Nonlinear Dynamics

Dr: I.S.Shahin Mid Term Take Home Exam

Student: Ibrahim Naji Ghabar 9090030

1) Proplem ( 3.6.2) Strogatz

 = h + rx –x2
x

a) Plot the bifurcation diagram for ( x = h + rx –x2) , for h=0, h<0, h>0
Solution: x

1) for h=0 we get x = rx –x2

4 x=r
to find the fixed points we put x = 0
then rx –x2=0 and x(r –x)=0 so the fixed points 2
are at x*=0 and at x*= r .
Let us now examine there stability, 4 2 2 4
r

Let f(x)= rx –x2 , then f'(x)= r –2x

2
For x*=0 , f'(0)= r –2(0)=r, then if r<0 the fixed
at x*=0 is stable and its unstable if r>0
4
For x*=r, f'(r)= r –2(r)=-r, , then if r<0 the fixed
point x*=r is unstable and it is stable if r>0.
Figure 1, h=0
The bifurcation diagram is shown in figure 1

2) h>0, to find the fixed points

100
h+rx -x2=0, or h+rx=x2,
80
I plot x2 and h+rx in the same graph (figure2) x2
It is clear from the graph that we have two intersections 60

( two fixed points) this graph plotted for r>0. But if we h+rx
40
plot ( h+rx) for r<0, it will also give two fixed points
h
since h>0. 20

These two fixed points are

x
1 0 - 5 5 10
x* = r  r  4h ,
2
h/r
2 Figure 2,h>0
the quantity under the square root is always positive since h>0, r2>0 for negative and positive r.
To examine the stability of the fixed points one substitute them in f'(x)
f'(x)= r –2x

1
f'( r  r  4h )= r –2 r  r  4h =
2 2
r 2  4h , which is always positive
2 2

this means that x* = r  r  4h is unstable fixed point

2

for the second fixed point, x* = r  r  4h

2

f'( r  r  4h )= r –2 r  r  4h = -
2 2
r 2  4h , which is always negative
2 2
x

10

so the fixed point , x* = r  r  4h is stable

2

2
5
and x versus r is plotted in figure 3.
2
r
1 0 5 5 10

-2
5

1 0
Figure 3

3) For h<0, let us plot x2 and h+rx in the same graph (figure4) to see the behavior of the fixed
points clearly.
100
It is clear from the graph that at certain values of h and r
the line h+rx will be tangent to the curve x2, if we fixed
50
the value of h and we call the value of r as rc , then if
r exceeds this value ( increasing the slope of the line) x
1 0 5 5 10
we will have two fixed points, if r<rc we the fixed points
will not exist any more. 50

I will calculate this value of rc by two ways

First way : 100

rc
At rc , x2 = h+rcx, and 2x=rc so x= ( derivatives)
2
rc r
Then ( )2= h + rc( c ), so rc= 2 h ,
2 2
If rc<2 h , the fixed points does not exits, and the fixed points exist when rc>2 h

Second way: from

2
x* = r  r  4h
2

for r2+4h<0 the fixed points does not exist, and they exist when r 2+4h>0
so the fixed points exist when rc>2 h ,
and the value rc is rc=2 h ( saddle node bifurcation)
to examine the stability of the fixed points,

then f'( r  r  4h )= r –2 r  r  4h = -
2 2
r 2  4h (stable)
2 2

f'( r  r  4h )= r –2 r  r  4h =
2 2
r 2  4h , which is always positive ( unstable)
2 2

The graph of x versus r is shown in figure ( 6)

x
10
200

5
100

x r
1 5 1 0 5 5 10 15 1 0 5 5 10

100
r<0 5
r>0

200

Figure 6: x versus r, h<0

Figure 5, r>rc

b) Sketch the regions in the (r,h) plane that correspond to qualitatively different vector
fields and identify the bifurcations that occur on the boundaries of those regions.
Summery of the previous results:
1- When h=0, there are tow fixed points r
Two fixed points 6 Two fixed points
2- When h>0, there are two 2(saddle
fixed points
node)for all values of h and r
3- When h<0, the fixed points does not exist as4 rc<2 h ,
No fixed
and there are two fixedpoints
points when rc>2 2 h , Two fixed points

these results are sketched in the (r,h) plane and shown in figure (7)
h
1 0 5 5 10
No fixed points 2
Two fixed points

-2(saddle node) 4
Two fixed points
3 6

Figure 7: r versus h
c) Plot the potential V(x) corresponding to all the different regions in the (r,h) plane
dV
 = h + rx –x2 = -
x
dx

x2 x3
then V(x) =  (- h - rx +x2)dx =- hx-r + +c we put c=0
2 3

x2 x3
then V(x) =- hx-r + and graph (8) shows the behaviour V(x) versus x corresponding to all
2 3

the different regions in the (r,h) plane

4
 V x
r

x
1 0 5 5 10

V x
200
x

6
1 0 5 5 10

400 100

200
600

300

400

4
500

V x

400
 2

200

x h
1 0 5 5 10
1 0 5 5 10

200

400

2 V x 
300

250

200

150

4
100

50

x
1 0 5 5 10
50

6
Figure 8: V(x) corresponding to all the different regions in the (r,h) plane

5
 N
Problem: 3.7.4: H
A N
400
N N

N = rN(1- )-H
K A N 300

N Figure 1a: for A=0

a)H is the fishing amount:
A N 200

A: measures how quickly the amount of fishing is saturated, 100

if A=0, Then the fishing amount is constant which is H, the

N
fishing amount is saturated to (H) in no time ( figure 1a). H
N
20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000

A N
for small A the saturation is fast and the fishing amount
250

reaches its maximum (H) in small time ( figure 1b)and for

200
large A the saturation takes more time to be reached( figure
150
1c). Figure1b: for
100 small a
For small (N) the fishermen catch small amount of fishes
50

H
which is about ( N), because the fish are hard to find. N
A 20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000
N
H
For large N the fishing amount does not depend on (A) A  N
250 H
because the fishermen find plenty fishes and they catch as
200
much as thy can.
150
b) let N= x, t=T H Figure1c: for
21 0 0 large a
dx  x
then = rTx( 1- x)-H
d K A  x 50

1 HT H A A
now let T= , =K, h= = , a= = A2 0 0 0 0 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000
N

r  rK  K
dx x
then = x(1-x)-h
d ax

c) The fixed points are x*=0, for all values of a,h

1
and (1-x)-h =0 this means that
ax
(a+x)(1-x)=h x2+(a-1)x+(h-a)= 0 
1 1
x*= [(1-a)± (1  a ) 2  4( h  a ) = [(1-a)± (1  a ) 2  4h
2 2
To have real roots (1+a)2-4h>0
1 1
h must be less than (a+1)2, so hc= (a+1)2
4 4

6
1) for h>hc no fixed point from square root, just x*=0. x
20
If we draw N versus N for h>hc ( see Figure 2a), as we increase
Figure 2a: h>hc
h as the curve moves far away from (N) axis an goes closer to the 15

( N ) axis. So the only fixed point her is x*=0.

10
1
2) If h=hc, two fixed points x*=0, x*= (1-a), and this is clear
2 5

from (figure 2b). Which shows that the fixed point (x*=0) is x
3 2 1 1 2 3

1 5
stable but the fixed point (x*= (1-a)) which is saddle node
2
and it can be positive or negative depending on the value of a. If x
1 .0

a<1 this point will be positive and if a>1 the value of this point
will be negative. The graph at (figure 2b) is for a=3, and h=4. Its 0 .5

1
clear form the graph that as we increase h point (x*= (1-a)) x
2  2 .0  1 .5  1 .0  0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

will leave the x-axis and it will be no more tangent or intersect

figure 2b: h=hc  0 .5
with the x-axis.
3) If h<hc, there are three fixed points, at x*=0 which is unstable  1 .0

1
and two fixed points at (x*= [(1-a)± (1  a ) 2  4h ] which x
2
are stable fixed points.
x
 1 .5  1 .0  0 .5 0 .5 1 .0

1  0 .5
dx x h
d) = x(1-x)-h = x( (1-x)- 1  ( x ) )
d ax a
a  1 .0
Figure 2c:
near x=0 we can expand the second term of the equatin h<hc
 1 .5
1
x
x = 1- + O(x2) then
1  ( ) a
 2 .0
a
x
dx h x h
= x( (1-x)- ( 1- + O(x2) ) = (1- )x + 1 .0
d a a a
0 .5
2 2 dx h
O(x ), neglecting O(x ), we get = (1- )x
d a
h
h h 4 2 a2 4

x*=0, is stable for >1, and unstable for <1

a a
 0 .5

the number of fixed points is unchanged that means

transcritical bifurcation at h=a is occur.  1 .0

And this is clear from graphs ( figure 2) near 0.

7
e) sec(c), creates two fixed points as lowered through hc,
1
If h=hc, the two fixed points are x*=0, x*= (1-a), and this is clear from (figure 2b). Which shows that
2

1
the fixed point (x*=0) is stable but the fixed point (x*= (1-a)) which is saddle node and it can be
2
positive or negative depending on the value of a. If a<1 this point will be positive and if a>1 the value of
this point will be negative. The graph at (figure 2b) is for a=3, and h=4. Its clear form the graph that as we

1
increase h point (x*= (1-a))
2
1
stability of x*=0 is unchanged, and its saddle point at the bifurcation we need x*= (1-a) ≥0, so a<1
2
f)
h

h=(a+1)2
2 .0
x=0 stable
One fixed point
x=0 stable h=a
1 .5

1 .0

three fixed point

0 .5 x=0
unstable
x=0 stable

a
0 .5 1 .0 1 .5 2 .0

8
Another way for analyzing the stabilities as one changes a and h is to plot two curves in the same

x
graph which are x(1-x),h look at the figures in this page
ax

x
x

0 .2
0 .2
0 .1

0 .1
x
0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 1 .4
x  0 .1
0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 1 .4
 0 .2
 0 .1

 0 .3
 0 .2

 0 .3