the slopin 1 al t agle-start tread, lord equal pitch. Th spe will be equal to half't v1 Jopine ne by jounine the shove slope point vst the antersectin tet 1 line ond upper major lin vy Ft If prich mark: points on the upper major diameter kine draw paral : najor di , t per min nter Ti stall 1 yy 4 ,\yy | \ \ ig4-21. Somi-detail method of drawing square thread$11 Detail representation of square thee " TERNAL, RIC Y f to NU isth mi-datail method y n lise und depth Lines (sninor « " d Ly upper anajor Hin diread NV. Join (a) and (b) 3 t 7 y From the hallepit plerwark draw erest lines purnl lel to ab Darkew one hal f-pitch inicr val on the upper major diameter tinVi. Join the intersection pom of parailyl root tine (drawn in V) and een pitch point on the major lime (3). lathe Ik he reetang ap VIL. Complete the drawing fLines, sway hilt fouled be tn th d inelined ia the epposi pitef diree dircommonCHAPTER FASTENERS SL Im In all kineks of structures design: sugineers, the Various parts are held her by devices knows Aeners, These fasteners vary in kind and use from ordinear nails and glue Tor wood structures to b natch ’ plines, ancl aotee Without actual fasteners é tn sctal projected outlin conventional fo rch q ins, dowolpins and v f neh the first gr a Idom shown on the diavviny 1 pins a i hown, particulscly on assembly drayein ers and other tp : are ual 1 Examples of Temp orury Fusten } inorder of b r hen hwo parts arer ogett I holes on th hen th Ta } f | x INN- 3 | + 7 1! | inc It diameter) on the parts. close fit, drill holes will be 1/64 inch had 0 fiPhen th hof bolt and Jength of thread, Minimum dwead length for bolts over 6” in Length, Bolt £3. Lenut plus MINIMUM FREAD Lo =2x Dian Bolt length by ste dustry. The following merenents ay TABLE 5 RE HEAD BOLT LENGTH 24" tod SA. Speci Tn many instances the f the bill of material AU the sntormation included. This will require specifying th ust of the i Nonnally several of th ud and thread 9 tamdard ynless otherwise spesilicd Diameter isthe diameter the sure as tre thread dian tis dw Length is the distance tv Material is assumed to | Finish should be sp Kind of head should bo on in Vig. 5-2 below (b) HEXAGON BOLT AND NUT ( y for bolt and aut > plus 14" for bolts ws to 6" in lonath and 2 » short fav these Rornnitas ar i fer #10" for bolt feaih = 6 £410" Far bolt lewuih over ¢ piled fom anenutacty al [HEXAGON EAD Bon LENGTH ] varinerainent | ave not drawn iu proportion bul ar ordering the bolt must uewessary tor diamotor, length, material, Gish, type of head, would be omitted because they are ussumed to b il the rod trom wihiel the bolt is made aud is u avs in the specification ui which the underside of the head to the tip of t His untinished, scmitisushed, or binSe 34 Series is assumed to be regular unles 'y or light is specified. of thread is a: ns previously meni | t - » i 1 bolt would usually r A XID. BOL Length of engagement, When a steel bolt is assembled into a art, thie iron, brass, or s, the length men is equal to 1 1/2 Dy and when assembled into aluminum, zine, or plastic , th 1 As| ad fenath {rou the tip end of bolt, and draw thread as required. Construc| be | L 2.5-5, Drawing Bolt und Nut tud isa rod threaded on bi Is.one end of which i ati ilion into amain casting The other ond passes through a clearance = fie ond weer and depth of hole held down, such as cylinder head, and a nut is serewed on ‘apped holes followed by thread specification and length of thr Depth of tapp: > screws are shown belo fy by note, giving the tap-drill i ¢ length for threaded rods, tap bolts .cap holes and entra f Enwane Thread | ‘Thread Unthreaded pth of length for | clearance | length portion | drilled | studs,ete | st bottom bottom of hole | A B ce E F “ast Irom An 3 C+E | Brass 3/0 C+E Br | 1 in C+E wet [1D [| aprw | 3m ere | where D = diameter of fastening. ntrane> for fh B= thread clearan C= total thread length E ~unthreaded portion at bottom of hole om of hole, - Cap screw ordinary pas through a clearance hole in one member and screw mber, ‘The clearance hole is usually drilled 1/32 in., larger thin the serow, neters over 3/8 in, diameter. However, the the oth up to 3/8 in, disaaeter and 1/16 in. Larger for di in which case il ts surance is not shown on the drawing unless necessary for clearn: irawn 1/LGin. larger than the diameter. Similarly, the counterbore for the fillister heads and ot lioadds mre usually made 1/32 in. or 1/16 mn. Larger aud this cloaranes $s usually notyr 38 shown in 'ig.5-8, Machine serows are particularly adapted to werewing ute (hin material | mi! on ali Lengths under 2" are threaded to the head) Machine screws over 2” in longth hav siting are egth of 16" Machine screws are nsed! extensively inti fisturd and iter stmal snes Muchine screws dre specified by ninnibere from’? to 12 bel wud eee The Kingts of miichine vers thangs by 1/16 Tn. inchomeath up 10", theinb 3/6, and finally by up to 3” Ths ce Ure mot le Chow 124” ara wepowa non 2" Gn ee SPECEFICATION Machine serews are specified ing the diameter (or number), nun ror \ Tae MIR GL Aecwt egnl aah ite aoeal Example == No.5 125) - 40 NC -2% Ls FIL HD. MACHINE SCREW 1 f i 4 | Piannnnitii ce = Wa ~ | (Hi 5 HH 7 MMM TE WLS } WNL | | f | —H amp ~ ROUND HEAD aD . D+ f 4 Wy Wi Wire | {I | | SY Pe | . SSI Ves od MN 2 14 , l | 4 s <0 enon >| 1 FILLISTER HEAT At SASS m39 use because they have no projecting head to | The headle re coming into ar tch clothing and enuee aceiclont crews wy usually ns , SPECIFICATION. Sot serews an Cby siving the diameter, + threads per thieh typeof thread, class oF fit of lhread dl peut tructures ax buildings and bridges and for oxsembling s ts and far tak atere vant: atit trical rod it ireis'or ae med When cl 1 (after tha been put stace:threvidh ts drilled or punch ng put hole fora riyet is generally drilled, or punched and reanied 1/16 th. lar than the diameter of the shank of the rivet. ual i than" indiameter may be driven cold, but the larger si a i hot 1 apocilized types of onginesring work, rivets are manufactured of chrome ron, aluminum, brass, copper, and so on,40 . COMPARISON BETWEEN RIVET AND BOLT, RIVET BoWT 1. Permanent fastening Temporary fastening, 2. Usedto withstand ashear 2. Used t nda tons The common rivet heads with their proportions ar in Fig. $-10 sp 1s the cup or spherical head) is the mos common = r 2 Vein fs ty —elf Le 4 he , f i I I 7 i Fig.5-10. Some typical Rivet USEFUL EMPIRICAL GENERAL PROPORTIONS. 1 For rivet diameter d and plate thickness 1 nwin's well-known rule is 2. ‘The distance from the centre of the rivet hole Lo the newest adg i nay be taken as 3d. Mininmum pitch 3” In chs In zigzag, 2d d Joints, aints on boilers, tanks and soon are classified as either Tap joint or butt joint ic » generally used for scams around the eircuuference. Butt joints are used for ngitudinal seams, exospt tanks: where the pressure is to be tess than L00 Ib per sq, Whut to notice Vine Qo cover plates are used they are generally thinner thi the ania plat When ane cover plate 1s nse it ts gonprally thicker than the main plates ! 3. Apart from the cover plates proportions are in general the # for the lap 4. Whon tw plate are used the rivets ary in double shearDouble Riveted Butt Joi Riveted and Double Riveted Butt JowtHelical springs are divid scion, extension and torsion spriie ‘ jon spring resists being reduced in lonzth by a compressio an extension sprinn | Ieusthonsd by a pulling fires. a torsion spring resists being gvisted, at 1 resists being beat, snd awire-Horm spring resists having its slagpe chan impression springs are ustally ground on the ends to provide w flat boxe Eeaencion spring must have a loop of'some kind on each end No. of coils = IN -2 5 | 4% 2 ‘ a } . oa ~~ = Kea Vt \ +1] } y \ J} 4 { A K\ (7) Y Y | ——Free tength ———— Fig 5-11. Construction of spring.pring) or space for spring in_assemt . i tee Iie aide dete pow ware inn | I H Hof five Ion ide tl qual oils. Int » of active coil 1/2 cous. which mea the ratio of $4 = 2 IL Marks on the upper mean diemeter line will by 5,4 relal IV. Onithe lower mean dismoter line mid-way between the upper Line or 1 y aw three senti-cirele with wire rads thr the first hrce. eaters mark ‘ VIN‘ Complete the start and end by joininig as necessary EXERCISE 1. Draw 2" diameter 4" length of unfinished square head bolt and nut. Draw two views with he Holt and nut in Sssombl bolt and nut 3, Draw an assembly view for the 14" diameter, 5" length of finished hexagonal bolt and rust 4. Draw the foll crows using the proportion shown their respective figures with Doub! i2u seale, Show the threads schentatically (b) 3/16 x 2 FLAT HD, MACHINE SCREW () $/16 x I ROUND HD, MACHINE SCREW. (d) 3/82 1/8 OVAL HEAD CAP SCREW. 16 x 2 FLAT HEAD CAP SCREY HEXAGONAL HEAD CAP SCREW QUARE HE CREW with the following f point the sl (ii)Flat point ; (iti) Cone point pla (iv) Oval point P=3d I wo vi rivotod Butt joint with two cover taking thickness of tho Siuick i hich rn 16 ine * pitch ! tht y I following two typer of Helical compression ept en (1 18LD. :4 4 coils Nol? Stee! Wire JAW SPRIN Tak ntl = 1.662" wire dia. = 0.10! 10.1 1/8 "LD. ; 6 coils No.8 Stecl wire CLAMP SPRING ngih = 1.178"; wire diameter = 0.162"JAPTER 6. 6.1, Keys, Iofined as a pis 1 pans 1 prevent ative movement, oF a inserted in an axial ft and a In woven relutive motion, Keys are ary fitstenerssand are always made of slosh for th abjected to considerable crushing and shearing str \ keyway is a recess in a statt orhub to aecoramadute 2 key 6-2. Variony hinds of Keys ore any diferent kinds of hoice of key dey dt i m shirement, stability of the joint or coupling, ete tions of 1 i " 1 Su | ing and set Fig.6-2.Flat Sadate key taper key Siting a keyway in the hub, snd a flat on 1 an thus is suitable for Hight daty {in fight caty machinery. Cut fram eolderoff dt st the shaft It is act to slip are(4) Rectangular. Modification of wquary key: Either of a tnygitar ) may have the lop surface tapered 18 "im 12, inwhich ease mi taper oF (hat taper k He Width OF those Keys ty gem about one-fourth the shal fismetir One-half the height ofthe key i sual inte the shu (¢) Round Key. ltislso called Nordbergkey. Minny be straight (uni for diameter ortaper The taper is 1/8" per foot \ Shalt dia { R\' \ 1 Key (f) Feather Key. Feather key ment. Thus a fe 2 key attached to one member of a pair and is @ particular kind of paralfel key which permulting retative axial mo turning moment zurd also permits axial movement. It is fastened either to the sha or the key being « sliding tit in the keyway of the moving piec ( é rental in frout view, being part of cylindrical dise capable of in recess inilled in the shaft by a cutter having the same curvature as the dise from which the key is made, This key is largely used on machine too) and a (1) 1 accommodates itself to any taper in the hub, or boss of the mating piece,(2) it is usefil on nds, its extra dt omobile work. Its main advantages are: tendency to turn over in its keyway h in the shaft pr Fig.6-2, Woodrul'kwre specified by amber. the lait two digit of which indicate the ofan neh, while the digit preceding the last two give the nomial foninal diinetor width hirty seconds of an inch, A practica diameter of shaft andr rule for Kelecting is choose width a equal to 1/4 D wher of the shalt, W us nearly equal fo (plus or minus) th \e shape. “Two-third: rounded ends and is s key is su ated in keyway seat ofthe 6 i into the shatt Fig.6-8, Pratt and Whitney Key 6.3, Colter pins Cotter pin and it uses are shown in Fig.6-9 below. (| Fig6-9. Cotter pin 6.4. Taper pins Taper pins , mich used for fastening eylindrieal parts and for doweling, have ‘standard taper of 1/4 in. per foot. They ares 1 ified by mumber starting trom 000000 (six zero) t0cou ith it The cam ph ortant part inthe operation of many’ mach Can neck ve cominonl; opgrale valves in automobiles, stationary ant marin intend combustion engines, They als are used in automatic serew machines, clocks. lock fines are found he yaar con either curve or straight.(2)the followver,whose motion is produced by cont A the cam surface:and (3 )ihe frame. which supports the cm and ettidor thy foll Since the follower follows an n in its operation. iprocating or oscillating mot of the strok the inertia will be high during the beeirning 9 the change ini motic hish inertia and should be avoided. A uniformly accelerated and decelerated motivn at 1 beginning anc-end of the constant velocity curve will however satisfy the require: Another type of motion called Simple Harmonic Motion is also widely used in constant inertia af the stroke-ends proportional to the scquare 0 nL Will su therefore thal for ordinary design, the evati displacement is usual a coinbination of such motion as uniformly accelerated and decelerated motion, uniform veloci motion, and SEM In the layout ofa cam, displacement, and character of the moti : orally mown, [tis convenient to make first a graphical representation a procedure which is called making a displacement diagram. This is linear curve in which the length of the diagram represents the time for one revolution of the cam The height of the diagram represents the total displacement of the follower, the length is made | one rotaticr uly convenient length and is divided ino equal time intervals, the rotal repres of the cam. Making a displacement diagram. wring 180° ofrotation ofthe cam, It accelerates uniformly Fort! original position. The em The follower ri the first 4 oves with uniform velocity and st 180, it resis for the first 30" and refumns with SUM to the total distance travelled S = 2 decelerates unity tvr~clockwise. For the a me AS i” a +180 + 45 vtat by Hower y used in square of is mswall avel motion of the motion fntation of This is 2 the car. is made to po rotation isuniformly For the us The cau an | TES MTF 1819 20 21 23 39282 FALL 180 CAM DISPLACEMENT (TIME) x i-1, Displace it dixeraan ing off 9 units of length. Next, project th acity tine aver to th point t, Connect points c and with astraicht Tine and draw parattel Hines from masit a intersocting In this figure Ga. The OA, thiys tocatiny on (points) oftime uniit 3 aud the constant ve > intersections draw lines parallel to interseecta t i These intersections are pints on the displacement cuty i uniform! decelorated motion, the series of pots are fuid off inthe reverse order such as 9-4-1 It will noted that the units are Laid off according to the square of th Thus, if there were four time units, the acceleration curve w according to the ratio of 1:4:9:16 ancl the 16:9:4:1 The construction for simple harmoni¢ motion is draw a seuicirel> ws ste ent being used as a diameter. Then divided into a conveni equal to the number of cam displacement units, Horizontal projection li cain displacement lines are points on the displacement curve. ‘Thus, th the semicircle to tim> unit 15 locates one point on the displaceme motion. me unit, { be laid off mh ier oF pack ber of parts follower displa jf 2 projection of point 15 on o draw the cam profil Select a base eirele of conv jent sive, and it lay off radial Linus according to th number of the time units of cam displacement. Draw line OB extended to W it lay off th distances y1,y2.y3, and so forth, obtained from the displacement diggran, from the centre of th rol ing position, thus locating tue points BL-BI, B2-B2/.B3-B3 draw in the circle representating the diameters ofthe roller. To complete the can . draw asnooth tangent to the position of the roller. shown in the sta il soreGours comuecting oO} wortus wlivels, spiral aud fs al ay angle Du ot ying in the siune plans, comprising w roup ordinarily, the lesest efficient of the thre vew gears. Thi 1 nomenclat Fig.7-3, Spur gear nomenckature 7-6. Simple Spur Gear formulae, Cireutar piteh No. of teeth Diametrat pitch Pitch cirele diameter Dik No of teeth No. of tooth No. ofteeth = Pitch circle x DB, 727.0 wing involuce-touth of spur gear by an approximate crcl Lay olf the pitch cele, dedendum circle and arldendum circle. Start with the pitel point and divi the pitch eirele into distances equal to the tooth thickness. ‘Through the pitch point draw a line of 75 1/2 degrees with the center line, Draw the base circle tangent to the Time. With compass set the division points of the pitch cirele, keepin le point on the ba for the tops of the leeth and bottoms of the spaces and add tooth fillets. For 16 or fewer teeth, th radivis value of 1/4 pitch radins rust be increases to anit in ordor to avoid the appearn dius equal to 1/4 the racing of the pitch circle, describe ares throuh then ¢ ewele. Durken the ae vossive dker-cut fib tovth, the 75 \s degree line is cle dow7-4. Approximai EXERCISES. 1 Cam Data. Diameter of ( 1 Diameter of ¢ 2 Diamet 1 Keyway atx 8", Diameter of Base Circle 2! Follower displacement 2 Ie Full st un rotation iste ‘our 'Tvack above data, dosign a platy cam to caticty the following coudit (a) arise of 2"in 80 , with constant yelocity, except for uniform acceleration for the first 30 and uniform acceleration for the Last 15 } return with simple harmonic met 2 ing scale of ie, draw spur gear having the following information e-30 A >= 10) loght ofrab.a~h aft lina 1 ‘ ns=ALLimit dimension Interchingeability tor many closely i tie i vivally wnfeasi he cost of nperalure ad humidity rmust be (akon into xecoun To compute limit slimensions it is nececcage to understand the following tran Nominal size. The nemial size is the designsation which is used far the purpose of general identification Basic sige. The baste size is th fom which the Finits of rived the application of allowances and tolerai Allowance. An allowance is an intentional difference between the maximum material limit of mating parts. It is @ mini interference (negative allowance) between mating part yum clearance (positive allowance) or maximum Tolerance. A tolcrancs is the total permissible variation off 1 the ditt between the limits of st Limits of size. The limits 0! able maximun and minimum sizes, Fit is the general ivrin used to signify the range of tightness which may r from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the ¢ Tearanc u it is on Limits « r il 11 inferfirence always results when mating parts are assemble Transition fit. A transition fit is one iuaving lim scribed that either i 1 an interference may result when mating parts ar Por eduction purposes stanelard fits may be desisnated by im i porp RC = Running op stiding fit LC= Locational clearance fit UT ~ Transition fit LN= Locational interference fit FN =Poree or Shrink fit Vhion a number is added to these lotter symbols a complete fit is represented. Por N 4 specifies, symbolically. class 4, force fit which the limits of size for mating parts dotorminied fiom use of Table 26 FBasic hole system. is aNustraedd in nnple be 1/2 inchos shafl is to have a ela ur ve of the hole is 1/2 in From Table 26 A it iv found that the hole muy vary ben tin: 0.0010, andl the shafl between -0.0012 and 0.0022 The tolerance on both mating, parts is 0.0010. The allowance (minimum clearance) is 0.0012 For Hole, Tolerance = different between holy lini Therefore Hole diameter 0.5010 05000 For shaft. Allowance = Minimum c arance between hole and shaft Minimum hole di maxima sheaf dia, minimum hole Timit - maximum shaft Lim 0.0000 - (- 0.0012) 0.0012 Difference between shaft limit upper limit of shat = 0,012 - (0.0022). = 0.0010. ‘Therefore, D, How Shaft diameter = ———* ——- DB, - (Allowance + ace) = 0.5000 - 0.0012 DSHDo = (DOOTE + bNOTDYCHAPTER ORK low duould be Hore going tot nventions snd Orthosriphic projection * All sated types of ena aveings have on wn conumon, they ure prepared to convey nved ideas and facts to other Inparticulur. a machiswe designed and bbe put a tion needs 4 set of working druswing A complete set of working drawing for asnachine consists of detail sheets, grvin all necessary shop information for the production of individusl pieces, and an assembly drawing of In addition, the set may include drawing shi howing the locatic ach pivce in the finished machine dation plan. pi 9.3. Detail drawing. Ad ith sateqaa i r ished sur ne iudicafed drawing should give complete information for the manufac eof apart I necessary shop operations shown. The title should give th mad hould state the number of parts that are required for the pr amit of which the part is a number torial of swbich the par eduction of an assembled pices. regardless of its size, on a separate individual sheet detail drawing is as follows 1) Selection of view ) Necessary’ shop operation and quality of the fintshed surf (7) Nuubor of parts resquirod Selvet the views, remembering thal, aside from the view showing the characteristic supe of the object, thore shauld be as many additional views as are necessary to complete the shape description apes mist t iotchos and tree holes whe ‘o choose the “necessary views". examine the object to see what sh dese thas two right-analec shapes rst be deseribed. These are all shown clearly in the thre example in Fig 9-19.1 Selveti 1 Paper size and sex Aller you hiid deeiibed Ip deasing: how iuauy: View amid whether to setion or not select the size of paper. Generally, for detail drawing 1 parts, larger size of paper may 1/2 inx 17" is suggested. Por bigger be used Decide pon the scale that will allow, without crowding, a balanced of all necessary: views and the location of diuieeston and notes, Althoush vory small parts should be dr should be used when pos detail said to allow for dimensions, a full-size sval ible. Iu general, the same sca should be used for pivees of th The following techniques of drawing should be noted (1) Draw the main conter lines and block in the general outline of the views with Tight sharp 4 1 pencil lines, 2) Draw main circles and arcs in finished weight (3) Starting with the characteristic viow, work back and for wo view until the shape of may be drawn in their (4) Put in fillets and rounds. (5) Comptete the views by darkening the object lines. bjeet is completed. Lines whose definite location and kona are know hed weight. 9-8, Dimensioning and specificatio 4 detail drawing, in addition to giving the shape of a part, must furnish th ind of finich, typ quired, and so forth, The expression of this information on a drawing by the use of lines, symbols, figue (1) Place dimensions outside 2 view 2) Place dimensions between views unless the rules, such as the contour rule, the mul information such as the distances between surfaces, location of bol material, mumbe against crowdi and so forth, prevent their being so placed. (3) Do note b an object Line or center line as a dimension line (4) ipo oid crossing two dimension lin (5) A ceuter line may be extended to serve as an extension line (6) Koop parallel dimensions equally spaced and the figures staggered (7) Always give locating dimensions to the conter of eireles that represent heles.eylindrical projections or bo: (8) If possible, attach the location dimensions for holes to the view jon which they appear as cirele: 3 (9) Sroup related dimensions onthe view showing the contour of a featire. (10) Arranige a scries of dimensions init comtinnons lin (11) Dimension trom a finished surface, center line, or base Line that ean be readily tablished. (12) Stagger the figures in a series of parullel dimension lines to allow sutlicieut space for Fis a I (13) hin niger simenst pulsidls shorter on a nision ban ‘ll not dimension fy (4) When aw over-all dimeuston is given, ove internitediats distance chould be onto (15) Do wot repeat a dimension 6) Make decimal points ofa sufficient sire so that dirtiénsion® cannot be nist end 17) Whe duneusion figures appear on a scetiowal view, show then ina sual mer Gian TE AGF lies one he Tle Dea Coup TONS (1) When an are is used sax it dimension fine for angular meaurenent, use the vertex al th(19) Place the figures of anya dimensions so that they will be read from the bottom of 4. drawingexcept in tie ease of karge angles (20) Always dimension an are by giving ity raclus followed by the abbreviation R. aud incheate the center with # small eroxs. ( Noto thal the arrowhoad is omitted at th center), QI) Show the diameter of' circle, never the radius, I'it is not clear that the dimen diamucter, the figures should be followed by the abbreviation D or DIA. SPHER. R. is added. (22) When dimensionng a portion of aasphere with a radius the term (23) Latter (21) Make dimension subtract to obtain a desired dimension or to yea 28) Nover crowd dimensions ante catall space I notes horizontally ary for a workman fo add ot > the drawing complete, 0 thit it will net be nee (26) Crit superfluous dimensions. Do not supply diznensional information fr the séun feature in two different ways er by giving the angle and length ina circular flange may be dimensioned by giving the diameter of (27) Dimension a cian ly spaced he not circular centor line, give the angles. better grip, itis necessary to specify the (29) When holes aro unoqu (30) Wheu kuurls are to provid piteh and kind of kurt (31) Dimension standard ind epecial tapers require one diameter, the Length and a n nbver. The usual practice is to give the diameter at the large spaced o 4 rough sucface specify ing the taper byn end, (32) Conical tapers. The following di specity the size and form of tapered conical surfaces (a) the diameter at each end of the taper; (b) the Leasth of the tape: (c) the di length of the tapered pices (a) the distance locating a cross @ rate of taper; (Q) the included angle. sions may be given in different cou cts cross-sectional plane; this plane may or may not be within th ler at asi ctional plane al winch a diameter is specified: 09. essary shop oj Finish Maks. A rough easting or forg ind quality of the finished nish mark is a symbol to indicate thal aparticular surlaces ola machined or finished telly the patternmaker, that he must allow extra removed in machining inaterial on the pattern, which will provide extra metal on the casting to ti to machine the surfac imark tells the machi Two types of finish marks are approved, Fig.9-3 (a) and (b), the V-type boing thy newer form coming into increasing use. The Vis made 1/8 in. high, with the aid of a triangle. The old forn of finish mark, which is still widely used isthe italic € Tt is made freehand about 3/16 in k is shown on the edge view of a surface to be finished, and is repeated in every view where the surface appears 1s 2 line, including hidden lines and curved line: ihe V is used, the point ofthe V should point toward the solid metal like a cutting tool.Fig 9-3, Finish Mark Fig.9-4. Finish Mo60 Tn commercial practice, acode letters or loter are plaved in the V indicating th ype of machining required, g R for Rough finish G for Grind F fer fi ete. In Fig. 9-1 (6) are shown three views and a pictorial of'a rough easting bet machined. At (d) the castinghas been machined, and the V-type finish marks are shown, while at (e) the sam ed by the Etype fin sks, The material removed in machining at (d) and (9) is tor illustration purpo: itis nished surface { edn Ibis not ary tw show finished marks om dvilted arreamed ted, and atithe 1 tt ted, thie pivee i ly msc Finish marks are not required when limit dimensions are used Surface Quality. The improvement in machining meth stro within recent years coupled with life for ma more attention ng demand for increase fhined parts has emmed tothe quality of surface finish, Not only the service life but also the proper functio 1s well may depend upon obtaining the needed smoothness quality for contact surface n engineering drawing a surface may be nted by lin vin profile or it may appear nded area ina related view. Machined on : jee dimensions, warn wreadth and curvature ( waviness ), In addition, there will b nuurerable peak of differing lengths, widths: and beiet ‘OMBINED WAVINESS & ROUGH ia wurface definitions illustrated, \n exaggerated protily of surface roughness is sho he following torms must be understood before the surface vy n can applied xv prochiced hy the eutt nFig 0 Lay is the The followin Drawings and Dratting Room Pract A surface whose finish is to be havi eral form ofa cherc!s marke (1) 8 (a) on the lane in (b) on a leader pointing to the surface ‘ 1 oF tool j 7 Tora oft | used. The height may be either nixinum peak to valley beight, uverage peak to valley height average deviation from the mean (RMS or arithmetical), ‘The numerical value 1s placed in the as shown, jeight in addition to roughness height 2 Where it is desir otal line should be add specify waviness to the top ofthe simple symbol. The numerical value of nt of waviness would be shown above this ine Thea, if the characturisties, it wi indicated (a) and (b), The parallel andperp: the surface are parallel or perp rved lay is to be shown on addition to these twe ature of the pr the addition of acombination of lines as shown in Frg.9-5 dicular part of the symbol indicates that the dominant lines on cular to the boundary line of the surface in contact with th symbol The vomplete 1, including the roughness width placed to tho right of the | ymbol is shown in Fig.9-5 (a) use of only one mumber to specity the height or width of rough wavinn hal] indicate the mzcinvum valu uy lesser degree of rough will be satisfac When two numbers are used separated by a dash, they indicate dhe masini zu the minimum permissible valu 9.10. Detail-titles ry tail drawing must give information aot d by the notes and niecstigh ec: monterial eed nel i nay be letter either in the record strip or directly below the view,6 3B PATTERM , NOTE ALL RADU SZ "UMLESS |, lOmeRWSE SPECIEIED %B : Puan ORNL THRU ERE? 1BSS-10t4) THE | DWNName J parTNAMESS Levr | ALLOWABLE VARIMONON | TCD:-Roll No UNIT | FRACTIONAL DIMENSIONS +164" CKD. DEPE. OF MECHANICAL] MATL: DARON HEAT TREAT APPD ENGINTERING NO.REQD: 1 | [_ bare: : MLT PaRTNO.L. | 8 | Fig 9-7. Detail drawing, Contents of the title. The title on a machine drawing generally contains th following information 1. Namne of the part 2. Name of the machine or structare, (This is given in the rai sully followed by one of the two words: Detail or assembly) 3 Sea 1. Dale. (Offen spaces are provided for the date oF completion of each operation in the preparation of the deaiving. If only ons dite is given, it is tmarally the daly of couipiction ofthe sraweing). re of the drathsrman who nude the penei dewein6. Lunals of Ue check Juitials or signature of the chio draftstuan, chief engineer, or anol authority Who approved dhe drawing ive mamber ‘Th p 1-4 filling nomen snd an furnish uuoruation in vode form, Lotion and numbers may b combined to indieate departments , plants, models, type, order number filing mmmber, and s0 on. The drawing nutober is sometin ate i the upper lett-haid Corner (in an upsicle-down position), so that th nie may tie quickly identifi i't should beeouts « Hin the fl nie titles trish information such as material, part number. pattern umber inish, treulment, estimated weight, superseded drawing umber, and so on 9-11, ASSEMBLY DRAWING A drawing that shows the parts ofa machine or machine tit sscembled in thei ai sitions is an assembly al tpey OF euch sei wad ‘ Waving ly drawing, installation diagrams, and Working Assembly Deswving od parts, No adlitior cmmstimes made for a simple mechanisua partare required Suh- Assembly Drawing or Unit-Assembly Drawing assembly drawing this lakes 1 automobile ort ofan airplane. A set o Installation Assembly Drawin An installation drawing givos usefil information for putting amachine or structur Outline Assembly Drawing. itline assembly drawing are nx With very little experience in reading muiltivew drawing 12. MAKING THE ASSIKMBL Aceephed pructives to be ab isu 1. Sectioning, The practice of sectioning apply to assembti 2 Views. The main view, whic is mamally in fiall section for unsymmeiry ob (ee!unvirical object) should show to the best aalvantage near] 11 the fintivieh vil hiay boot ona emily wh " sujabican tha shyt lewing 3. Hidden tines. ‘ Hidden lines should be omitted for assembly, if) they tend to over it and create 4. Dimensions. Oversall dimensions and center-to center distance indicating the relationship of parts in the machine as a whole are sometimes given. Detail dimensions are ounil ted. except on working assembly drawing 5. Identification of parts. Parts in a machine or sticture are identified on the assembly drawing by number that are used on the detail and in the bill of material, These should be made at least 3/16 inches in height and cuclose in 438 inclees cinch: ‘The centers ofthe eirch | are locatrd not less than 3/4 inches trom the nearest hne of the drawing Fe, tartminated by arrowhoads touching the parts are drawn radial with t | straight ede 6 Parts list. A ill of material of parts list is included inan assembly drawing It is placed on an assembly drawing just above the title block . or in the case of quantity produc on, ¢ arate shoal. The bi the part (item or key umber, deserip tion (name ¢ ach piee ut ), materials uantity (number of past ) required, and so on of NOTICE the word “ASSEMBLY" wien lettering in the assembly title block. The title of the drawing is generally composed the name of the machine followed bythe word “ASSEMBLY”. Goneral Assembly DrawingFig.9-8. Ansembly Title Block Solid Ports In Assembly Sections.HAPTER 1 ne? fps 33——4+ b unoersioe OF BASE. Fig 10-1, Pedestal Bearing* HD. NUT ig 10-2 ~\N\A\ OR 1ESq, ao oo > ty 32 8 A Rad Upper part of'a Boiler Stop ValveFig 10-38. Shalt BoaringDraw a full-sectional fr’ uaing of shaft) with all the parts correct! @ PULLEY @ Frawe creo s-i8UNe-28 2 HOLES @ erscxer 2 ORL 2 HOLES —_of i 20 TEETH PER IN FIG. 10-5. Too. post. Horut-eto.s > @ arse 5. Sy EAT REQD. PILLOW BLOCK.You are required to draw the Sollowing assembled two in such @ way that Fart No.} alto 1s at a height from base (1) 4 geetional Pront View. (2) A Top View. LIKENSTONS GIvENSSA HALF PLAN OF CASTING 103 ———g | mm pou =a i FIG. 10-9. SCREW JACK. _Yeu are required te draw the Fellowing 1 BASE. (2) Details drawing of Part (2) vetaiie arawing or»: (3) A sections] frent view with «ll the parts cerrectly aseemled. Fer Aseemoty Orawing Oe se sono ge Fak FIG. 10-12. MACHINE VISE.Titers Hee SLIDING JAW 1-1REOD —4-20NC-2 1 hole) AC @uanove noo JOS shee ens “vaca \ -PEEN OVER ENDS Orsnore sas RY SAE Hig end-e REO @ vaw pare skéiacrs2Reca A * RETAINER PLATE 7 ieche-imegg — @)RETANER ScaEW ayia | seme-ageer screw sacni-cac- pean 2 el STANDARD PARTS LFA Owed wo scr ccr-a nen Be @y Heavy semING LOCK wasHeR-1 RED - DRILL PRESS VISE.FIG. 10-16. GATE VALVE (2).FIG. 10-17. PULLER. DM HURL RINE MEDIUM 3. one, 78 HF 10 ww @ wegere SeneW woTST... OOo OLD ENAMINATION QUESTIC SPRING RECESS (OR PART 5S. “DIA, 33 24—| — 2g we \ PARTS. AB A BE seen. SCREW CAP. PARTE, PLUG. oe Fie) AN INVERTED AIR COCK |Fig. 1. Leveling Wedge.84 ~~ © wense Base D CAST ori fect 2. Raising Block. Fig. Gains eeYANGON INSTITUTS oY tECuNOY Uepartwent of Mechunical Eagineering. * HIRD YEAR B. & Final * MACHINE DRAWING MPT ALL QUES ie od fo drew @ sectional front view fer the aseost % Guing of A SIMPLE NON HEIURN VALVE shown in Figure 1 vith hexagonal cep and valve in GEEN position. Find the lift of the valve and thet this value tity or net by showing it in your draving. Algo draw ond find the urea of passage (by approximate method) the flow of fluid. pave this area vith the incoming area end the percentage. (Show at eset 6 construction poiate in draving auxiliary view for the curve). Parte list to be shown. ‘ake size acroms flats of hexegonal = 23 - TE, Draw two views of Qouble riveted Butt Joint with ome cever ‘place taking thickness of the plates (which are to be joined) equal to 0.75" * a tebular form in you vets in outer show #11 your caleulated result Use wesle:of 3: 4 and show at least 3 5 viev and top view for 42-7 9C 244252 OF Drew £7 assombly position in e face end nut inner face be problex I esd 2. £11 dixensions given are in inches. Ascune any missing dimensions 4, ‘Title Block need pot be shown.| FIG.1, A SIMPLE NON RETURN VALVEFigure 1. ourth Year PLANER JACK.VALVE GEAR SLIDE iC FOR 8kEXAM. QUESTIONTe DIMENSIONS are in INCHES: { | | TOOLMAKER’ CLAMP. |tron (Requires | | | |iG “80 SNI8VagPedestal Bearing for shitt-—-3 4 4 | B a Gtioks Equispaced on 64 PCD. a [ 1 5h. | Tiel | 1 ! Holes — | | Equispaced | | | on 69 Pcp | | 4 a sl ict & eo} | = } | a | | | | | | | | | | | | | 43 | | | a7 = | | | immed | @ b+ E aca i | O ELANGE 1x2 oft per cet LEATHER 1 OFF Pen Ser | ORIVING WASHER LEATHER BOF PER STUD 2 OFF PER STUD 8 IZOFE PER SET. DISC TYPE FLEXIBLE COUPLING,98 | ——PIPE vise