CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction To Embedded Systems
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part
of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be
flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many
devices in common use today.
Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that
are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key
characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may
require very powerful processors. For example, air traffic control systems may
usefully be viewed as embedded, even though they involve mainframe computers and
dedicated regional and national networks between airports and radar sites.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and
performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced,benefiting from economies
of scale.
Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital
watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory
controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from
low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals
and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most
systems have some element of extensibility or programmability. For example,
handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems such as the
operating systems and microprocessors which power them, but they allow different
applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Moreover, even systems
which don't expose programmability as a primary feature generally need to support
software updates.

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 On a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application
systems will have subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is
"designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call
"embedded". A modern example of embedded system is shown in fig.

Fig.1.1 A modern example of embedded system

Labelled parts include microprocessor (4), RAM (6), flash memory
(7).Embedded systems programming is not like normal PC programming. In many
ways, programming for an embedded system is like programming PC 15 years ago.
The hardware for the system is usually chosen to make the device as cheap as
possible.
Hiring a programmer for an extra month is cheap in comparison. This means
the programmer must make do with slow processors and low memory, while at the
same time battling a need for efficiency not seen in most PC applications. Below is a
list of issues specific to the embedded field.

1.2 Need For Embedded Systems

The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because every day new
products are introduced to the market that utilizes embedded computers in novel
ways. In recent years, hardware such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and FPGA
chips have become much cheaper. So when implementing a new form of control, it's
wiser to just buy the generic chip and write your own custom software for it.
Producing a custom-made chip to handle a particular task or set of tasks costs far
more time and money. Many embedded computers even come with extensive
libraries, so that "writing your own software" becomes a very trivial task indeed.

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 From an implementation viewpoint, there is a major difference between a
computer and an embedded system. Embedded systems are often required to provide
Real-Time response. The main elements that make embedded systems unique are its
reliability and ease in debugging.
Debugging
Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the
facilities available. From simplest to most sophisticate they can be roughly grouped
into the following areas:
 Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the
embedded operating system (e.g. Forth and Basic)
 External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation using
either a monitor in flash or using a debug server like the Remedy Debugger
which even works for heterogeneous multi core systems.
Reliability
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run
continuously for years errors and in some cases recover by themselves if an error
occurs.
Therefore the software is usually developed and tested more carefully than
that for personal computers, and unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk
drives, switches or buttons are avoided.
Specific reliability issues may include:
 The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to
repair. Examples include space systems, undersea cables, navigational
beacons, bore-hole systems, and automobiles.
 The system must be kept running for safety reasons. "Limp modes" are less
tolerable. Often backups are selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft
navigation, reactor control systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls,
train signals, engines on single-engine aircraft.

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1.3 Features Of Embedded Systems
 This system can do a specific task and cannot be programmed to do different
operated things.
 The software that is used in the embedded system is fixed. (i.e., like in
computers multi software’s are used at a time).
 The power consumption for the embedded system is very low.
 Embedded systems have very limited resource.

1.4 Applications Of Embedded Systems

Consumer applications: At home we use a number of embedded systems which
include microwave oven, remote control, VCD players, DVD players, camera etc…
Office Automation:We use systems like fax machine, modem, printer etc…
Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries are using embedded systems for
process control. In industries we design the embedded systems to perform a specific
operation like monitoring temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc.., and
basing on these monitored levels we do control other devices, we can send
information to a centralized monitoring station.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
There are some factors that must to be considered when designing a smart
home system. The system is invented to be low-priced, scalable so that new devices
can be simply integrated into the system, and it should be user friendly. A variety of
smart systems have been considered where the control is via Bluetooth, internet, short
message service (SMS), smart card based, wifi etc Shiu Kumar proposed smart home
design application that allows owner to manage their home through internet. Its need a
PC tend the information to the internet, so a PC is used as a server that increases the
price and power consumption while others need web page hosting that need extra cost
also.In his paper, said that the use of PC can require considerable cost and can be
reduced by using a microcontroller . Deepali recommends the use of the android
platform version 2.3.4 Gingerbread and 3.1 Honeycomb using the Java programming
language for smart home security system for the disabled and senior citizens. In his
research , the connection between android platform and the home device using wired
conection, so It will be more efficient to support various wired as well as wireless
technologies such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wi-Fi, World Wide Web. The
implementation of Bluetooth for home security systems using the ARM9 processor
were introduced by Naresh. Hao Shi, in his research on home lighting settings
implemented an open-source Android Development Tools (ADT), the Android SDK
(Software Development Kit) and Java Development Kit (JDK) . Manasee Patil had
examined home automation system using RFID, Wireless Sensor Network (ZigBee)
technology and GSM. ZigBee is low power wireless technology used for monitoring
and controlling various devices . R. Piyare has introduced design and implementation
of a low cost, flexible and wireless solution for home automation, especially or on/off
the lamp and to on/off the television automatically. However, this is a basic system
without advanced features like integration of RTOS, and also not has light sensors
that are used to intelligently control the home appliances without human intervention.

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2.1 Problem Identification
Remote monitoring of processes, machines, etc is popular due to advances in
technology and reduction in hardware cost. Internet based monitoring is one of
common approaches of remote monitoring. Cellular networks provide Short
Messaging Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), which have
been utilized by many researchers for telemetry applications especially in medical
field. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) also offer attractive opportunity for remote
monitoring. However, deployment entails substantial investments in infrastructure.
Major applications of WSN are in field of environment monitoring, defense, etc.
Due to diverse technological developments, work was carried out on range of Nokia
cell phones starting from 3310 model which works on F-Bus protocols to 2700 classic
which is Series 40 5th Edition model which involved the use of Java ME platform.
Major focus of the work was to develop system which can cater to the needs of local
rural population where industrial firms are Intelligent Embedded System based
Remote Monitoring using Mobile reluctant to invest due to lower returns and lack of
suitable infrastructural facilities. The work has achieved tremendous success in this
regard as it is able to offer remote control capability using obsolete cell phone model
and even cell phone having non-working display and operational cost can be
minimized to negligible level through novel concept of miscalls.

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 CHAPTER 3
IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

Power Supply A LED

R
D
U
I
DTMF N Servo Door Open
HT9170B O Motor

MOBILE

Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram

3.1 Working Principle

Smart locks that supplement or replace your front door deadbolt do much
more than lock and unlock your door without a key. Most smart locks (and all of the
locks on our top picks list) let you receive alerts and track who's entering and leaving
your abode; email limited-access digital "keys" to visitors, children, trusted service
workers or guests when you're not home; and remotely lock and unlock when you're
away from home.
Some smart locks are compatible with smart home ecosystems such as Nest,
the Apple HomeKit and the Wink. They can be locked or unlocked as part of a group
operation; for example, you could program a night mod e action that locks the
doors and also turns off the lights and closes the shades. A smart lock can be handy
when paired with a compatible smart doorbell. If a friend, family member or service
worker rings your smart doorbell while you're away, you can visually confirm who it
is via the smart doorbell, then remotely unlock the door to let them in.
Smart home products, including smart locks, are still in their awkward
adolescence of development. Many of these new wireless gadgets are awkwardly
designed and frustratingly unresponsive. You'll probably take to carrying a traditional
key as a back-up in case your smart lock doesn't lock or unlock as advertised.

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 Since smart locks run on batteries, coming home to a dead smart lock is a
remote possibility. Most smart lock batteries last between six months to a year, and
flashing lights on the lock or a smartphone alert let you know if the batteries need
replacing. But the fact you even have to worry about power for your lock, on top of
the will-it-or-won't-it-open anxiety, could dissuade you from buying one of these
brainy bolters to begin with.
Lest you become thoroughly discouraged, some smart lock makers recognize
these reliability issues and are redesigning their wares accordingly. Many second-
generation smart locks and new products include belt-and-suspenders options that
provide second and even third physical methods of entry in addition to the primary
wireless mode.
But we're getting ahead of ourselves. If the idea of a lock you can lock and
unlock without a key or that you can monitor and control remotely appeals to your
inner geek, here's a primer on the available features and best models.

3.2 Input
3.2.1 DTMF Receiver HT9170B
The HT9170B/D are Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) receivers
integrated with digital decoder and band split filter functions as well as power-down
mode and inhibit mode operations. Such devices use digital counting techniques to
detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output.
Highly accurate switched capacitor filters are implemented to divide tone
signals into low and high group signals. A built-in dial tone rejection circuit is
provided to eliminate the need for pre-filtering.
The DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) application is associated with
digital telephony, and provides two selected output frequencies (one high band, one
low band) for a duration of 100 ms. A benchmark subroutine has been written for the
COP820C/840C microcontrollers, and is outlined in detail in this application note.
This DTMF subroutine takes 110 bytes of COP820C/840C code, consisting of
78 bytes of program code and 32 bytes of ROM table. The timings in this DTMF
subroutine are based on a 20 MHz COP820C/840C clock, giving an instruction cycle
time of 1 ms.The matrix for selecting the high and low band frequencies associated
with each key .

8
 Each key is uniquely referenced by selecting one of the four low band
frequencies associated with the matrix rows, coupled with selecting one of the four
high band frequencies associated with the matrix columns. The low band frequencies
are 697, 770, 852, and 941 Hz, while the high band frequencies are 1209, 1336, 1477,
and 1633 Hz. The DTMF subroutine assumes that the key decoding is supplied as a
low order hex digit in the accumulator.
The COP820C/840C DTMF subroutine will then generate the selected high
band and low band frequencies on port G output pins G3 and G2 respectively for a
duration of 100 ms. The COP820C/840C each contain only one timer. The problem is
that three different times must be generated to satisfy the DTMF application. These
three times are the periods of the two selected frequencies and the 100 ms duration
period. Obviously the single timer can be used to generate any one (or possibly two)
of the required times, with the program having to generate the other two (or one)
times. The solution to the DTMF problem lies in dividing the 100 ms time duration
by the half periods (rounded to the nearest micro second) for each of the eight
frequencies, and then examining the respective high band and low band quotients and
remainders.
The results of these divisions are detailed in Table I. The low band frequency
quotients range from 139 to 188, while the high band quotients range from 241 to
326. The observation that only the low band quotients will each fit in a single byte
dictates that the high band frequency be produced by the 16 bit (2 byte)
COP820C/840C timer running in PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Mode. TL/
3.2.1.1 Features
 Operating voltage: 2.5V~5.5V
 Minimal external components
 No external filter is required
 Low standby current (on power down mode)
 Excellent performance
 Tristate data output for MCU interface
 3.58MHz crystal or ceramic resonator
 1633Hz can be inhibited by the INH pin
 HT9170B: 18-pin DIP package

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3.2.1.2 Block Diagram

Fig.3.2 Block Diagram of HT9170B

3.2.1.3 Functional Description:
The HT9170B/D tone decoders consist of three band pass filters and two
digital decode circuits to convert a tone (DTMF) signal into digital code output.
An operational amplifier is built-in to adjust the input signal. The pre-filter is
a band rejection filter, which reduces the dialing tone from 350Hz to 400Hz.
The low group filter filters low group frequency signal output whereas the
high group filter filters high group Frequency signal output. A zero-crossing detector
with follows each filters output hysteretic. When each signal amplitude at the output
exceeds the specified level, it is transferred to full swing logic signal.
When input signals are recognized to be effective, DV becomes high, and the
correct tone code (DTMF) digit is transferred.

Fig:3.3 HT9170B Tone Decoders

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3.2.1.4 Steering control circuit
The steering control circuit is used for measuring the effective signal duration
and for protecting against drop out of valid signals. It employs the analog delay by
external RC time-constant controlled by EST.
The EST pin is normally low and draws the RT/GT pin to keep low through
discharge of external RC. When a valid tone input is detected, EST goes high to
charge RT/GT through RC.
When the voltage of RT/GT changes from 0 to VTRT (2.35V for 5V supply),
the input signal is effective, and the code detector will create the correct code. After
D0~D3 are completely latched, DV output becomes high. When the voltage of
RT/GT falls down from VDD to VTRT (i.e. when there is no input tone), DV output
becomes Low, and D0~D3 keeps data until a next valid tone input is produced. By
selecting adequate external RC value, the minimum acceptable input tone duration
and the minimum acceptable inter-tone rejection can be set. External Components (R,
C) are chosen by the formula.
3.2.1.5 Timing Diagram

Fig. 3.4 Timing Diagram

3.2.1.6 Applications
 PABX
 Central office
 Mobile radio
 Remote control
 Remote data entry
 Call limiting

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3.2.2 Mobile
Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication.
Mobile code-division multiple access (CDMA) technology has evolved rapidly over
the past few years. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has
gone from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS
navigation device, an embedded web browser and instant messaging client, and
a handheld game console. Many experts believe that the future of computer
technology rests in mobile computing with wireless networking. Mobile computing
by way of tablet computers are becoming more popular. Tablets are available on
the 3G and 4G networks.

Fig. 3.5 Keypad Mobile

3.3 Technology
3.3.1 Introduction To Arduino Uno
Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use
hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed
(referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino
IDE(IntegratedDevelopment Environment), which is used to write and upload the
computer code to the physical board.
 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different
sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED
on/off, connect to the cloud and many other actions.
 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading
software).

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  Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an
extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code
onto the board. You can simply use a USB cable.
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it
easier to learn to program.
 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of
the micro-controller into a more accessible package.
3.3.1.1 Board Types
Various kinds of Arduino boards are available depending on different
microcontrollers used. However, all Arduino boards have one thing in common: they
are programed through the Arduino IDE.
The differences are based on the number of inputs and outputs (the number of
sensors, LEDs, and buttons you can use on a single board), speed, operating voltage,
form factor etc.
Some boards are designed to be embedded and have no programming interface
(hardware), which you would need to buy separately. Some can run directly from a
3.7V battery, others need at least 5V.
3.3.1.2 Arduino-Board Description
In this chapter, we will learn about the different components on the Arduino
board. We will study the Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in
the Arduino board family. In addition, it is the best board to get started with
electronics and coding. Some boards look a bit different from the one given below,
but most Arduinos have majority of these components in common.

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 Fig.3.6 Arduino-Board Description
1.Power USB: Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).
2.Power (Barrel Jack): Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains
power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).
3.Voltage Regulator: The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage
given to the Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and
other elements.
4.Crystal Oscillator: The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues.
How does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The
number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the
frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.
5,17.Arduino Reset: You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from
the beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset
button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the
Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).
6,7 Pins (3.3, 5)
 3.3V (6): Supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7): Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and
5 volt.
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8 Pin(GND)
 GND (8)(Ground): There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which
can be used to ground your circuit.
9 Pin(Vin)
 Vin (9): This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an
external power source, like AC mains power supply.
10.Analog pins: The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5.
These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the
microprocessor.
11.Main microcontroller: Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11).
You can assume it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the
Arduino is slightly different from board to board.
The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know
what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This
information is available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC
construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.
12.ICSP pin: Mostly, ICSP is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as
an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of
the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.
13.Power LED indicator : This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino
into a power source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light
does not turn on, then there is something wrong with the connection.
14.TX and RX LEDs: On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and
RX (receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the
digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second,
the TX and RX led.
The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The
speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the
receiving process.

15.Digital I / O : The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6provide

15
 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input
digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules
like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.
16.AREF: AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external
reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
3.3.1.3 Atmega328

Fig.3.7 ATMEGA328
The Atmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the
megaAVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a
modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISCprocessor core.
3.3.1.4 Specifications
The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 kB ISP flash
memory with read-while-write capabilities,1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters
with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a
byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6- channel 10-bit A/D converter
(8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with
internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes.
The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device achieves throughput
approaching 1MIPS per MHz.

3.3.1.5 Applications

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 As of 2013 the ATmega328 is commonly used in many projects and
autonomous systems where a simple, low-powered,low-cost micro-controller is
needed Perhaps the most common implementation of this chip is on the popular
Arduino development platform,namely the Arduino Uno and Arduino Nano models.
3.3.1.6 Open Source
The term "open source" refers to something people can modify and share
because its design is publicly accessible. The term originated in the context of
software development to designate a specific approach to creating computer
programs.
Today, however, "open source" designates a broader set of values what we call
“the open source way”.Open source projects, products, or initiatives embrace and
celebrate principles of open exchange, collaborative participation, rapid prototyping,
transparency, meritocracy, and community oriented development.
Open source software is software with source code that anyone can
inspect,modify, and enhance. "Source code" is the part of software that most
computer users don't ever see; it's the code computer programmers can manipulate to
change how a piece of software a "program" or "application" works.
Programmers who have access to a computer program's source code can
improve that program by adding features to it or fixing parts that don't always work
correctly.People prefer open source software to proprietary software for a number of
reasons, including:
Control: Many people prefer open source software because they have more control
over that kind of software. They can examine the code to make sure it's not doing
anything they don't want it to do, and they can change parts of it they don't like. Users
who aren't programmers also benefit from open source software, because they can use
this software for any purpose they wish—not merely the way someone else thinks
they should.
Training: Other people like open source software because it helps them become
better programmers. Because open source code is publicly accessible, students can
easily study it as they learn to make better software. Students can also share their
work with others, inviting comment and critique, as they develop their skills.

17
 When people discover mistakes in programs' source code, they can share those
mistakes with others to help them avoid making those same mistakes themselves.
Security: Some people prefer open source software because they consider it more
Secure and stable than proprietary software. Because anyone can view and modify
open source software, someone might spot and correct errors or omissions that a
program's original authors might have missed. And because so many programmers
can work on a piece of open source software without asking for permission from
original authors, they can fix, update, and upgrade open source software more quickly
than they can proprietary software.
Stability: Many users prefer open source software to proprietary software for
important, long-term projects. Because programmers publicly distribute the source
code for open source software, users relying on that software for critical tasks can be
sure their tools won't disappear or fall into disrepair if their original creators stop
working on them. Additionally, open source software tends to both incorporate and
operate according to open standards.
3.3.1.7 Advantages Of Arduino Uno

1.Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other

microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be
assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50.

2.Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and

Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

3.Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming

environment is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to
take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing
programming environment, so students learning to program in that environment will
be familiar with the look and feel of Arduino.

4.Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open
source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers.
The language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to
understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C
programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code
directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.

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5.Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is based on Atmel's
Atmega8 and Atmega168 microcontrollers.
The plans for the modules are published under a Creative Commons license,
so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the module, extending
it and improving it.
Even relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the
module in order to understand how it works and save money.

3.4 Output
3.4.1 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LED’s are used
as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced
as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LED’s emitted low-intensity red
light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared
wavelengths, with very high brightness. The internal structure and parts of a led are
shown in figures 3.8 and 3.9 respectively.

Fig.3.8 Inside a LED Fig.3.9 Parts of a LED

3.4.1.1 Working
The structure of the LED light is completely different than that of the light
bulb. Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong structure. The light-emitting
semiconductor material is what determines the LED's color. The LED is based on the
semiconductor diode.

19
 When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.
An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LED’s
present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and
greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require
more precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED
products for general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources
of comparable output.They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements
for traditional light sources in automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in
traffic signals. The compact size of LED’s has allowed new text and video displays
and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced
communications technology. The electrical symbol and polarities of led .

Fig.3.10 Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED

3.4.1.2 LED lights have a variety of advantages over other light sources
 High-levels of brightness and intensity
 High-efficiency
 Low-voltage and current requirements
 Low radiated heat
 High reliability (resistant to shock and vibration)
 No UV Rays

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  Long source life
 Can be easily controlled and programmed
3.4.1.3 Applications of LED fall into three major categories
 Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the
LED to the human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
 Illumination where LED light is reflected from object to give visual response
of these objects.
 Generate light for measuring and interacting with processes that do not
involve the human visual system.
3.4.2 Servo

Fig. 3.11 Servo Motor

3.4.2.1 What is a Servo
Servos are DC motors with built in gearing and feedback control loop
circuitry. And no motor drivers required!
3.4.2.2 Synopsis
Servos are extremely popular with robot, RC plane, and RC boat builders.
Most servo motors can rotate about 90 to 180 degrees. Some rotate through a full 360
degrees or more. However, servos are unable to continually rotate, meaning they can't
be used for driving wheels (unless modified), but their precision positioning makes
them ideal for robot arms and legs, rack and pinion steering, and sensor scanners to
name a few. Since servos are fully self contained, the velocity and angle control loops
are very easy to implement, while prices remain very affordable. To use a servo,
simply connect the black wire to ground, the red to a 4.8-6V source, and the
yellow/white wire to a signal generator (such as from your microcontroller).

21
 Vary the square wave pulse width from 1-2ms and your servo is now
position/velocity controlled.
3.4.2.3 Servo Wiring
All servos have three wires
Black or Brown is for ground.
Red is for power (~4.8-6V).
Yellow, Orange, or White is the signal wire (3-5V).
Servo Voltage (Red and Black/Brown wires)
Servos can operate under a range of voltages. Typical operation is from 4.8V
to 6V. There are a few micro sized servos that can operate at less, and now a few
Hitec servos that operate at much more. The reason for this standard range is because
most microcontrollers and RC receivers operate near this voltage. So what voltage
should you operate at? Well, unless you have a battery voltage/current/power
limitation, you should operate at 6V. This is simply because DC motors have higher
torque at higher voltages.
Signal Wire (Yellow/Orange/White wire)
While the black and red wires provide power to the motor, the signal wire is
what you use to command the servo. The general concept is to simply send an
ordinary logic square wave to your servo at a specific wave length, and your servo
goes to a particular angle (or velocity if your servo is modified). The wavelength
directly maps to servo angle.
So how do you apply this square wave to your servo? If your robot is remote
controlled, your RC receiver will apply the proper square wave for you. If however
your robot is running from a microcontroller, you must:
 Bring high a digital port
 Wait between 1-2ms
 Bring low the same digital port
 Cycle a few dozen times per second
Note, if you are running multiple servos simultaneously, you can just put a
few of these program blocks in sequential order. You can run as many servos as you
have of digital ports.

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 So how many milliseconds do you keep the port high? It all depends on the
servo. You may have to tweak for each individual servo some several microseconds
difference.
The standard time vs. angle is represented in this chart:

Fig.3.12 Standard time vs. angle is represented in this chart

Servo Current
Servo current operates the same as in a DC motor, except that you now also
have a hard to predict feedback control system to contend with. If your DC motor is
not at the specified angle, it will suddenly draw huge amounts of current to reach that
angle. But there are other peculiarities as well. If you run an experiment with a servo
at a fixed angle and hang precision weights from the servo horn, the measured current
will not be what you expect. One would think that the current would increase at some
fixed rate as the weights increased linearly. Instead you will get unpredictable curves
and multiple rates. In conclusion, servo current draw is very unpredictable.
Stall Torque, Stall Current, Current Drain
Since servos contain DC motors, please read DC motor tutorial to learn about
servo stall characteristics.

Fig.3.13 Stall Torque, Stall Current, Current Drain

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Gear Types
More expensive servos come with metal gears for higher torque and longer
life, followed by karbonite and then nylon gears for the cheapest.
Nylon Gears - Nylon gears are most common in servos. They are extremely smooth
with little or no wear factors. They are also very lightweight, but lack in durability
and strength.
Karbonite Gears - Karbonite gears are relatively new to the market. They offer
almost 5 times the strength of nylon gears and also better wear resistance. Cycle times
of well over 300,000 have been observed with these gears with virtually no wear.
Servos with these gears are more expensive but what you get in durability is more
than equaled.
Metal Gears - Metal gears have been around for sometime now. Although the
heaviest and having the highest wear rate of all gear types, they offer unparalleled
strength. With a metal output shaft, side-loads can be much greater. Ever had a nylon
output shaft crack? I have. In applications that are jarred around, metal gears are best.
Unfortunately, due to wear, metal gears will eventually develop slight play in the
gear-train. Accuracy will slowly be lost.
Velocity
The servo turn rate, or transit time, is used for determining servo rotational
velocity. This is the amount of time it takes for the servo to move a set amount,
usually 60 degrees. For example, suppose you have a servo with a transit time of
0.17sec/60 degrees at no load. This means it would take nearly half a second to rotate
an entire 180 degrees. More if the servo were under a load. This information is very
important if high servo response speed is a requirement of your robot application. It is
also useful for determining the maximum forward velocity of your robot if your servo
is modified for full rotation. Remember, the worst case turning time is when the servo
is at the minimum rotation angle and is then commanded to go to maximum rotation
angle, all while under load. This can take several seconds on a very high torque servo.
Efficiency and Noise
Due to noise and control circuitry requirements, servos are less efficient than
DC motors uncontrolled.

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 To begin with, the control circuitry typically drains 5-8mA just on idle.
Secondly, noise can more than triple current draw during a holding position (not
moving), and almost double current during rotation.
Noise is often a major source of servo inefficiency and therefore should be
avoided. Ever notice your servo jitter or vibrate? This is because your servo is rapidly
jumping between two different angles due to interference.
What causes this interference? Well the signal wire is no different than a long
antennae, capable of accepting unwanted foreign signals and sending them straight to
your servo as a command. A common interference source is usually from other nearby
servos and/or servo wiring. How to prevent this problem? Keep your signal wire
short, meaning do not add say 3+ feet of extension cables to your servo. If you have
many servo wires going through one area, and it isn't feasible to keep them apart, then
twist them together. Supposedly this reduces cross interference and I've heard it
works, although I cannot really tell for sure myself. You can also buy something
called a servo booster extension which buffers and amplifies the signal.
Regulating Voltage to a Servo
As you should already know, servos have a voltage rating. Go above that
voltage and your servo overheats and possibly fries. So suppose you have a 7.2V
battery and you want to use a 5V regulator to power your servos, is that a good idea?
Short answer: No!
Longer answer . . . it will work, but its a huge waste of battery power.
So lets say you have your 7.2V regulated to 5V and the servos draw a total of 1.5A of
current.
Wasted power is:
(7.2V-5V)*1.5A = 3.3W
Percentage wise, its
(7.2V-5V)/7.2V = 30.6%
Thats the battery energy percentage wasted to thermal heat - almost 1/3rd!!!
Speaking of heat, your voltage regulator probably has thermal shutdown,
meaning that if it overheats it will throttle down current to your servos - meaning your
servos will have lower torque and lower speed. If your voltage regulator doesn't have
thermal shutdown, it will just fry instead (not a good thing).

25
 But if you still really really need to regulate for servos, get a switching
regulator (like ~83% efficiency on average).
Digital Servos vs Analog Servos
What is the difference between an analog and digital servo?
Digital servos, at the user end, are controlled no differently than analog servos.
The difference is in how the servo motor is controlled via the circuit board
(amplifier). The motor of an analog servo receives a signal from the amplifier 30
times a second or at 30Hz. This signal allows the amplifier to update the motor
position. Digital servos use a high frequency amplifier that updates the servo motor
position 300 times a second or at 300Hz. By updating the motor position more often,
the digital servo can deliver full torque from the beginning of movement and
increases the holding power of the servo. The quick refresh also allows the digital
servo to have a tighter deadband.
With the exception of a higher cost, there are only advantages for digital
servos over analog servos.
The digital micro processor is 10 times faster than an analog servo. This
results in a much quicker response from the beginning with the servo developing all
the rated torque 1 degree off of the center point. Be aware that this faster response
also results in higher starting currents, so make sure your batteries can handle it.
Digital servos can be programmed for direction of rotation, center and end
points, failsafe option, speed, and dead bandwidth adjustment. This is great for
matching sets of servos for deadband width, center and end points in giant scale
aircraft applications, and for reversing a digital servo when two are used on a "Y"
harness (below image).

Fig. 3.14 Digital Servos vs Analog Servos

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 If you do not want to deal with the added complication of programming, no
worries! Hitec digital servos will perform like standard servos out of the box. It is not
required to program them before use.
The standing torque of a digital servo is 3 times that of its analog counterpart.
This means digital servos are typically smaller and have more torque.
What about servo modification? Digital servos are also modifiable, just check
the datasheet to make sure.
Hitec vs Futaba
There are actually four major servo manufacturers - Hitec, Futaba, Airtronics,
and JR Radios. The last two are uncommon today, so I wont talk about them. Hitec
and Futaba servos work the same, but there are several interfacing differences which
you should be aware of.

Fig. 3.15 Hitec vs Futaba

The first is wire color, as Hitec uses a yellow signal wire while Futaba uses a
white one. The wiring order is the same, just different colors.
The second is connector compatibility. Futaba (J type) has a special flange
thingy while Hitec (S type, for universal) does not. Futaba has the extra flange to help
the user plug in the servo correctly, although there are only two ways to do it and
connecting a servo in the wrong way will not actually damage anything. If you want
to connect a Futaba servo to a Hitec device, just clip the flange off and use sandpaper
to file it down until it fits. If you ever need to connect a Hitec connector to something
Futaba, just use sandpaper to decrease the connector width until it fits.
The third is price. All things kept the same, Hitec servos are cheaper than
Futaba servos. But don't let this be your only determining factor in your decision, as
Futaba has some servo sizes that Hitec does not.

27
 The last major difference is in the spline. The spline is the output shaft of the
servo. This is where you would attach your servo horn or servo arm. Standard Hitec
splines have 24 teeth while standard Futaba splines have 25 teeth. What makes this
important is that servo horns built for one will not work with the other.
3.5 Rpower Supply
3.5.1 Introduction
Power supply is a supply of electrical power. A device or system that
supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is
called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical
energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others. A power supply
may include a power distribution system as well as primary or secondary sources of
energy such as
 Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and
voltage, typically involving converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated
lower-voltage DC for electronic devices. Low voltage, low power DC power
supply units are commonly integrated with the devices they supply, such
as computers and household electronics.
 Batteries.
 Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems.
 Solar power.
 Generators or alternators.
3.5.1.1 Block Diagram

`Fig.3.16 Regulated Power Supply

The basic circuit diagram of a regulated power supply (DC O/P) with led
connected as load.

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 Fig.3.17 Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply with Led connection
The components mainly used in above figure are
 230V AC Mains
 Transformer
 Bridge Rectifier(Diodes)
 Capacitor
 Voltage regulator(IC 7805)
 Resistor
 LED(Light Emitting Diode)
The detailed explanation of each and every component mentioned above is as
follows:
Transformation: The process of transforming energy from one device to another is
called transformation. For transforming energy we use transformers.
Transformers:A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors without changing its
frequency. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive
force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction. If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the
secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit
through the transformer to the load. This field is made up from lines of force and has
the same shape as a bar magnet.

29
 If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the coil. If
the current is reduced, the lines of force move inwards.
If another coil is placed adjacent to the first coil then, as the field moves out or
in, the moving lines of force will "cut" the turns of the second coil. As it does this, a
voltage is induced in the second coil. With the 50 Hz AC mains supply, this will
happen 50 times a second. This is called Mutual Induction and forms the basis of the
transformer.
The input coil is called the Primary Winding; the output coil is the Secondary
Winding. Fig: 3.18 shows step-down transformer.

Fig.3.18 Step-Down Transformer

The voltage induced in the secondary is determined by the TURNS RATIO.

For example, if the secondary has half the primary turns; the secondary will
have half the primary voltage.
Another example is if the primary has 5000 turns and the secondary has 500
turns, then the turn’s ratio is 10:1.
If the primary voltage is 240 volts then the secondary voltage will be x 10
smaller = 24 volts. Assuming a perfect transformer, the power provided by the
primary must equal the power taken by a load on the secondary. If a 24-watt lamp is
connected across a 24 volt secondary, then the primary must supply 24 watts.
To aid magnetic coupling between primary and secondary, the coils are wound
on a metal CORE. Since the primary would induce power, called Eddy Currents, into
this core, the core is Laminated. This means that it is made up from metal sheets
insulated from each other. Transformers to work at higher frequencies have an iron
dust core or no core at all.

30
 Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a constantly changing
current and moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field and
there would be no induction.
Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and
secondary.
This is to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment
down into the mains supply, or in the other direction. Transformers are sometimes
used for Impedance Matching.
We can use the transformers as step up or step down.
3.5.1.2 Step Up transformer
In case of step up transformer, primary windings are every less compared to
secondary winding.Because of having more turns secondary winding accepts more
energy, and it releases more voltage at the output side.
3.5.1.3 Step down transformer
Incase of step down transformer, Primary winding induces more flux than the
secondary winding, and secondary winding is having less number of turns because of
that it accepts less number of flux, and releases less amount of voltage.
3.5.1.4 Battery Power Supply
A battery is a type of linear power supply that offers benefits that traditional
line-operated power supplies lack: mobility, portability and reliability. A battery
consists of multiple electrochemical cells connected to provide the voltage desired.
Fig.3.19 shows Hi-Watt 9V battery

Fig.3.19 Hi-Watt 9V Battery

31
 The most commonly used dry-cell battery is the carbon-zinc dry cell
battery. Dry-cell batteries are made by stacking a carbon plate, a layer of electrolyte
paste, and a zinc plate alternately until the desired total voltage is achieved.
The most common dry-cell batteries have one of the following voltages: 1.5,
3, 6, 9, 22.5, 45, and 90. During the discharge of a carbon-zinc battery, the zinc metal
is converted to a zinc salt in the electrolyte, and magnesium dioxide is reduced at the
carbon electrode. These actions establish a voltage of approximately 1.5 V.
The lead-acid storage battery may be used. This battery is rechargeable; it
consists of lead and lead/dioxide electrodes which are immersed in sulfuric acid.
When fully charged, this type of battery has a 2.06-2.14 V potential (A 12 volt car
battery uses 6 cells in series). During discharge, the lead is converted to lead sulfate
and the sulfuric acid is converted to water. When the battery is charging, the lead
sulfate is converted back to lead and lead dioxide A nickel-cadmium battery has
become more popular in recent years. This battery cell is completely sealed and
rechargeable. The electrolyte is not involved in the electrode reaction, making the
voltage constant over the span of the batteries long service life. During the charging
process, nickel oxide is oxidized to its higher oxidation state and cadmium oxide is
reduced. The nickel-cadmium batteries have many benefits. They can be stored both
charged and uncharged. They have a long service life, high current availabilities,
constant voltage, and the ability to be recharged. Fig shows pencil battery of 1.5V.

Fig. 3.20 Pencil Battery of 1.5V

3.5.1.5 Rectification
The process of converting an alternating current to a pulsating direct current is
called as rectification. For rectification purpose we use rectifiers.

32
3.5.1.6 Rectifiers
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses
including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals.
Rectifiers may be made of solid-state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc
valves, and other components.
A device that it can perform the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is
known as an inverter.
When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or
positive portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term
rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being
used to convert AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a
specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with
only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum
tube diodes and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.
3.5.1.7 Bridge full wave rectifier
The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in fig:3.21, which converts an ac voltage
to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit
is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac
input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load
resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct,
whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in
series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct
whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series
with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same
direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a
unidirectional wave.

33
 Fig. 3.21 Bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes
3.5.1.8 DB107
Now -a -days Bridge rectifier is available in IC with a number of DB107. In
our project we are using an IC in place of bridge rectifier.
3.5.1.9 Features
 Good for automation insertion
 Surge overload rating - 30 amperes peak
 Ideal for printed circuit board
 Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded
 Glass passivated device
 Polarity symbols molded on body
 Mounting position: Any
 Weight: 1.0 gram

Fig.3.22 DB107
3.5.1.10 Filtration
The process of converting a pulsating direct current to a pure direct current
using filters is called as filtration.
3.5.1.11 Filters
Electronic filters are electronic circuits, which perform signal-processing
functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to
enhance wanted ones.

34
3.5.1.12 Introduction to Capacitors
The Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive device,
and one which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which produces a
potential (static voltage) across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two
parallel conductive plates that are not connected but are electrically separated either
by air or by an insulating material called the Dielectric. When a voltage is applied to
these plates, a current flows charging up the plates with electrons giving one plate a
positive charge and the other plate an equal and opposite negative chargethis flow of
electrons to the plates is known as the Charging Current and continues to flow until
the voltage across the plates (and hence the capacitor) is equal to the applied
voltage Vcc. At this point the capacitor is said to be fully charged and this is
illustrated below

Fig.3.23 Construction Of a Capacitor

Fig. 3.24 Electrolytic Capaticor

Units of Capacitance
Microfarad  (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F
 Nanofarad  (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F
 Pico farad  (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F

35
3.5.1.13 Operation of Capacitor
Think of water flowing through a pipe. If we imagine a capacitor as being a
storage tank with an inlet and an outlet pipe, it is possible to show approximately how
an electronic capacitor works.
First, let's consider the case of a "coupling capacitor" where the capacitor is
used to connect a signal from one part of a circuit to another but without allowing any
direct current to flow. 

If the current flow is alternating between zero

and a maximum, our "storage tank" capacitor will
allow the current waves to pass through.

However, if there is a steady current, only the

initial short burst will flow until the "floating ball
valve" closes and stops further flow.

So a coupling capacitor allows "alternating current" to pass through because

the ball valve doesn't get a chance to close as the waves go up and down. However, a
steady current quickly fills the tank so that all flow stops.
A capacitor will pass alternating current but (apart from an initial surge) it will
not pass dc.

Where a capacitor is used to decouple a circuit,

the effect is to "smooth out ripples". Any ripples,
waves or pulses of current are passed to ground
while dc. Flows smoothly.

Regulation

36
 The process of converting a varying voltage to a constant regulated voltage is
called as regulation. For the process of regulation we use voltage regulators.
Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator (also called a ‘regulator’) with only three terminals
appears to be a simple device, but it is in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It
converts a varying input voltage into a constant ‘regulated’ output voltage. Voltage
Regulators are available in a variety of outputs like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The
LM78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. For applications
requiring negative input, the LM79XX series is used. Using a pair of ‘voltage-divider’
resistors can increase the output voltage of a regulator circuit.
It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated rating. You cannot
use a 12V regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage regulators are very robust.
These can withstand over-current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating. In
both cases, the regulator will cut off before any damage occurs. The only way to
destroy a regulator is to apply reverse voltage to its input. Reverse polarity destroys
the regulator almost instantly.

Fig. 3.25 Voltage Regulator

Resistors
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage
across its terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in
accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment.

37
 Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).
The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance,
maximum working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include
temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance.
Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power
dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is
applied voltage. Critical resistance is determined by the design, materials and
dimensions of the resistor.
Resistors can be made to control the flow of current, to work as Voltage
dividers, to dissipate power and it can shape electrical waves when used in
combination of other components. Basic unit is ohms.
Theory of operation
Ohm's law
The behaviour of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in Ohm's
law:
V = IR
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the
current (I) through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).
Power dissipation
The power dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor
network) is calculated using the following:

Fig.3.26 Resistor

38
Fig.3.27 Colour Bands In Resistor

39
 CHAPTER-4
RESULT ANALYSIS

Fig.4.1 Implementation of DTMF Based HITECH Door Locking System

40
 CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES

5.1 Applications
The proposed system as a wide range of applications, some of them are as
follows:
 Home security
 Can be used in offices
 Can be used to secure industrial plants against intruders

5.2 Advantages
 Effective Control of home appliances
 Home automation using mobile phone
 Increase power efficiency
 Power wastage reduced

41
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion
The project "IMPLEMENTATION OF MOBILE BASED HITECH DOOR
LOCKING SYSTEM" has been successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of
all the hardware components used have developed it. Presence of every module has been
reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit.
Secondly, using highly advanced IC's and with the help of growing technology the
project has been successfully implemented.

6.2 Future Scope

Motor specification is to be determined

 Choice of flip-flop still has a scope of verification.
 Microcontroller can be implemented for acquiring more intelligence in our
system.
 16 bit register can be used for more protection.
 We can also lock our system by using the same password.
Voice announcement system can be added to indicate device conditions. We can
add voice announcement system along with the buzzer so if there are hazardous parameters
detected then respective voice message will be announced.
We can add fingerprint sensor instead of password based door operating. So entry
will be allowed for the authorized person using their fingerprints. We can monitor and
control more parameters and devices. We can implement other related modules like fire
sensor, wind sensor.

42
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] “Power Electronics “ By M.D Singh And K.B. Khanchandam

[2] “Linear Integrated Circuits “ By D.Roy Choudary And Shail Jain
[3] “ Electrical Machines” By S. K. Bhattacharya
[4] “Electrical Machines” By B.L .Thereja
[5] Electronic Components -D.V. Prasad
[6] Wireless Communications- Theodore S. Rappaport
[7] Mobile Tele Communications - William C.Y. Lee

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