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Buoyant Jets and Plumes: Theory and Models: Definitions

This document discusses buoyant jets and plumes, which are boundary layer flows originating from sources of momentum and buoyancy. It defines key terms like plume and buoyant jet, and describes the evolution zones of a buoyant jet. Critical parameters like the densimetric Froude number and Richardson number are introduced. A model is described for the self-similar properties of a buoyant jet. Example calculations are shown for discharging wastewater into the sea to determine dilution and reach of the jet. The effects of ambient receiving waters like stratification and currents are briefly mentioned.

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Giannis Daoultzis
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30 views9 pages

Buoyant Jets and Plumes: Theory and Models: Definitions

This document discusses buoyant jets and plumes, which are boundary layer flows originating from sources of momentum and buoyancy. It defines key terms like plume and buoyant jet, and describes the evolution zones of a buoyant jet. Critical parameters like the densimetric Froude number and Richardson number are introduced. A model is described for the self-similar properties of a buoyant jet. Example calculations are shown for discharging wastewater into the sea to determine dilution and reach of the jet. The effects of ambient receiving waters like stratification and currents are briefly mentioned.

Uploaded by

Giannis Daoultzis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Buoyant Jets and Plumes:

Theory and Models

Environmental Hydraulics

Definitions

Plume = boundary layer flow originating from a source of


buoyancy

Buoyant jet (forced plume) = boundary layer flow originating


from a source of momentum and buoyancy

1
Positive and Negative Buoyancy

Positive
Negative

Negative/positive

Buoyant Jet Evolution

Zone of jet evolution:

1. jet development (ZFE)


2. fully developed jet (ZEF)
3. final vertical elevation of jet
4. horizontal spreading

2
Densimetric Froude Number

u0 u0
F0 = F0 =
ρ − ρ0 g ' D0
g r D0
ρ0 ρ r − ρ0
g'=
ρ0

Related is the Richardson number:

1
Ri =
Fo2

∂ρ ⎛ ∂u ⎞
2
(in oceanography: Ri = − g / ρ⎜ ⎟ )
∂z ⎝ ∂z ⎠

Model of Buoyant Jet

Assumptions:
• hydrostatic pressure
• small variations in density
• symmetric jet
• self-similar properties
• no influence from boundaries
• density linearly related to
concentration

3
Geometrical conditions:

dz
= sin θ
ds

dx
= cos θ
ds

Continuity (water):

∞
d
ds ∫0
( ρu 2πrdr ) = αumax ρ2πrs

Continuity (pollutant):

∫ cu 2πrdr = c Q
0
0 0

Momentum equation (x-direction):

∞
cos θ∫ ρu 2 2πrdr = cos θ0ρQ0u0
0

4
Momentum equation (z-direction):

∞ s ∞
sin θ∫ ρu 2 2πrdr = sin θ0ρQ0u0 + g ∫ ( ∫ Δρ2πrdr )ds
0 0 0

Self-similarity:

u r
= exp( − k ⋅ ( ) 2 )
umax s
c r
= exp(−μ ⋅ k ⋅ ( ) 2 )
cmax s

Buoyant Jet Trajectories

Governing parameters:
u0
F0 =
ρ − ρ0
g r D0
ρ0
c0
Sm =
cm
x z
,
Do Do

5
Typical values on self-similarity coefficients:

Fr0 k μ

0 96 0.74
∞ 77 0.80

Homogenization before Horizontal Spreading

cmax
≈ 1.4
cafter

Regard temperature as a ”pollution” with:

T − Tr
T* =
T0 − Tr

6
Example of Discharge of Wastewater

Wastewater, at a flow rate of 0.1 m3/s and with a density of 1005


kg/m3, is discharged horizontally through a circular pipe at a
depth of 20 m below the sea surface. The density of the
seawater is assumed to be constant, ρr = 1025 kg/m3. What is
the dilution at the jet axis immediately below the water surface
and how far from the discharge point will the jet reach the
water surface? Make calculations for an initial jet diameter of
D0 = 0.25 m and D0 = 0.20 m.

Initial velocity:

0.1 0.1
u01 = = = 2.04 m/s
πD0 / 4 π ⋅ 0.252 / 4
2

0.1
u02 = = 3.18 m/s
π ⋅ 0.202 / 4

Density difference: ρr – ρ0 = 1025 – 1005 = 20 kg/m3

7
Densimetric Froude number:

2.04
F01 = = 9.23
20
g⋅ ⋅ 0.25
1005

3.18
F02 = = 16.1
20
g⋅ ⋅ 0.20
1005

z/Do + x/Do and Fo => solution through Figure 40

Water surface at: z/Do=20/0.25=80 + Fo=9.23


⇒ x/Do=45 x=11 m
Sm=50

Water surface at: z/Do=20/0.20=100 + Fo=16.1


⇒ x/Do=70 x=14 m
Sm=57

8
Effects of Receiving Waters (Ambient)

• buoyancy
• stratification
• currents

Density-stratified shear flow

Jet in cross flow


(calculated
streamlines)

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