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Geo - Resources and Development PDF

The document discusses different types of resources and land use patterns in India. It defines resources as anything available in the environment that can satisfy human needs if technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable. Resources are classified based on origin (biotic vs abiotic), exhaustibility (renewable vs non-renewable), ownership (individual, community, national, international), and development status (potential, developed, reserves). Land use in India includes forests, barren land, cultivated areas, and areas used for non-agricultural purposes. While population growth increased demand for resources, land under forests has not increased much since the 1960s due to this rising demand.

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Jatin Singla
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289 views14 pages

Geo - Resources and Development PDF

The document discusses different types of resources and land use patterns in India. It defines resources as anything available in the environment that can satisfy human needs if technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable. Resources are classified based on origin (biotic vs abiotic), exhaustibility (renewable vs non-renewable), ownership (individual, community, national, international), and development status (potential, developed, reserves). Land use in India includes forests, barren land, cultivated areas, and areas used for non-agricultural purposes. While population growth increased demand for resources, land under forests has not increased much since the 1960s due to this rising demand.

Uploaded by

Jatin Singla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Resources and

development

Notes☺
1. Resource: Everything available in our
environment which can be used to satisfy our
needs, provided, it is technologically accessible,
economically feasible and culturally
acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.
2. TYPES OF RESOURCES : These
resources can be classified in the following ways –
(a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and
non-renewable
(c) On the basis of ownership – individual,
community, national and international
(d) On the basis of status of development –
potential, developed stock and reserves.

• Biotic Resources obtained from biosphere and


have life such as human beings, flora and fauna,
fisheries, livestock etc.

• All those things which are composed of non-


living things are called abiotic resources. For
example, rocks and metals.

• Renewable Resources can be renewed or


reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical
processes For example, solar and wind energy,
water, forests and wildlife, etc.

• Non-Renewable Resources occur over a very


long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels
are examples of such resources. These
resources take millions of years in their
formation.

• Individual Resources are owned privately by


individuals. Example: Many farmers own land
which is allotted to them by government
against the payment of revenue.

• Community Owned Resources are resources


which are accessible to all the members of the
community. Example: Village commons (grazing
grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.)
public parks, picnic spots,playgrounds in urban
areas etc.
• National Resources Technically, all the
resources belong to the nation. The country has
legal powers to acquire even private property
for public good.

• International Resources are international


institutions which regulate some resources.
The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the
Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open
ocean and no individual country can utilise
these without the concurrence of
international institutions.

• Potential Resources: Resources which are found


in a region, but have not been
utilised. For example, the western parts of India
particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat
have enormous potential for the development
of wind and solar energy, but so far
these have not been developed properly.
• Developed Resources Resources which are
surveyed and their quality and quantity have
been determined for utilisation.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES
Resources are vital for human survival as well as
for maintaining the quality of life. It was
believed that resources are free gifts of nature.
Human beings used them indiscriminately
and this has led to the following major problems:
• Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed
of few individuals.
• Accumulation of resources in few hands, which,
in turn, divided the society into two segments
i.e. haves and have nots or rich and poor.
• Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led
to global ecological crises such as, global
warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental
pollution and land degradation.
4. Resource Planning in India :
It involves :
• identification and inventory of resources across
the regions of the country. This involves
surveying, mapping and qualitative and
quantitative estimation and measurement of
the resources.

• Evolving a planning structure endowed with


appropriate technology, skill and institutional
set up for implementing resource development
plans.
• Matching the resource development plans with
overall national development plans.
5. Conservation of Resources:
• Resource conservation at various levels is
important.
• Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern
about resource conservation in these words:
“There is enough for everybody’s need and not
for any body’s greed.”

6. LAND UTILISATION
Land resources are used for the following
purposes:
• Forests
• Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings,
roads, factories, etc.
• Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not
included in net sown area),
(c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more
than 5 agricultural years).
• Fallow lands
(a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one
or less than one agricultural year),
(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for
the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
• Net sown area
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year
plus net sown area is known as gross
cropped area.
7. Land use Pattern in India :
• Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million
sq. km.
• Land use data however is available only for 93%
of the total area because the land use reporting
far most of the North-East States except Assam
has not been done fully.
• Some area of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by
Pakistan and China have also not been
surveyed.
• The land under permanent pasture has also
decreased.
• Fallow land - left without cultivation far one or
less than one agricultural year.
• Net sown area total -total area sown in an
agricultural year.
• More net sown area in Punjab and Haryana.
• Less net sown area in Arunachal Pradesh,
Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman
• Nicobar Islands.
• National Forest Policy in India in 1952.
• Waste land includes rocky, Arid and desert area
and land put to other non agricultural uses
includes settlements, roads, railways, industry
etc.
• Continuous use of land over a long period of
time without taking appropriate measures to
conserve and manage it.

8. LAND DEGRADATION AND


CONSERVATION MEASURES
• At present, there are about 130 million hectares
of degraded land in India.
• Some human activities such as deforestation,
over grazing, mining and quarrying too have
contributed significantly in land degradation.
• In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining
have caused severe land degradation.
• In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of
the main reasons for land degradation.
• In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar
Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible
for land degradation.
N.C.E.R.T Questions and
Answers:

Question 2:
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i). Name three states having black soil and the
crop which is mainly grown in it.
Answer:
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are
some states where black soil is found and
cotton is the main crop grown on black soil.

(ii). What type of soil is found in the river deltas of


the eastern coast? Give three main features
of this type of soil.
Answer:
Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the
eastern coast. Alluvial soil is rich in potash,
phosphoric acid and lime. It has a high water
retention capacity and it is highly fertile soil.

(iii)What steps can be taken to control soil erosion


in the hilly areas?

Answer:
Terrace farming and shelter belt plantation can be
done to prevent soil erosion in hilly areas.

(iv). What are the biotic and abiotic resources?


Give some examples.
Answer:
Biotic Resources – All living organisms in our
environment are called biotic resources. For
example, trees, animals, insects, etc.
Abiotic Resources – All non-living things present in
our environment are termed as abiotic
resources. For example – earth, air, water, metals,
rocks, etc.

Question 3:
Answer the following questions in about 120
words.
(i). Explain land use pattern in India and why has
the land under forest not increased much
since 1960-61?
Answer:
About 45% of land is used as net sown area, i.e. for
farming. About 22% of the land is under
forest and the rest of the land is used for various
purposes; like housing, recreation and
industrial activities. Increasing population and
subsequent increase in demand for resources is
the main reason that forested land has not
increased much during this period.
(ii). How have technical and economic
development led to more consumption of
resources?
Answer:
Economic development creates demand for various
resources and technical development gives
the knowhow to exploit those resources. Thus,
technical and economic development; together
lead to more consumption of resources.

Thank you ☺ All the best…


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