Hydraulics Engineering Lec #5:: Dr. Noor M Khan Department of Civil Engineering

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Hydraulics Engineering

Lec #5: Broad Crested Weirs and


Venturi Flumes

Dr. Noor M Khan


Department of Civil Engineering
Steady Flow in Open Channels

 Specific Energy and Critical Depth

 Surface Profiles and Backwater Curves in


Channels of Uniform sections

 Flow over Humps and through Constrictions

 Hydraulics jump and its practical applications.

 Broad Crested Weirs and Venturi Flumes


Flow Measurement in Open Channels
 Temporary Devices
 Floats, Rods
 Pitot Tube
 Salt Velocity Method
 Radio Active Tracers Pygmy Type Currentmeter, (Rickly Hydrological Co. USA)

 Current meter
 Permanent Devices
Broad Crested Weirs and Venturi
 Sharp Crested Weir/Notch Flumes are extensively used for
 Broad Crested Weir discharge measurement in open
 Venturi Flume channel.
 Ordinary Flume Broad Crested Weirs and Critical
 Critical Depth Flume flumes are based on the principle
of occurrence of critical depth.

Further reading: dethridge wheel: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dethridge_wheel


Coefficient for Float Method

Ref:

Measuring Water Flow in Surface Irrigation Ditches and gated Pipes. By Ed


Coefficient for Rod Method

Ref:

Measuring Water Flow in Surface Irrigation Ditches and gated Pipes. By Ed


Broad Crested Weir
 A weir, of which the ordinary dam
is an example, is an obstruction
in a channel, over which the flow
must deflect.
 For simple geometries the
channel discharge Q correlates
with gravity and with the head H
above the weir crest at u/s. Thus
a weir is a simple but effective
open-channel flow-meter.
 Figures show two common weirs,
sharp-crested and broad-crested.
 In both cases the flow upstream
is subcritical, accelerates to
critical near the top of the weir,
and spills over into a supercritical
nappe.
 For both weirs the discharge q
per unit width is proportional to
g1/2H3/2 but with somewhat
different coefficients Cd.
Broad Crested Weir
Applying Energy Equation ignoring h L
V2 Vc2
H+Z+  Z  yc 
2g 2g Vc
V 2
y y1
For Critical flow c
 c
2g 2 Z>Zc
2 2 2
V 2V V
 H+   c c

2g 2 g 2 g
2  V12
Vc  g H   V  Velocity of approach =Q/By1
3  2g
H= Head over the crest
Vc2 BVc3
Since : Q  BycVc  B Vc  B= Width of Channel
g g
3
B 2  V 2  Since Q act =Cd Q
Q   g  H  
g 3  2g 
  3/ 2
 V 2

V 2
3/ 2  Qact  1.7Cd B  H   in SI
Q  1.7 B  H   in SI  2g
 2g 3/ 2
 V2
 3.09Cd B  H  
3/ 2
V 2 Qact in FPS
Q  3.09 B  H   in FPS  2g
 2g
Broad Crested Weir
Q=C BH^ 3/2
 Theoretically
w CCoefficient of Discharge, Cd, is part of Weir Coefficient
depends upon
w

Cw  Weber number W,
 Viscosity
 weir geometry (Z/H, L,) and
 surface roughness, Vc
 Shape of weir (sharpness of
edges etc).
Z>Zc
 It has been found that Z/H is the
most important.
 The Weber number W, which
accounts for surface tension, is
important only at low heads.
 In the flow of water over weirs the
Reynolds number, R is generally
high, so viscous effects are
generally insignificant.
 For Broad crested weirs Cw
depends on length for.
 Further, it is considerably sensitive
to surface roughness of the crest.
Venturi Flume
Ordinary Flume
 An ordinary flume is the one in which a stream line contraction of width is
provided so that the water level at the throat is drawn down but the critical
depth doesn’t occur.

Continuity Equation
B1 y1v1  B2 y2 v2
Bernoulli ' s Equation
v12 v22 B1 B2
y1   y2 
2g 2g
Using both equations, we get
  y1 y2
  yc
 2 gH 
Q=B2 y 2 v 2 =B2 y 2  2
 1   B2 y2  H = y1-y2
  
 B1 y1 
Venturi Flume
Critical Depth Flume (Standing Wave Flume)
 A critical depth flume is the one in which either the width is contracted to
such an extent that critical depth occurs at the throat or more common
both a hump/weir in bed & side contractions are provided to attain
critical depth with hydraulic jump occurrence at d/s of throat.

Continuity Equation B1 B2

Q  B1 y1v1  B2 y2v2
Bernoulli ' s Equation V1 H
2
v 2
y1 vc yc
v
ZH  1
 Z  yc  c
Z
2g 2g
Using both equations, we get
Q=B2 y c v c
Parshall Flume
 Developed by PARSHALL for throat width of 1 ft to 50 ft
 Creates hydraulic jump without a hump.
 Coefficients are calculated by calibrations
 Q=a.BHc e.g. = 4BH^(1.522B^0.026)
(Ref. Henderson)

H
Parshall Flume

Ref: Ven Te Chow


Parshall Flume
Problem: 12.66
 A broad crested weir rises 0.3m above the bottom of channel. With a
measured head of 0.6m above the crest, what is rate of discharge per
unit width? Allow for velocity of approach.
Z  0.3m
H  0.6m
Vc
y1  Z  H y1
q  ???
Z>Zc
As we know that;
3/ 2
 V 2
Qact  1.7Cd B  H  
 2 g
3/ 2
 Q2 
Qact  1.7Cd B  H  
 By 2 g
Since B  1; using Trial and Error
Qact = q =0.505 m3 / sec/ m
Problem: 12.67
 A broad crested weir of height 0.6m in a channel 1.5m wide has a flow
over it of 0.27m3/sec. What is water depth just upstream of weir?
Z  0.6m
H  y1  0.6
B  1.5m Vc
y1
Q  0.27 m / sec
3

Cd  0.62 Z>Zc

As we know that;
3/ 2
 Q2 
Qact  1.7Cd B  H  
 By1 2 g
3/ 2
 0.27 2
0.27  1.7 x0.62 x1.5  y1  0.62  
 1.5 y1 2 g
Solving above equations reults
y1  0.905m
Assignment
 Problem: A venturi flume is placed in a channel 1.83m wide in which
the throat width is 1.07m & the floor is effectively horizontal.
Calculate the flow when the depth at the throat is 0.84 m with
 No standing wave beyond the throat
 Standing wave is produced beyond the throat.

If the depth at upstream is 0.91m.

 Date of Submission:
Questions

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