Ruby Introduction

 Ruby was introduced by Yukihiro Matsumoto (known widely as

“Matz”)

 Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s

 Ruby is Based on Perl,Smalltalk,Eiffel,Ada and Lisp.

 Ruby offers automatic memory management.

 Ruby is Written in c

 Ruby is a dynamic interpreted language which has many

strong features of various languages.

 It is a strong Object oriented programming language.

Ruby is open source

 Ruby can be embeded into Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

 Ruby has similar syntax to that of many programming languages

such as C++ and Perl.
Let us write a simple program in ruby. All ruby files will have
extension .rb. So put the following source code in a test.rb file.

puts "Hello, Ruby!";

Here I assumed that you have ruby interpreter available in /usr/bin

directory. Now try to run this program as follows:

ruby test.rb

This will produce following result:

Hello, Ruby!
Ruby BEGIN Statement

Syntax:

BEGIN {
code
}

Declares code to be called before the program is run.

Example:

puts "This is main Ruby Program"

BEGIN {
puts "Initializing Ruby Program"
}

This will produce following result:

Initializing Ruby Program

This is main Ruby Program
Ruby END Statement

Syntax:

END {
code
}

Declares code to be called at the end of the

program.
Example:

puts "This is main Ruby Program"

END {
puts "Terminating Ruby Program"
}
BEGIN {
puts "Initializing Ruby Program"
}

This will produce following result:

Initializing Ruby Program

This is main Ruby Program
Terminating Ruby Program
Ruby Comments:

A comment hides a line, part of a line, or several lines from

the Ruby interpreter. You can use the hash character (#) at
the beginning of a line:

# I am a comment. Just ignore me.

Or, a comment may be on the same line after a statement

or expression:

name = "Madisetti" # This is again comment

You can comment multiple lines as follows:

# This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.
Here is another form. This block comment conceals several
lines from the interpreter with =begin/=end:

=begin
This is a comment.
This is a comment, too.
This is a comment, too.
I said that already.
=end
Ruby Operators

Ruby Arithmetic Operators:

**

Exponent - Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators

a**b will give 10 to the power 20

Example

2**3=>8
Ruby Comparison Operators:

<=>

Combined comparison operator.

 Return 0 if first operand equals second

 Return 1 if first operand is greater than the second.

Return -1 if first operand is less than the second.

Example

(a <=> b) returns -1.

eql?

True if the receiver and argument have both the

same type and equal values.

Example

1 == 1.0 returns true, but 1.eql?(1.0) is false.

Ruby Logical Operators:

and

Called Logical AND operator. If both

the operands are true then then
condition becomes true.

Example

(a and b) is true.
or

Called Logical OR Operator. If any of

the two operands are non zero then
then condition becomes true.

Example

(a or b) is true.

not

Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical

state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical
NOT operator will make false.

Example

not(a && b) is false.

Ruby Range operators:

Sequence ranges in Ruby are used to create a range of successive values -

consisting of a start value, an end value and a range of values in between.
In Ruby, these sequences are created using the ".." and "..." range
operators. The two-dot form creates an inclusive range, while the three-dot
form creates a range that excludes the specified high value.

Description Example
Operator
Creates a range from
1..10 Creates a range from 1 to 10
.. start point to end
inclusive
point inclusive
Creates a range from
... start point to end 1...10 Creates a range from 1 to 9
point exclusive
Ruby defined? operators:

defined? is a special operator that takes the form of a method call

to determine whether or not the passed expression is defined. It
returns a description string of the expression, or nil if the
expression isn't defined.

There are various usage of defined? operator:

defined? variable # True if variable is initialized

Example

foo = 42
defined? foo # => "local-variable"
defined? $_ # => "global-variable"
defined? bar # => nil (undefined)
Ruby Parallel Assignment:

Ruby also supports the parallel assignment

of variables. This enables multiple variables
to be initialized with a single line of Ruby
code. For example:

a = 10
b = 20
c = 30

may be more quickly declared using

parallel assignment:

a, b, c = 10, 20, 30

Parallel assignment is also useful for

swapping the values held in two variables:

a, b = b, c
Ruby offers contional structures that are pretty common to modern
languages. Here we will explain all the Conditional Statements
and modifiers available in Ruby

Ruby if...else Statement:

Syntax:

if conditional [then]
code...
[elsif conditional [then]
code...]...
[else
code...]
end
 if expressions are used for conditional execution. The values
false and nil are false, and everything else are true. Notice Ruby
uses elsif, not else if nor elif.

 Executes code if the conditional is true. If the conditional is not

true, code specified in the else clause is executed.

 An if expression's conditional is separated from code by the

reserved word then, a newline, or a semicolon.
Example:

x=1
if x > 2
puts "x is greater than 2"
elsif x <= 2 and x!=0
puts "x is 1"
else
puts "I can't guess the number"
end

Output

x is 1
Ruby if modifier:

Syntax:

code if condition

Executes code if the conditional is true.

Example:

$debug=1
print "debug\n" if $debug

Output:

debug
Ruby unless Statement:

Syntax:

unless conditional [then]

code
[else
code ]
end

Executes code if conditional is false. If the conditional is

true, code specified in the else clause is executed.
Example:

x=1
unless x>2
puts "x is less than 2"
else
puts "x is greater than 2"
end

This will produce following result:

x is less than 2
Ruby unless modifier:

Syntax:

code unless conditional

Executes code if conditional is false.

Example:

$var = 1
print "1 -- Value is set\n" if $var
print "2 -- Value is set\n" unless $var
$var = false
print "3 -- Value is set\n" unless $var

This will produce following result:

1 -- Value is set
3 -- Value is set
Ruby case Statement

Syntax:

case expression
[when expression [, expression ...] [then]
code ]...
[else
code ]
end

Compares the expression specified by case and that specified

by when using the === operator and executes the code of
the when clause that matches.

The expression specified by the when clause is evaluated as

the left operand. If no when clauses match, case executes the
code of the else clause.

A when statement's expression is separated from code by the

reserved word then, a newline, or a semicolon.
Example:

$age = 5
case $age
when 0 .. 2
puts "baby"
when 3 .. 6
puts "little child"
when 7 .. 12
puts "child"
when 13 .. 18
puts "youth"
else
puts "adult"
end

This will produce following result:

little child
Loops in Ruby are used to execute the same block of code a specified
number of times. This chapter details all the Loop Statements
supported by Ruby.

Ruby while Statement:

Syntax:

while conditional [do]

code
end

Executes code while conditional is true. A while loop's

conditional is separated from code by the reserved word
do, a newline, backslash \, or a semicolon ;.
Example:

$i = 0;
$num = 5;

while $i < $num do

puts("Inside the loop i = #$i" );
$i +=1;
end

This will produce following result:

Inside the loop i = 0

Inside the loop i = 1
Inside the loop i = 2
Inside the loop i = 3
Inside the loop i = 4
Ruby while modifier:

Syntax:

code while condition

OR

begin
code
end while conditional

Executes code while conditional is true.

If a while modifier follows a begin statement with no rescue or

ensure clauses, code is executed once before conditional is
evaluated.
Example:

$i = 0;
$num = 5;
begin
puts("Inside the loop i = #$i" );
$i +=1;
end while $i < $num

This will produce following result:

Inside the loop i = 0

Inside the loop i = 1
Inside the loop i = 2
Inside the loop i = 3
Inside the loop i = 4
Ruby until Statement:

Syntax:

until conditional [do]

code
end

Executes code while conditional is false. An until

statement's conditional is separated from code by the
reserved word do, a newline, or a semicolon.
Example:

$i = 0;
$num = 5;

until $i > $num do

puts("Inside the loop i = #$i" );
$i +=1;
end

This will produce following result:

Inside the loop i = 0

Inside the loop i = 1
Inside the loop i = 2
Inside the loop i = 3
Inside the loop i = 4
Inside the loop i = 5
Ruby until modifier:

Syntax:

code until conditional

OR

begin
code
end until conditional

Executes code while conditional is false.

If an until modifier follows a begin statement with no rescue

or ensure clauses, code is executed once before conditional
is evaluated.
Example:

$i = 0;
$num = 5;
begin
puts("Inside the loop i = #$i" );
$i +=1;
end until $i > $num

This will produce following result:

Inside the loop i = 0

Inside the loop i = 1
Inside the loop i = 2
Inside the loop i = 3
Inside the loop i = 4
Inside the loop i = 5
Ruby for Statement:

Syntax:

for variable [, variable ...] in expression [do]

code
end

Executes code once for each element in expression.

Example:

for i in 0..5
puts "Value of local variable is #{i}"
end

Here we have defined the range 0..5. The statement for

i in 0..5 will allow i to take values in the range from 0 to
5 (including 5).

This will produce following result:

Value of local variable is 0

Value of local variable is 1
Value of local variable is 2
Value of local variable is 3
Value of local variable is 4
Value of local variable is 5
A for...in loop is almost exactly equivalent to:

Syntax

(expression).each do |variable[, variable...]| code end

except that a for loop doesn't create a new scope for local
variables. A for loop's expression is separated from code by
the reserved word do, a newline, or a semicolon.
Example:

(0..5).each do |i|
puts "Value of local variable is #{i}"
end

This will produce following result:

Value of local variable is 0

Value of local variable is 1
Value of local variable is 2
Value of local variable is 3
Value of local variable is 4
Value of local variable is 5
Ruby break Statement:

Syntax:

break

Terminates the most internal loop. Terminates a method

with an associated block if called within the block (with
the method returning nil).
Example:

for i in 0..5
if i > 2 then
break
end
puts "Value of local variable is #{i}"
end

This will produce following result:

Value of local variable is 0

Value of local variable is 1
Value of local variable is 2
Ruby next Statement:

Syntax:

next

Jumps to next iteration of the most internal loop.

Terminates execution of a block if called within a block
(with yield or call returning nil).
Example:

for i in 0..5
if i < 2 then
next
end
puts "Value of local variable is #{i}"
end

This will produce following result:

Value of local variable is 2

Value of local variable is 3
Value of local variable is 4
Value of local variable is 5
Ruby redo Statement:

Syntax:

redo

Restarts this iteration of the most internal loop, without

checking loop condition. Restarts yield or call if called
within a block.
Example:

for i in 0..5
if i < 2 then
puts "Value of local variable is #{i}"
redo
end
end

This will produce following result and will go in an infinite loop:

Value of local variable is 0

Value of local variable is 0
............................
Ruby retry Statement:

Syntax:

retry

If retry appears in rescue clause of begin expression,

restart from the beginning of the 1begin body.

If retry appears in the iterator, the block, or the body of the

for expression, restarts the invocation of the iterator call.
Arguments to the iterator is re-evaluated.

for i in 1..5
retry if some_condition # restart from i == 1
end
Example:

for i in 1..5
retry if i > 2
puts "Value of local variable is #{i}"
end

This will produce following result and will go in an infinite loop:

Value of local variable is 1

Value of local variable is 2
Value of local variable is 1
Value of local variable is 2
Value of local variable is 1
Value of local variable is 2
............................
Ruby Methods

Ruby methods are very similar to functions in any other

programming language. Ruby methods are used to bundle one or
more repeatable statements into a single unit.

Method names should begin with a lowercase letter. If you begin

a method name with an uppercase letter, Ruby might think that it
is a constant and hence can parse the call incorrectly.

Methods should be defined before calling them otherwise Ruby

will raise an exception for undefined method invoking.

Syntax:

def method_name [( [arg [= default]]...[, * arg [, &expr ]])]

expr..
end
So you can define a simple method as follows:

def method_name
expr..
end

You can represent a method that accepts parameters like this:

def method_name (var1, var2)

expr..
end

You can set default values for the parameters which will be used if
method is called without passing required parameters:

def method_name (var1=value1, var2=value2)

expr..
end
Example:

def test(a1="Ruby", a2="Perl")

puts "The programming language is #{a1}"
puts "The programming language is #{a2}"
end
test "C", "C++"
test

This will produce following result:

The programming language is C

The programming language is C++
The programming language is Ruby
The programming language is Perl
Example:

def test
i = 100
j = 200
k = 300
return i, j, k
end
var = test
puts var

This will produce following result:

100
200
300
Example:

def sample (*test)

puts "The number of parameters is #{test.length}"
for i in 0...test.length
puts "The parameters are #{test[i]}"
end
end
sample "Zara", "6", "F"
sample "Mac", "36", "M", "MCA"

Output

The number of parameters is 3

The parameters are Zara
The parameters are 6
The parameters are F
The number of parameters is 4
The parameters are Mac
The parameters are 36
The parameters are M
The parameters are MCA
Ruby Blocks

 You have seen how Ruby defines methods where you can put
number of statements and then you call that method. Similarly
Ruby has a concept of Bolck.

 A block consists of chunks of code.

 You assign a name to a block.

 The code in the block is always enclosed within braces ({}).

 A block is always invoked from a function with the same name

as that of the block. This means that if you have a block with the
name test, then you use the function test to invoke this block.

 You invoke a block by using the yield statement.

Syntax:

block_name{
statement1
statement2
..........
}

Here you will learn to invoke a block by using a simple yield

statement. You will also learn to use a yield statement with
parameters for invoking a block. You will check the sample
code with both types of yield statements.
The yield Statement:

Let us look at an example of the yield statement:

def test
puts "You are in the method"
yield
puts "You are again back to the method"
yield
end
test {puts "You are in the block"}

This will produce following result:

You are in the method

You are in the block
You are again back to the method
You are in the block
You also can pass parameters with the yield statement. Here is an
example:

def test
yield 5
puts "You are in the method test"
yield 100
end
test {|i| puts "You are in the block #{i}"}

This will produce following result:

You are in the block 5

You are in the method test
You are in the block 100

Here the yield statement is written followed by parameters. You can

even pass more than one parameter. In the block, you place a
variable between two vertical lines (||) to accept the parameters.
Therefore, in the preceding code, the yield 5 statement passes the
value 5 as a parameter to the test block.
Variables in a Ruby Class:

Ruby provides four types of variables:

1.Local Variables: Local variables are the variables that

are defined in a method. Local variables are not available outside the
method. You will see more detail about method in subsequent
chapter. Local variables begin with a lowercase letter or _.

2.Instance Variables: Instance variables are available

across methods for any particular instance or object. That means
that instance variables change from object to object. Instance
variables are preceded by the at sign (@) followed by the variable
name.

3. Class Variables: Class variables are available across

different objects. A class variable belongs to the class and is a
characteristic of a class. They are preceded by the sign @@ and are
followed by the variable name.
4.Global Variables: Class variables are not available
across classes. If you want to have a single variable, which is
available across classes, you need to define a global variable.
The global variables are always preceded by the dollar sign ($).
Ruby Classes & Objects
class Customer
@@no_of_customers=0
def initialize(id, name, addr)
@cust_id=id
@cust_name=name
@cust_addr=addr
end
def display_details()
puts "Customer id #@cust_id"
puts "Customer name #@cust_name"
puts "Customer address #@cust_addr"
end
def total_no_of_customers()
@@no_of_customers += 1
puts "Total number of customers: #@@no_of_customers"
end
end

# Create Objects
cust1=Customer.new("1", "John", "Wisdom Apartments, Ludhiya")
cust2=Customer.new("2", "Poul", "New Empire road, Khandala")

# Call Methods
cust1.display_details()
cust1.total_no_of_customers()
cust2.display_details()
cust2.total_no_of_customers()
Output

Customer id 1
Customer name John
Customer address Wisdom Apartments, Ludhiya
Total number of customers: 1
Customer id 2
Customer name Poul
Customer address New Empire road, Khandala
Total number of customers: 2
Inheritance

 Inheritance is a relation between two classes.

 Inheritance is indicated with <.

class Mammal
def breathe
puts "inhale and exhale"
end
end

class Cat < Mammal

def speak
puts "Meow"
end
end

rani = Cat.new
rani.breathe
rani.speak
Features of Ruby

 Object-Oriented

 Portable

 Automatic Memory-Management (garbage collection)

 Easy And Clear Syntax

 Case Sensitive

Lowercase letters and uppercase letters are distinct. The

keyword end, for example, is completely different from the
keyword END. and features
 Statement Delimiters

Multiple statements on one line must be separated by semicolons,

but they are not required at the end of a line; a linefeed is
treated like a semicolon.

 Keywords

Also known as reserved words in Ruby typically cannot be

used for other purposes.

 Open Source

A dynamic, open source programming language

with a focus on simplicity and productivity
Basic Networking

 Our discussion of networking focuses on both sides of a client-server

relationship.

 The client requests that some action be performed, and the server
performs the action and responds to the client.

 A common implementation of the request-response model is between

World Wide Web browsers and World Wide Web servers. When a user
selects a Web site to browse through a browser (the client application), a
request is sent to the appropriate Web server (the server application). The
server normally responds to the client by sending an appropriate HTML
Web page.
Port

 A port is not a physical device

 In computer networking, a port number is part of the addressing

information used to identify the senders and receivers of messages.

 A port is an abstraction to facilitate communication between a

server and a client.

 Ports are described by a 16-bit integer value.

 Ranging from 0 to 65535

 Hence, a machine can have a maximum of 65536 port numbers

Port numbers work like telephone extensions. Just as a business telephone
switchboard can use a main phone number and assign each employee an
extension number (like x100, x101, etc.), so a computer has a main
address and a set of port numbers to handle incoming and outgoing
connections.

Internet Addresses

 These are the numerical host addresses that consist of four bytes such
as 132.163.4.102 ( i.e 32-bit number).

 An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label that is assigned

to devices participating in a computer network utilizing the Internet
Protocol for communication between its nodes.

 The IP address 127.0.0.1 (localhost) is a special address, called the

local loopback address, which denotes the local machine.
Sockets

We shall develop sockets-based networking applications

using the Ruby language. Sockets are the endpoints of a
bidirectional communications channel. Sockets may
communicate within a process, between processes on the
same machine, or between processes on different
continents.
Socket Programming Usage of TCP Server

Here we will write a very simple client program which will open a
connection to a given port and given host. Ruby class TCPSocket
provides open function to open such a socket.

The TCPSocket.open(host, port) opens a TCP connection to

hostname on the port.

Once you have a socket open, you can read from it like any IO
object. When done, remember to close it, as you would close a file.

The following code is a very simple client that connects to a given

host and port, reads any available data from the socket, and then
exits:
Client:

require 'socket' # Sockets are in standard library

host = 'localhost'
port = 2000

s = TCPSocket.open(host, port)

while line = s.gets # Read lines from the socket

puts line # And print with platform line terminator
end
s.close # Close the socket when done
Server:

To write Internet servers, we use the TCPServer class.

A TCPServer object is a factory for TCPSocket objects.

Now call TCPServer.open(hostname, port function to

specify a port for your service and create a TCPServer
object.

Next, call the accept method of the returned TCPServer

object. This method waits until a client connects to the
port you specified, and then returns a TCPSocket
object that represents the connection to that client.
require 'socket' # Get sockets from stdlib

server = TCPServer.open(2000) # Socket to listen on port 2000

loop { # Servers run forever
client = server.accept # Wait for a client to connect
client.puts(“welcome”) # Send the message to client
client.puts "Closing the connection. Bye!"
client.close # Disconnect from the client
}

Now run this server in background and then run above client to see the
result.
The Date Time Server and Client

Now let us build a Ruby-based Date Time server and client that
displays on the client computer the date and time at the server
location, using the Ruby socket API. Here's the code for the Date
Time Server

Here's the code for the Date Time Client

require 'socket' # Get sockets from stdlib

server = TCPServer.open(2000) # Socket to listen on port 2000

loop { # Servers run forever
client = server.accept # Wait for a client to connect
client.puts(Time.now) # Send the time to the client
client.puts "Closing the connection. Bye!"
client.close # Disconnect from the client
}
Explanation of the above code:

You first load the socket library with the require command. The TCPServer
class is a helper class for building TCP socket servers. The
TCPServer.new('localhost', 20000) statement creates a new socket
identified by localhost and port number. The Thread.start creates and runs
a new thread to execute instructions given in block. Any arguments passed
to Thread.start are passed into the block. The dts.accept method waits for
a connection on dts, and returns a new TCPSocket object connected to the
caller. The Kernel.loop iterator calls the associated block do..end) forever
(or at least until you break out of the loop). We use s.write(Time.now) to
write the current date and time on the server to the socket. Finally, we
write s.close to close a socket using the close method. This method is
inherited from the IO class, but it's available for each of the socket types.
 Here's the code for the Date Time Client

require 'socket'
streamSock = TCPSocket.new( "127.0.0.1", 20000 )
str = streamSock.recv( 100 )
print str
streamSock.close

Explanation of the above code:

You first load the socket library with the require command. The statement
sock = TCPSocket.new('127.0.0.1', 20000) opens a TCP connection to
localhost on port 20000. The statement str = sock.recv(100) receives up to
100 bytes from sock. We display the date-time string received from the
server and finally we close the socket.
Web Services with Ruby

What is SOAP ?

The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a cross-

platform and language-independent RPC protocol based
on XML and, usually (but not necessarily) HTTP.

It uses XML to encode the information that makes the

remote procedure call, and HTTP to transport that
information across a network from clients to servers
and vice versa.
Example

require 'soap/wsdlDriver‘
# URL for the service WSDL
wsdl = 'http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/webservices/wsdl/WSDbfetch.wsdl'

begin
# Get the object from the WSDL
dbfetchSrv = SOAP::WSDLDriverFactory.new(wsdl).create_rpc_driver

# SOAP message trace output

dbfetchSrv.wiredump_dev = STDOUT

# Get data from the service

puts dbfetchSrv.fetchData("UNIPROT:ADH1A_HUMAN", "fasta", "raw")
end
SOAP4R:

 SOAP4R is the SOAP implementation for Ruby

developed by Hiroshi Nakamura

 The soap4r module is bundled with modern versions

of Ruby

SOAP::WSDLDriverFactory.new().create_rpc_driver can be used to

create a service proxy, from a WSDL document, which provides an
interface to the web service. Using the methods provided by the
service proxy the service can be used as though it was a local
resource.
Load the soap4r library:

require 'soap/wsdlDriver'

Get the service proxy for the service:

# URL for the service WSDL

wsdl = 'http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/webservices/wsdl/WSDbfetch.wsdl'

# Get the object from the WSDL

dbfetchSrv = SOAP::WSDLDriverFactory.new(wsdl).create_rpc_driver

For debugging it is useful to see the SOAP messages being passed between the
client and the server:

dbfetchSrv.wiredump_dev = STDOUT

Get the data from the service and print it:

puts dbfetchSrv.fetchData("UNIPROT:ADH1A_HUMAN", "fasta", "raw")