Lecture Notes for Math 1000

Xiang-Sheng Wang

Memorial University of Newfoundland

Office: HH-2016, Phone: 864-4321

Office hour: 10:00-11:30 Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday

Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

Course website: http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~xiangshengw/math1000.html

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 Self-introduction

• Name: Xiang-Sheng Wang

• Position: Teaching postdoctoral fellow

• PhD received: 2009

• Previous affiliation: York University

• Teaching experience:
1. Math 1013 (Applied Calculus I)
2. Math 1190 (Introduction to Sets and Logic)
3. Math 1540 (Introductory Mathematics for Economists II)
4. Math 6378 (Applied Delay Differential Equations, graduate course)

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 What did my previous students say about me?

• Professor presented the material in a way that made it feel was less overwelling.
Explained the material clearly. I thought the professor made a great effort to
have students understand what was being taught in lecture.

• The thing the made me want to come to class is number of examples being
used to demonstrate a theorem and not just doing an easy example and that
being the end of it. Xiangsheng Wang methods are much better from going to
a easy question to a tougher question so we know what we can expect in the
homework. Also there is no real rush everything is done properly and every
minute is used well.

• I valued the professor’s teaching style. He was able to convey concepts and
rules very clearly so a student would be able to follow step-by-step in the
calculations and problem solutions.

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 What did my previous students say about me?

• Teacher showed me that math is not impossible.

• The Professor took EXTRA SPECIAL interest in teaching us. He didnt just
randomly scroll through presentation slides. He put up MANY examples/sums
on the chalk board which we could write down in our notebooks & revise later.
NO OTHER PROFESSOR has done that till date. Especially in a subject like
Math, this is of prime importance. He made sure each one of us understood
what he was teaching.

• Professor Wang is able to deliever the course material effectively and efficiently.
He provides many examples to ensure we understand the material. Amazing
prof!

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 What did my previous students say about me?

• I found it easier to understand everything from Professor Xiangsheng Wang and

I think overall everyone is doing better in this class. Also the instructor goes
out his way to answer questions through email which is very convenient when
you can not make the office hours.

• The Professor loves doing what he does best - teaching. He would allot time to
us students even outside his office hours to explain us the material.

• The Professor set exam papers which checked our knowledge about the
material, not unnecessarily tough questions to pressure us.

• The Professor not only wrote many examples on the board along with
definitions etc, but also presented slides and explained the concepts therein in
detail once again, which were concise & useful for later reference.

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 What can you benefit from me?

• I will show you that mathematics is not impossible. I will try my best efforts to
help you understand the materials in this course by using many illustrative
examples.

• I am always willing to answer your questions. So, please do not hesitate to

come to me whenever you have any.

• My contact information:
Office: HH-2016
Office hour: MTW 10:00-11:30 (or by appointment)
Phone: 864-4321
Email: [email protected]

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 Outline

• Textbook (either of the following two):

1. Calculus: Early Transcendentals with WebAssign Access Card (bundle) by
Jon Rogawski, OR
2. Math 1000, 1001 Course Notes by Bruce Watson +
Calculus: Early Transcendentals WebAssign Card by Jon Rogawski.

• Topics to be covered: limits and continuity, differentiation, and applications of

differentiation.

• Prerequisite: Math 1090 or a combination of placement test and high school

Mathematics scores acceptable to the department.

• Marks: 55% Final Exam, 30% In-class tests (three tests with 10% each), 7.5%
WebAssign, 7.5% Assignments.

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 Mathematics Placement Test

• Students who are planning to do Math 1000 for the first time must write the
Mathematics Placement Test.

• The test will be administered for the last time this semester on Sep. 11
(Tuesday) at 19:00 in HH-3017.

• Failure to write the MPT will result in deregistration from the course.

• The mark required to qualify for Math 1000 is 85 with Academic math 3204 or
75 with Advanced math 3205.

• A synopsis of the MPT is available on the shelf (adjacent to HH-3009) across

the corridor from the General Office or online at
http://www.mun.ca/math/mpt/#synopsis

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 Assignments

• Homework assignment must be handed in no later than 14:00 on the due date.
They may be submitted in class or placed in the marking box. Late assignment
will NOT be marked.

• Assignments should be submitted on loose leaf, 8.5” × 11” paper, stapled in

the upper left corner, written on one side only, with problems done in order.
They should not be placed in folders or any other container. Assignments
should include a cover page with your name and student number, the name of
the course and the assignment number.

• If you are unable to submit an assignment due to illness, bereavement or other

acceptable reason, please provide me with appropriate documentation (eg.
doctor’s note, death notice) and I will average together your remaining
assignments to create a mark out of 7.5.

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 WebAssign

• Website: http://www.math.mun.ca/webassign/

• The above website contains complete instructions for signing up for WebAssign,
and you should read it fully.

• In order to fully activate your WebAssign account, you will need to purchase a
WebAssign access code from the University Bookstore by September 18th.

• You MUST use your MUN email address when signing up for WebAssign.

• Should you have further questions with WebAssign, please contact the
WebAssign administrator, Dr. Sullivan ([email protected]).

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 Tests and exam

• No notes, textbooks, calculators or any electronic communications device are

permitted during any test or final examination.

• There will be no make-up for a missed in-class test. Upon presentation of

documentation of a valid excuse, the corresponding percentage of the final
mark will be added to the final exam. With no presentation of such
documentation a grade of zero will be entered for the missed test.

• Tentative dates for three in-class tests (will be confirmed in class):

1. Sep. 28, Friday
2. Oct. 19, Friday
3. Nov. 09, Friday

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 Supplementary exams

The Department of Mathematics and Statistics offers supplementary examinations

to students satisfying all of the following.

• the student is in clear academic standing,

• the student has a passing term mark, and

• the student’s final grade is 45 to 49.

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 Whenever you need help

• Math Help Center (HH-3015): stating from Sep. 10 (Monday),

10:00-16:00, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday
09:00-13:00, Friday

• Office hour (HH-2016): 10:00-11:30, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday

• Email: [email protected]

• Office phone number: 864-4321

• I am always willing to help you :-)

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 Niagara Falls, ON

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 St John River, NB

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 Difference between the falls and the river

• The river has no jump. It is continuous.

• The falls has a jump. It is discontinuous.

• Question: how to distinguish between continuity and discontinuity?

• Answer: with the aid of limits.

• Remark: Limits help us define continuity.

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 Continuity and discontinuity

The slides are continuous. The stairs are discontinuous.

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 Discontinuity: the unfinished bridge

The function is not defined at the discontinuous point.

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 Discontinuity: the broken bridge

The limits from both sides do not match.

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 sin x
Numerical investigation of f (x) = x

x f (x) = sinx x x f (x) = sinx x

1 0.841470985 −1 0.841470985
0.1 0.998334166 −0.1 0.998334166
0.01 0.999983333 −0.01 0.999983333
0.001 0.999999833 −0.001 0.999999833

sin x
f (x) = x approaches 1 when x is close (but not equal) to 0.

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 sin x
Graphical investigation of f (x) = x

sinHxL
fHxL=
x
1

sin x
f (x) = x approaches 1 when x is close (but not equal) to 0.

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 Definition of limits

• f (x) is defined for all x near c, but not necessarily at c itself.

• |f (x) − L| becomes arbitrarily small when x is any number sufficiently close

(but not equal) to c.

• We say that the limit of f (x) as x approaches c is equal to L.

• We write
lim f (x) = L.
x→c

• We also say that f (x) → L (f (x) approaches or converges to L) as x → c (x

tends to c).

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 Limits of two simple functions

For any constant k and c, we have

lim k = k and lim x = c.

x→c x→c

f HxL=x
fHxL=k
k
c

x
c
c x

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 Numerical investigation of lim √x−1
x→1 x−1

x √x−1 x √x−1
x−1 x−1
0 1 2 2.414
0.9 1.9487 1.1 2.0488
0.99 1.994987 1.01 2.004988
0.999 1.99949987 1.001 2.00049988

x−1
lim √ = 2.
x→1 x−1

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 Graphical investigation of lim √x−1
x→1 x−1

f HxL=
x-1
x -1

1
x

√x−1
lim = 2.
x→1 x−1

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 Numerical investigation of lim x2
x→1

x x2 x x2
0 0 2 4
0.9 0.81 1.1 1.21
0.99 0.98 1.01 1.0201
0.999 0.998 1.001 1.002001

lim x2 = 1.
x→1

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 Graphical investigation of lim x2
x→1

f HxL=x2

1
x

lim x2 = 1.
x→1

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 ex−1
Numerical investigation of lim x
x→0

ex −1 ex −1
x x x x
1 1.71828 −1 0.63212
0.1 1.0517 −0.1 0.951626
0.01 1.005017 −0.01 0.995017
0.001 1.00050017 −0.001 0.99950017

ex − 1
lim = 1.
x→0 x

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 ex−1
Graphical investigation of lim x
x→0

f HxL=
ãx - 1
x

ex −1
lim = 1.
x→0 x

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 Numerical investigation of lim cos x
x→0

x cos x x cos x
1 0.5403 −1 0.5403
0.1 0.995 −0.1 0.995
0.01 0.99995 −0.01 0.99995
0.001 0.9999995 −0.001 0.9999995

lim cos x = 1.
x→0

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 Graphical investigation of lim cos x
x→0

fHxL=cosHxL

lim cos x = 1.
x→0

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 Numerical investigation of lim sin x1
x→0

x sin x1 x sin x1
1 0.841471 −1 −0.841471
0.1 −0.5440211 −0.1 0.5440211
0.01 −0.5063656 −0.01 0.5063656
0.001 0.82687954 −0.001 −0.82687954

lim sin x1 does not exist.

x→0

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 Graphical investigation of lim sin x1
x→0

f HxL=sin
1
x

lim sin x1 does not exist.

x→0

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 One-sided limits

• Left-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if f (x) converges to L as x approaches c from

x→c−
left-hand side.

• Right-hand limit: lim f (x) = L if f (x) converges to L as x approaches c

x→c+
from right-hand side.

• Theorem: lim f (x) = L if and only if both lim f (x) = L and lim f (x) = L
x→c x→c− x→c+
are satisfied.

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 The absolute value function f (x) = |x|

fHxL= x¤

x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

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 The absolute value function f (x) = |x|

x |x| −x x |x| −x
1 1 −1 −1 1 1
2 2 −2 −2 2 2
3 3 −3 −3 3 3

When x > 0, we have |x| = x. When x < 0, we have |x| = −x.

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 |x| and piecewise function

• When x > 0, we replace |x| by x. So,

2x + |x| 2x+x 3x
= = = 1.
x + 2|x| x+2x 3x

• When x < 0, we replace |x| by −x. So,

2x + |x| 2x−x x
= = = −1.
x + 2|x| x−2x −x

2x+|x|
• The function f (x) = x+2|x| is a piecewise function:
(
2x + |x| 1 for x > 0
=
x + 2|x| −1 for x < 0

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 When the limit is infinity
• If f (x) increases without bound as x → c, then we write lim f (x) = ∞.
x→c

• If f (x) tends to −∞ (i.e., f (x) becomes negative and |f (x)| → ∞) as x → c,

then we write lim f (x) = −∞.
x→c

• If f (x) → ∞ as x approaches c from the left-hand side (x → c−), then we

write lim f (x) = ∞.
x→c−

• If f (x) → ∞ as x approaches c from the right-hand side (x → c+), then we

write lim f (x) = ∞.
x→c+

• If f (x) → −∞ as x → c−, then we write lim f (x) = −∞.

x→c−

• If f (x) → −∞ as x → c+, then we write lim f (x) = −∞.

x→c+

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 1
The function f (x) = x

f HxL=
1
x

1 1 1
limx = −∞, limx = ∞, lim x does NOT exist.
x→0− x→0+ x→0

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 1
The function f (x) = x2

f HxL=
1
x2

1 1 1
lim 2 = ∞, lim 2 = ∞, lim 2 = ∞.
x→0− x x→0+ x x→0 x

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 The function f (x) = ln x

f HxL=lnHxL

lim ln x does NOT exist, lim ln x = −∞, lim ln x does NOT exist.
x→0− x→0+ x→0

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 The notation ∞

• The notation ∞ looks like a sideways 8:

1
lim = ∞.
x→8 x − 8
+

• Good mathematical skills:

1
lim = ×

2
x→2 x − 2
+

1
lim = ×

2
x→2 x − 2
+

1
lim =∞X
x→2 + x − 2

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 Basic limit laws
Assume that lim f (x) and lim g(x) exist. Then
x→c x→c

(i) Sum Law:

lim (f (x) + g(x)) = lim f (x) + lim g(x).
x→c x→c x→c

(ii) Constant Multiple Law: For any number k,

lim kf (x) = k lim f (x).
x→c x→c
(iii) Product Law:   
lim (f (x)g(x)) = lim f (x) lim g(x) .
x→c x→c x→c

(iv) Quotient Law: If lim g(x) 6= 0, then

x→c
lim f (x)
f (x) x→c
lim = .
x→c g(x) lim g(x)
x→c

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 Basic limit laws
• The Sum and Product Laws are valid for any finite number of functions. For
example, assume that lim f1(x), lim f2(x) and lim f3(x) exist. Then
x→c x→c x→c

lim (f1(x) + f2(x) + f3(x)) = lim f1(x) + lim f2(x) + lim f3(x).
x→c x→c x→c x→c
   
lim (f1(x)f2(x)f3(x)) = lim f1(x) lim f2(x) lim f3(x) .
x→c x→c x→c x→c

• The Sum Law and Constant Multiple Law imply Difference Law. Assume that
lim f (x) and lim g(x) exist. Then
x→c x→c

lim (f (x) − g(x)) = lim f (x) + lim (−g(x)) = lim f (x) − lim g(x).
x→c x→c x→c x→c x→c

• To apply the Limit Laws, we need to assume lim f (x) and lim g(x) exist.
x→c x→c

• We have to do algebraic transformations before applying the Limit Laws.

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 The squeeze theorem

y uHxL

fHxL

lHxL

f (x) is squeezed at x = 0 by l(x) and u(x).

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 The squeeze theorem

y uHxL

fHxL

lHxL

f (x) is NOT squeezed at x = 0 by l(x) and u(x).

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 The squeeze theorem

If f (x) is squeezed at x = c by l(x) and u(x), namely,

1. l(x) ≤ f (x) ≤ u(x) for all x close (but not equal) to c.
2. lim l(x) = lim u(x) = L.
x→c x→c

Then the limit lim f (x) exists and lim f (x) = L.

x→c x→c

The meat/vegetable is squeezed by the two breads.

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 The squeeze theorem: lim x sin x1 = 0
x→0

uHxL=ÈxÈ

f HxL=x sin
1
x

lHxL=-ÈxÈ

f (x) = x sin x1 is squeezed at x = 0 by l(x) = −|x| and u(x) = |x|.

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 Three techniques for evaluating limits and two formulas

• Three techniques:
1. Algebraic Transformation
2. The Squeeze Theorem
3. Change of Variable

• Two formulas:

sin x 1 − cos x
lim = 1, and lim = 0.
x→0 x x→0 x

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 Limits at infinity and asymptotes

• If |f (x) − L| becomes arbitrarily small (f (x) → L) as x increases without

bound (x → ∞), then we write
lim f (x) = L.
x→∞
• If |f (x) − L| becomes arbitrarily small (f (x) → L) as x decreases without
bound (x → −∞), then we write
lim f (x) = L.
x→−∞

• The horizontal line y = L is called a horizontal asymptote of f (x) if

lim f (x) = L, or lim f (x) = L.

x→∞ x→−∞

• The vertical line x = c is called a vertical asymptote of f (x) if the left-hand or

right-hand limit of f (x) at x = c is equal to ∞ or −∞.

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 Limits at infinity

• For any a > 0, we have

lim x−a = 0, and lim xa = ∞.

x→∞ x→∞

• Three properties:
1. If lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g(x) = L, then lim (f (x) ± g(x)) = ∞.
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
2. If lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g(x) = ∞, then lim (f (x) + g(x)) = ∞.
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
3. If lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g(x) = L > 0, then lim (f (x)g(x)) = ∞.
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
If lim f (x) = ∞ and lim g(x) = L < 0, then lim (f (x)g(x)) = −∞.
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞

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 x2 runs faster than x as x → ∞

x2 is the hare (rabbit), x is the tortoise (turtle), x2 runs faster than x as x → ∞.

lim (x2 − x) = ∞.
x→∞

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 Limits of polynomials at infinity

• Transform the difference/sum into a product:

lim (x2 − x) = lim x2(1 − x−1) = ∞.

x→∞ x→∞

• The leading term of a polynomial dominates when x → ∞, namely, if n ≥ 1

and an 6= 0, then

lim (anxn + an−1xn−1 + · · · + a0) = lim xn(an + an−1x−1 + · · · + a0x−n)

x→∞ x→∞

= lim anxn
x→∞
(
∞, for an > 0
=
−∞, for an < 0

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 Limits of rational functions and limits at −∞

• Let an 6= 0 and bm 6= 0, then

anxn + an−1xn−1 + · · · + a0 xn(an + an−1x−1 + · · · + a0x−n)

lim = lim m
x→∞ bm xm + bm−1 xm−1 + · · · b0 x→∞ x (bm + bm−1 x−1 + · · · b0 x−m )

anxn
= lim
x→∞ bm xm
an
= lim xn−m.
bm x→∞

• If x → −∞, then we make a change of variable y = −x (replace x → −∞ by

y → ∞ and x by −y):

lim f (x) = lim f (−y).

x→−∞ y→∞

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 Horizontal and vertical asymptotes

• The horizontal asymptotes come from the limits at infinity (if exist).

• The vertical asymptotes of a rational function come from the point when the
denominator of this rational function becomes zero.

• Steps in finding asymptotes of a rational function:

1. Evaluate the limits at ∞ and −∞ to obtain horizontal asymptotes.
2. Find the points when the denominator of this rational function becomes zero.
3. For each point found in the previous step, evaluate the one-sided limits at
this point. If one of the limits is ∞ or −∞, then we obtain a vertical
asymptote; otherwise both one-sided limits are finite and this point does
NOT give a vertical asymptote.

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 Continuity
Let f (x) be defined for x near c AND x = c. We say f is continuous at x = c if

lim f (x) = f (c).

x→c

Otherwise, we say f is discontinuous at x = c.

1. We say f has a removable discontinuity at x = c if

lim f (x) 6= f (c).

x→c

2. We say f has a jump discontinuity at x = c if

lim f (x) 6= lim f (x).

x→c− x→c+

3. We say f has an infinite discontinuity at x = c if either or both the

on-sided limit is ∞ or −∞.

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 One-sided continuity and laws of continuity

• f (x) is called left-continuous if

lim f (x) = f (c).

x→c−

f (x) is called right-continuous if

lim f (x) = f (c).

x→c+

• (Laws of Continuity) If f (x) and g(x) are continuous at x = c. Then

f (x) ± g(x), kf (x), f (x)g(x) are continuous at x = c. If further, g(c) 6= 0,
then f (x)/g(x) is continuous at x = c.

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 An example
y

-1 1 2
x

-1

f (x) is continuous at x = 1, and discontinuous at x = −1, 0, 2.

f (x) has an infinite discontinuity at x = −1,
a jump discontinuity at x = 0,
and a removable discontinuity at x = 2.
f (x) is left-continuous (but NOT right-continuous) at x = 0.

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 Basic functions, inverse function and composite function

• (Polynomial and rational functions) Let P (x) and Q(x) be polynomials. Then:
1. P (x) is continuous on the real line.
2. P (x)/Q(x) is continuous at x = c if Q(c) 6= 0.
• (Basic functions)
1. f (x) = sin x and f (x) = cos x are continuous on the real line.
2. For b > 0, f (x) = bx is continuous on the real line.
3. For b > 0 and b 6= 1, f (x) = logb x is continuous for x > 0.
4. If n is a rational number, then f (x) = x1/n is continuous on its domain.
• (Inverse function) If f (x) is continuous on an interval I with range R, and if
the inverse f −1(x) exists, then f −1(x) is continuous on R.
• (Composite function) If g(x) is continuous at x = c, and if f (y) is continuous
at y = g(c), then f (g(x)) is continuous at x = c.

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 Rates of change

• The average rate of change of a function y = f (x) over an interval [x0, x1] is
defined as
∆y f (x1) − f (x0)
= .
∆x x 1 − x0

• The instantaneous rate of change of a function y = f (x) at x = x0 is defined

as
f (x1) − f (x0) f (x0 + h) − f (x0)
lim = lim .
x1 →x0 x1 − x0 h→0 h

• The average rate of change is equal to the slope of the secant line through
(x0, f (x0)) and (x1, f (x1)).

• The instantaneous rate of change is equal to the slope of the tangent line at
x = x0 .

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 Rates of change

(Loading Video...)

The secant line (red) approaches the tangent line (green).

The average rate of change approaches the instantaneous rate of change.

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 Rates of change: bubble gum

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 62

 Rates of change: bubble gum

• The volume of the bubble is

4
V (r) = πr3.
3

• The average ROC of bubble volume when the radius increases from r0 to r1 is

V (r1) − V (r0) 4
= π(r12 + r1r0 + r02).
r1 − r0 3

• The instantaneous ROC of bubble volume at r = r0 is

V (r1) − V (r0)
lim = 4πr02.
r1 →r0 r1 − r0

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 63

 Rates of change: throwing a ball up in the air

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 64

 Rates of change: throwing a ball up in the air

• The height of the ball at time t is given by the displacement function

s(t) = 16t − 16t2.

• The average ROC of height (average velocity) over [t0, t1] is

s(t1) − s(t0)
= 16 − 16(t1 + t0).
t1 − t0

• The instantaneous ROC of height (instantaneous velocity) at t = t0 is

s(t1) − s(t0)
lim = 16 − 32t0.
t1 →t0 t1 − t0

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 65

 Derivative and tangent line

• The derivative of a function f (x) at x = a is the limit of the difference

quotient (if exists):

f (x) − f (a) f (a + h) − f (a)

f 0(a) = lim = lim .
x→a x−a h→0 h
If f 0(a) exists, then we say that f is differentiable at x = a.

• The tangent line to y = f (x) at x = a has the slope f 0(a) and the equation in
point-slope form:
y − f (a) = f 0(a)(x − a).

• We say y = f (x) is differentiable in (a, b) if f 0(x) exists for all x in (a, b). In
this case, we view y 0 = f 0(x) as a function defined on (a, b).

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 66

 Notations
• Let y = f (x), then its derivative function is denoted by
dy df d
y 0 = f 0(x) = = = (f (x)).
dx dx dx
For example, if y = f (x) = x−1, then
0 0 dy df d −1
y = f (x) = = = (x ) = −x−2.
dx dx dx

• If y = f (x) is differentiable at x = a, then we write

 
0 0 dy 
 df 
y (a) = f (a) =  =  .
dx x=a dx x=a
For example, if y = f (x) = x−1 and a = 1, then
  
0 0 dy 
 df 
 −2 


y (1) = f (1) =  = = −x = −1.
dx x=1 dx x=1 
x=1

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 67

 Theorems
Let f (x) and g(x) be differentiable functions.

• The Power Rule:

(xa)0 = axa−1.

• The Sum Rule:

(f ± g)0 = f 0 ± g 0.

• The Constant Multiple Rule:

(cf )0 = cf 0.

• If f is differentiable at x = c, then f is continuous at x = c.

• Remark. If f is continuous at x = c. It is NOT necessarily that f is

differentiable at x = c. (Counter example: f (x) = |x| and c = 0.)

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 68

 The product and quotient rules, higher derivatives
• The Product Rule:
(f g)0 = f 0g + f g 0.

• The Quotient Rule:  0

f f 0g − f g 0
= 2
.
g g

• Higher derivatives: let y = f (x), then

0 0 dy df d
y = f (x) = = = (f (x))
dx dx dx
2 2
     
00 00 d dy d dy d y d f d d
y = f (x) = = = 2= 2= (f (x))
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
3 3
  
d y d f d d d
y 000 = f 000(x) = y (3) = f (3)(x) = 3 = 3 = (f (x))
dx dx dx dx dx

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 69

 Derivatives of trigonometric and exponential functions
• Three basic formulas:
d d d x
(sin x) = cos x, (cos x) = − sin x and (e ) = ex.
dx dx dx

• Express everything in terms of sin x and cos x and then apply derivative rules:
 
d d sin x 1 2
(tan x) = = 2
= sec x.
dx dx cos x cos x
d d  cos x  1
(cot x) = = − 2 = − csc2 x.
dx dx sin x sin x
 
d d 1 sin x
(sec x) = = = sec x tan x.
dx dx cos x cos2 x
 
d d 1 cos x
(csc x) = = − 2 = − csc x cot x.
dx dx sin x sin x

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 70

 The chain rule

• Let u = g(x) be differentiable at x = x0 and y = f (u) be differentiable at

u = u0 = g(x0), then y = f (g(x)) is differentiable at x = x0 and
  
dy  dy  du 
=  × 
dx x=x0 du u=u0=g(x0) dx x=x0


• We can also write

dy dy du d d du
= or f (g(x)) = f 0(g(x))g 0(x) or 0
f (u) = f (u)
dx du dx dx dx dx

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 71

 The chain rule (special applications)
• If g(x) is differentiable, then

d d g(x)
(g(x))a = a(g(x))a−1g 0(x) and e = g 0(x)eg(x)
dx dx

• If f (u) is differentiable, then

d
f (kx + b) = kf 0(kx + b)
dx
Especially, if f (u) = eu, then

(ekx+b)0 = kekx+b

• If b > 0, then
(bx)0 = (ln b)bx

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 72

 Implicit differentiation
• Given an implicit function
y 4 + xy = x3 − x + 2

• Take derivative with respect to x on both side of the equation

d 4 d 3
(y + xy) = (x − x + 2)
dx dx
• Apply the chain rule and other derivative rules to obtain
dy dy
4y 3 + y + x = 3x2 − 1
dx dx
dy
• Solve dx from the above equation
dy 3x2 − 1 − y
=
dx 4y 3 + x

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 73

 Derivative of inverse function

• If y = f (x) is differentiable at x = x0 and f 0(x0) 6= 0. Then then inverse

function x = g(y) = f −1(y) is differentiable at y = y0 = f (x0) and

1 1
g 0(y0) = =
f 0(x0) f 0(g(y0))

• Inverse trigonometric functions

1 1 1 1
(sin−1 y)0 = = = =
(sin x)0 cos x
p p
1 − sin2 x 1 − y2
−1 0 1 1 1 1
(cos y) = = = √ = p
(cos x)0 − sin x − 1 − cos2 x − 1 − y 2

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 74

 y = sin x and y = sin−1 x

y=sinHxL y=sin-1 HxL

А2

-Π  2 -1

А2
x 1
x

-1
-Π  2

h π π i sin
− , −−
)−−−*− [−1, 1]
2 2 sin −1

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 75

 y = cos x and y = cos−1 x
y=cos-1 HxL
y=cosHxL
Π

А2 РА2
x

-1 x
-1 1

cos
−−
[0, π] )−−−*
− [−1, 1]
cos−1

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 76

 y = tan x and y = tan−1 x
y=tanHxL
y=tan-1HxL

А2

-Π  2 А2 x
x

-Π  2

 π π  tan
− , −−
)−−−*− (−∞, ∞)
2 2 tan −1

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 77

 y = cot x and y = cot−1 x
y=cotHxL
y=cot-1HxL
Π

А2 Π
x А2

x
cot
−−
(0, π) )−−−*
− (−∞, ∞)
cot−1

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 78

 y = csc x and y = csc−1 x
y=cscHxL
y=csc-1HxL

А2

-Π  2 -1
А2 x
x
1
-1

-Π  2

h π   π i csc
− , 0 ∪ 0, −−
)−−−*− (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
2 2 csc −1

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 79

 y = sec x and y = sec−1 x
y=secHxL
y=sec-1HxL

А2 РА2
x

-1

-1 1
x
h π   π i sec
0, ∪ −−
,π ) −−−*− (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
2 2 sec −1

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 80

 Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

1 1 1 1
(sin−1 y)0 = = = =
(sin x)0 cos x
p p
1 − sin2 x 1 − y2
1 1 1 1
(cos−1 y)0 = = = √ =
(cos x)0 − sin x − 1 − cos2 x − 1 − y 2
p

2
−1 0 1 2 cos x 1 1
(tan y) = = cos x = 2 = 2 =
(tan x)0 2
cos x + sin x 1 + tan x 1 + y2
−1 0 1 2 sin2 x 1 1
(cot y) = = − sin x = − = − = −
(cot x)0 sin2 x + cos2 x 1 + cot2 x 1 + y2
−1 0 1 cos2 x cos2 x 1 1
(sec y) = = = √ = =
(sec x)0
p p
sin x 2 2
1 − cos x y 1 − (1/y)2 |y| y 2 − 1
2 2
1 − sin x − sin x −1 −1
(csc−1 y)0 = = = = =
(csc x)0
p p p
cos x 1 − sin2 x y 2 1 − (1/y)2 |y| y 2 − 1

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 81

 Derivatives of logarithmic functions and hyperbolic functions

• Logarithmic functions

0 1 0 g 0(x)
(log x) = and (log g(x)) =
x g(x)

• Hyperbolic sine and cosine functions

ex − e−x ex + e−x
sinhx = and coshx =
2 2

• Identity
cosh2x − sinh2x = 1
• Derivatives
(sinhx)0 = coshx and (coshx)0 = sinhx

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 82

 Derivatives of hyperbolic functions
• Hyperbolic tangent and cotangent functions
sinhx ex − e−x coshx ex + e−x
tanhx = = x and coth x = = x
coshx e + e−x sinhx e − e−x
• Derivatives
0
(sinhx)0(coshx) − (sinhx)(coshx)0

0 sinhx
(tanhx) = =
coshx cosh2x
(coshx)(coshx) − (sinhx)(sinhx) 1 2
= 2 = 2 = sech x
cosh x cosh x
0
(coshx)0(sinhx) − (coshx)(sinhx)0

0 coshx
(coth x) = =
sinhx sinh2x
(sinhx)(sinhx) − (coshx)(coshx) −1 2
= 2 = 2 = −csch x
sinh x sinh x

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 83

 Derivatives of hyperbolic functions

• Hyperbolic secant and cosecant functions

1 2 1 2
sechx = = x and cschx = = x
coshx e + e−x sinhx e − e−x

• Derivatives
0
(1)0(coshx) − (1)(coshx)0 −sinhx

0 1
(sechx) = = 2 = 2 = −tanhxsechx
coshx cosh x cosh x
0
(1)0(sinhx) − (1)(sinhx)0 −coshx

0 1
(cschx) = = 2 = 2 = − coth xcschx
sinhx sinh x sinh x

• Express every hyperbolic function in terms of sinh and cosh.

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 84

 Absolute extrema

• Let f (x) be defined on an interval I and let c ∈ I. We say

1. f (c) is an absolute maximum if f (x) ≤ f (c) for all x ∈ I;
2. f (c) is an absolute minimum if f (x) ≥ f (c) for all x ∈ I.

• If f (x) is continuous on the closed and bounded interval I = [a, b], then f (x)
has absolute extrema (maximum and minimum) on I.

• If f 0(c) is not defined or f 0(c) = 0, then c is called a critical point of f (x).

• Let f (x) be continuous on the closed and bounded interval I = [a, b]. If f (c) is
an absolute extremum (maximum or minimum) of f (x) on I, then c is either a
critical point or an end point.

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 85

 Relative extrema
• Let f (x) be defined near x = c and x = c is not an end point.
1. We say f (c) is a relative maximum if f (x) ≤ f (c) for all x close to c.
2. We say f (c) is a relative minimum if f (x) ≥ f (c) for all x close to c.
• Let f (x) be defined on an interval I.
1. We say f (x) is a increasing on I if f (x1) < f (x2) for all x1 < x2.
2. We say f (x) is a decreasing on I if f (x1) > f (x2) for all x1 < x2.
• Assume f 0(x) exists for all x ∈ I.
1. If f 0(x) > 0 for all x ∈ I, then f (x) is a increasing on I.
2. If f 0(x) < 0 for all x ∈ I, then f (x) is a decreasing on I.
• (First Derivative Test for Critical Points) Let f (x) be defined near x = c.
Assume f 0(x) exists for all x near c but not necessarily at c itself.
1. If f 0(x) changes from + to − at x = c, then f (c) is a relative maximum.
2. If f 0(x) changes from − to + at x = c, then f (c) is a relative minimum.

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 86

 Relative extrema, points of inflection and derivative tests
• Assume f 00(x) exists for all x ∈ I.
1. We say f (x) is a concave up if f 00(x) > 0 for all x ∈ I.
2. We say f (x) is a concave down if f 00(x) < 0 for all x ∈ I.
3. If f 00(x) changes sign at x = c, we say x = c is a point of inflection.
• (First Derivative Test for Critical Points) Let f (x) be defined near x = c.
Assume f 0(x) exists for all x near c but not necessarily at c itself.
1. If f 0(x) changes from + to − at x = c, then f (c) is a relative maximum.
2. If f 0(x) changes from − to + at x = c, then f (c) is a relative minimum.
• (Second Derivative Test for Critical Points) Assume f 0(c) = 0.
1. If f 00(c) < 0, then f (c) is a relative maximum.
2. If f 00(c) > 0, then f (c) is a relative minimum.
• If f (c) is a relative extremum (maximum or minimum), then x = c is a critical
point, namely, either f 0(c) does not exist or f 0(c) = 0.

Lecture Notes for Math 1000 First Previous Next Last 87

 Curve sketching

Step 1: Find the x− and y− intercepts.

Step 2: Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes.

Step 3: Determine the intervals on which the function is increasing or decreasing,

and classify the relative extrema.

Step 4: Determine the intervals on which the function is concave up or concave

down, and identify the points of inflection.

Step 5: Sketch the curve

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 L’Hôpital’s rule
• Assume f 0(x) and g 0(x) exist for all x near a, and g 0(x) 6= 0 for x near but not
equal to a. If f (a) = g(a) = 0, then
f (x) f 0(x)
lim = lim 0
x→a g(x) x→a g (x)

provided that the limit on the right exists.

• If lim f (x) = ±∞ and lim g(x) = ±∞, then L’Hôpital’s rule also applies.
x→a x→a
Furthermore, the limits may be taken as one-sided limits.
• Assume f 0(x) and g 0(x) exist for large x, and g 0(x) 6= 0 for all large x. If both
lim f (x) and lim g(x) are zero (or infinity), then
x→∞ x→∞
f (x) f 0(x)
lim = lim 0
x→∞ g(x) x→∞ g (x)

provided that the limit on the right exists. Similar results hold when x → −∞.

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