Technical College of Engineering
Department of Petrochemical
COURSE: refinery
Name of Experiment: Standard test method
for Conradson carbon residue pf petroleum products ATSM
D189
Submitted by: soran najeb Group: B Stage:3
Experiment No: 1
Date of experiment: 8/2/2020
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EVALUATION
Activity During Experiment & Procedure
Data & Results
Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions
Neat and tidy report writing
Overall Mark
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the amount of carbon residue left after evaporation and pyrolysis of
crude oil.
INTRODUCTION:
The term “carbon residue” means the carbonaceous residue formed after
evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product. The residue is not entirely
composed of carbon, but is a coke which can be further change by pyrolysis.
This method describes a procedure for the determination of the amount of carbon
residue left after evaporation and pyrolysis of oil and it provide some idea of relative
coke forming propensities. The method is generally applicable to relatively non
volatile petroleum product which partially decomposes on distillation at atmospheric
pressure. Petroleum products containing ash forming constituents as determine by
ASTM method, “Test for ash from petroleum oil” will have erroneously high carbon
residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed. This method is applicable to
base fuels without additive.
In this method the basic principle involves a weighed test portion of sample in a
crucible is subjected to destructive distillation. The residue undergoes cracking and
coking reactions during a fixed period of severe heating. At the end of the specified
heating period, the test crucible containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in
desiccators and weighed. The remaining residue is calculated as a mass percentage
of the original test portion. [1]
APPARATUS:
1. Porcelain Crucible
2. Iron Crucible— Skidmore iron crucible
3. Iron Crucible
4. Wire Support
5. Hood
6. Insulator—Asbestos block, refractory ring, or hollow sheet-metal box
7. Burner
8. Sample of crude oil
PROCEDURE:
1- Weigh accurately the empty dry and clean crucible on the analytical
balance, M1, gm.
2- Shake thoroughly the sample to be tested, first heating to 50°C when
necessary to reduce its viscosity.
3- A 10 g sample is weighed (free of moisture & suspended matter) into a
porcelain crucible containing 2 glass beads (M2).
4- The crucible is placed in the center of skid more crucible which is set at
the center of the iron crucible and covers are applied to both of
skid more & iron crucible.
5- A strong flame is applied from the gas burner to have high heat for a
period of 10 min.
6- When smoke appears form the chimney the burner is moved or tilted to
ignite the vapor then removed temporarily.
7- When the vapors cease to burn the heat is reapplied until the bottom of
the sheet iron crucible is cherry red.
8- The burner is removed and the apparatus is cooled until no smoke
appears then the cover of skid more crucible is removed (about 15 min)
9- The porcelain or silica crucible is removed, cooled and weighed again
accurately, M3, gm and the % of carbon residue is calculated based on
the original sample.[7]
CALCULATIONS:
M1 (mass of empty crucible) =29.34 g
M2 (mass of crucible + sample) =34.88 g
M3 (mass of residue + crucible) =29.45 g
M 3−M 1 29.45−29.34
carbon residue present∈the sample %= ∗100= ∗100=2.70758 g
M 2−M 1 34.88−29.34
DISCUSSION:
Here we have a standard test method to determine the amount of carbon residue
exist in a sample of petroleum, the Conradson test is used to measure carbon
residues of oil. In brief, the carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon
deposits under high temperature conditions in an inert atmosphere. This is an
important value for the crude oil refinery, and usually one of the measurements in a
crude oil assay. Carbon residue is an important measurement for the feed to the
refinery process fluid catalytic cracking and delayed coking. Carbon residue for a
fossil fuel can be defined as the tendency of that fuel to form carbon deposits at high
temperature in an inert atmosphere. Carbon residue for a fuel is measured in weight
percentage (wt. %) or parts per million by weight (ppm wt.). High carbon residue
value is undesirable for a fuel, so carbon residue is an important value for oil
products price.[4]
ANSWER OF THE QUESTIONS:
1- Random errors main factor which gives us wrong results, Incorrect
measurements may affect the accuracy of result as well as non-fully
absence of Oxygen may cause errors in the results, Impurities and
suspended matter have effect on the result.[5]
2- Hydrocarbon that contain high CCR values, especially in excess of about 2
to 5 wt. %, can be undesirable for use in some refinery catalytic conversion
processes as they tend to increase the amount of coke in the refinery
catalytic conversion processes and deactivate the catalysts at an
unacceptable high rate for practical or optimal commercial use.
The high carbon residue of a fuel will tend to form carbon deposits under
high temperature conditions in an inert atmosphere, the carbon deposit
will decrease the performance of fuel and carbon deposit will precipitate on
the device or equipment so it will negatively affect the performance of
device or equipment. [4]
3- Impurities and suspended matter have effect on the result because there
are some impurities in crude oil doesn't decompose in low temperature
and some suspended causes the error in results.
We can eliminate this effect by applying high heat to let impurities
decompose and also, we can filtrate the sample to remove some
suspended and impurities.[3]
4- heavier oils (Aromatics) have much higher carbon residues and more
complex and longer hydrocarbon components, because high carbon means
low hydrogen, the nonvolatile compounds have a carbonaceous residue
know as carbon residue, therefore heavier fraction with more aromatic
contents have higher carbon residue.[2]
REFERENCES
1. Humboldt Testing Equipment. "Conradson Carbon
Residue Apparatus". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
2. Merriam-Webster. "Conradson Carbon Test". Merriam-
Webster.com. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
3. International Standards Organization. "Petroleum
products – Determination of carbon residue – Conradson
method". Retrieved 27 November 2015.
4. ASTM International. "Standard Test Method for
Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum
Products" (PDF).
5. Colorado School of Mines. "Delayed Coking" (PDF).
Retrieved 22 November 2015.
6. Sharon, John; Speight, James G. "Correlation between
Carbon Residue and Molecular Weight" (PDF). Western
Research Institute. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
7. Sadeghbeigi, Reza (2000). Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Handbook: Design, Operation, and Troubleshooting of
FCC Facilities. Gulf Professional Publishing.
p. 52. ISBN 0884152898.
