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Mount Merapi

Mount Merapi

Merapi, July 2005

Elevation 2,914 metres (9,560 ft)

Border of Central Java / Yogyakarta

Location
(Indonesia)

7°32′S 110°26′E / -7.533,

Coordinates 110.433Coordinates: 7°32′S 110°26′E / -
7.533, 110.433

Type Stratovolcano

Age of rock 400,000 years

Last eruption 2006

Translation Mountain of Fire (Indonesian)

Mount Merapi, Gunung Merapi in Indonesian language, is a conical volcano located

on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active
volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. Its name means Mountain
of Fire. It is very close to the city of Yogyakarta, and thousands of people live on the
flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as 1700 m above sea level.

Although smoke can be seen emerging from the mountain top at least 300 days a
year, several eruptions have caused fatalities. Hot gas from a large explosion killed 43
people in 1994, mostly in the town of Muntilan, west of the volcano. Another large
eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the Yogyakarta earthquake. In light of the
hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it has been designated as one of the
Decade Volcanoes.
Geological history

Merapi before 2007 eruption.

Merapi is the youngest in a group of volcanoes in southern Java. It is situated at a

subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian Plate is sliding beneath the Eurasian
Plate. It is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the Pacific Ring
of Fire – a section of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through
Japan and South East Asia.[1] Stratigraphic analysis reveals that eruptions in the
Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago,, and from then until about 10,000 years
ago, eruptions were typically effusive, and the outflowing lava emitted was basaltic.
Since then, eruptions have become more explosive, with viscous andesitic lavas often
generating lava domes. Dome collapse has often generated pyroclastic flows, and
larger explosions, which have resulted in eruption columns, have also generated
pyroclastic flows through column collapse.

Typically, small eruptions occur every two to three years, and larger ones every 10-15
years or so. Notable eruptions, often causing many deaths, have occurred in 1006,
1786, 1822, 1872 (the most violent eruption in recent history), and 1930—when
thirteen villages were destroyed and 1400 people killed by pyroclastic flows.

A very large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have covered all of central Java with ash.
The volcanic devastation is claimed to have led to the collapse of the Hindu Kingdom
of Mataram, however there is insufficient evidence from that era for this to be
substantiated.

Merapi continues hold particular significance for the Javanese: it is one of four places
where officials from the royal palaces of Yogyakarta and Solo make annual offerings
to placate the ancient Javanese spirits.[2]

2006 eruption

Pyroclastic flows (2006)

In April 2006, increased seismicity at more regular intervals and a detected bulge in
the volcano's cone indicated that fresh eruptions were imminent. Authorities put the
volcano's neighboring villages on high alert and local residents prepared for a likely
evacuation. On April 19 smoke from the crater reached a height of 400 metres,
compared to 75 metres the previous day. On April 23, after nine surface tremors and
some 156 multifaced quakes signalled movements of magma, some 600 elderly and
infant residents of the slopes were evacuated.[3]
By early May, active lava flows had begun. On May 11, with lava flow beginning to
be constant, some 17,000 people were ordered to be evacuated from the area[4] and on
May 13, Indonesian authorities raised the alert status to the highest level, ordering the
immediate evacuation of all residents on the mountain.[5] Many villagers defied the
dangers posed by the volcano and returned to their villages, fearing that their
livestock and crops would be vulnerable to theft.[6] Activity calmed by the middle of
May.[7]

On May 27, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake struck roughly 30 miles southwest of

Merapi, killing at least 5,000 and leaving at least 200,000 people homeless in the
Yogyakarta region, heightening fears that Merapi will "blow".[8] The quake did not
appear to be a long-period oscillation, a seismic disturbance class that is increasingly
associated with major volcanic eruptions. A further 11,000 villagers were evacuated
on June 6 as lava and superheated clouds of gas poured repeatedly down its upper
slopes.[9] The pyroclastic flows are known locally as "wedhus gembel" (Javanese for
"shaggy goat").

Monitoring

Merapi Volcano January 27, 2007.

Merapi next to Merbabu January 9, 2008

Mount Merapi is the site of a very active volcano monitoring program. Seismic
monitoring began in 1924, with some of the volcano monitoring stations lasting until
the present. The Babadan (north west location), Selo (in the saddle between Merbabu
and Merapi), and Plawangan monitoring stations have been updated with equipment
over the decades since establishment. During the 1950s and early 1960s some of the
stations were starved of equipment and funds, but after the 1970s considerable
improvement occurred with the supply of new equipment. Some of the pre-1930
observation posts were destroyed by the 1930 eruption, and newer posts were re-
located. Similarly after the 1994 eruption, the Plawangan post and equipment were
moved into Kaliurang as a response to the threat of danger to the Volcanological
personnel at the higher point.

The eruption of 1930 was found to have been preceded by a large earthquake swarm.
The network of 8 seismographs currently around the volcano allow volcanologists to
accurately pinpoint the hypocentres of tremors and quakes.

A zone in which no quakes originate is found about 1.5 km below the summit, and is
thought to be the location of the magma reservoir which feeds the eruptions.
Other measurements taken on the volcano include magnetic measurements and tilt
measurements. Small changes in the local magnetic field have been found to coincide
with eruptions, and tilt measurements reveal the inflation of the volcano caused when
the magma chambers beneath it is filling up.

Lahars (a type of mudflow of pyroclastic material and water) are an important hazard
on the mountain, and are caused by rain remobilizing pyroclastic flow deposits.
Lahars can be detected seismically, as they cause a high-frequency seismic signal.
Observations have found that about 50 mm of rain per hour is the threshold above
which lahars are often generated.

See also
Indonesia Portal

 List of volcanoes in Indonesia

References
1. ^ Merapi villagers defy orders to leave homes: The Straits Times
2. ^ Radio New Zealand news report, 23 April 2006
3. ^ Mail & Guardian online, 23 April 2006
4. ^ Lava flows from Indonesia volcano. BBC News, May 4, 2006 URL
Accessed 2006-05-13
5. ^ Red alert for Indonesia volcano. BBC News, May 13, 2006 URL Accessed
2006-05-13
6. ^ Merapi villages defy orders to leave homes: The Straits Times
7. ^ Java volcano activity quietens – BBC News, 16 May 2006
8. ^ Earthquake Leaves Thousands Dead in Indonesia, NY Times, 27 May 2006
URL Accessed 2006-05-27
9. ^ [1], BreakingNews.ie, 6 June 2006 URL Accessed 2006-06-06

Further reading
 Triyoga, Lucas Sasongko. 1991 Manusia Jawa dan Gunung Merapi –
Persepsi dan Sistem Kepercayaannya Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada Universsity
Press. ISBN 979-420-211-8
 Decker, R. and Decker, B. (1997) Volcanoes, 3rd edition, WH Freeman, New
York.

External links
 Mount Merapi's activity continues to slow down (July 4, 2006)
 Live (30 minute) IR Satellite
 Live Volcanic Ash Advisories
 Map of Indonesian volcanoes active since 1900
 Global Volcanism Program entry
 Volcanological Survey of Indonesia
 Info and pictures
 Info and pictures
 A lot of sources concerning the Merapi-eruption in May 2006
  Map of population centers near Merapi (May, 2006)
 Merapi (and other Indonesian Volcanoes)overview and photos (June 6)
 The Independent Mount Merapi Observatory Balerante 149070-Info and
Pictures of Merapi Activities

Summit (topography)

In topography, a summit is a point on a surface which is higher in elevation than all

points immediately adjacent to it. Mathematically speaking, a summit is a local
maximum in elevation.
..... Click the link for more information.
Central Java

Central Java (Indonesian: Provinsi Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. The

administrative capital is Semarang. It is one of the six provinces of the island of Java.
..... Click the link for more information.
Yogyakarta
This article is about the Special Region of Yogyakarta. For the city of
Yogyakarta, see Yogyakarta (city). For the Indonesian sultanate, see
Yogyakarta Sultanate.

..... Click the link for more information.

Indonesia

Republik Indonesia
Republic of Indonesia

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika  (Old Javanese)
Unity in Diversity
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Geographic coordinate system
For the use of coordinates on Wikipedia pages see: Wikipedia:WikiProject
Geographical coordinates

A geographic coordinate system

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Geographic coordinate system
For the use of coordinates on Wikipedia pages see: Wikipedia:WikiProject
Geographical coordinates

A geographic coordinate system

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List of mountain types

Mountains can be characterized in several ways. Some mountains are volcanoes and
can be characterized by the type of lava and eruptive history. Other mountains are
shaped by glacial processes and can be characterized by their shape.
..... Click the link for more information.
Stratovolcano

A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano, is a tall, conical volcano composed

of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.
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Geologic time scale

The geological time scale is used by geologists and other scientists to describe the
timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of
Earth.
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Volcano

Cross-section through a stratovolcano:

1. Large magma chamber
2. Bedrock
3. Conduit (pipe)
4. Base
5. Sill
6. Branch pipe
7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano
8. Flank 9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano
10.
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2006

20th century - 21st century - 22nd century

1970s  1980s  1990s  - 2000s -  2010s  2020s  2030s
2003 2004 2005 - 2006 - 2007 2008 2009

Year 2006 (MMVI

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Indonesian language

Indonesian
Bahasa Indonesia
Spoken in: Indonesia, East Timor 
Region: Southeast Asia
Total speakers: about 200 million (17 million native speakers) 
Ranking: 52 (by native speakers)
..... Click the link for more information.
Indonesian language

Indonesian
Bahasa Indonesia
Spoken in: Indonesia, East Timor 
Region: Southeast Asia
Total speakers: about 200 million (17 million native speakers) 
Ranking: 52 (by native speakers)
..... Click the link for more information.
Volcano

Cross-section through a stratovolcano:

1. Large magma chamber
2. Bedrock
3. Conduit (pipe)
4. Base
5. Sill
6. Branch pipe
7. Layers of ash emitted by the volcano
8. Flank 9. Layers of lava emitted by the volcano
10.
..... Click the link for more information.
Central Java

Central Java (Indonesian: Provinsi Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. The

administrative capital is Semarang. It is one of the six provinces of the island of
Java.
..... Click the link for more information.
Yogyakarta
This article is about the Special Region of Yogyakarta. For the city of
Yogyakarta, see Yogyakarta (city). For the Indonesian sultanate, see
Yogyakarta Sultanate.

..... Click the link for more information.

Indonesia

Republik Indonesia
Republic of Indonesia

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika  (Old Javanese)
Unity in Diversity
..... Click the link for more information.
1548

15th century - 16th century - 17th century

1510s  1520s  1530s  - 1540s -  1550s  1560s  1570s
1545 1546 1547 - 1548 - 1549 1550 1551

Year 1548
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Yogyakarta (city)

Yogyakarta

Seal
Motto: Memayu Hayuning Bawono

Yogyakarta

Location of Yogyakarta in Indonesia

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Sea level

Mean sea level (MSL) is the average (mean) height of the sea, with reference to a
suitable reference surface. Defining the reference level [1], however, involves
complex measurement, and accurately determining MSL can prove difficult.
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May 2006 Java earthquake

The May 2006 Java earthquake occurred at 05:54 local time on 27 May 2006
(22:54 GMT 26 May), in the Indian Ocean around 25 km (15 miles) south-
southwest of the Indonesian city of Yogyakarta, near Galur, on the southern side
of
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Decade Volcanoes

The Decade Volcanoes are 16 volcanoes identified by the International

Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) as
being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive
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Subduction

In geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet
and move towards one another, with one sliding underneath the other and
moving down into the mantle, at rates typically measured in centimeters per
year.
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Indo-Australian Plate

The Indo-Australian Plate is a major tectonic plate that includes the continent of
Australia and surrounding ocean, and extends northwest to include the Indian
subcontinent and adjacent waters.
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Eurasian Plate

The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of
Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia),
with the notable exceptions of the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian
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Pacific Ring of Fire

The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic

eruptions encircling the basin of the Pacific Ocean.
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Lava

Lava is molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption. When first

expelled from a volcanic vent, it is a liquid at temperatures from 700 °C to 1,200
°C (1,300 °F to 2,200 °F).
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Basalt

Basalt (pronounced /ˈbæsɒlt, bəˈsɔːlt/) is a common mafic extrusive volcanic

rock.
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Andesite

Andesite (pronounced /ˈændəsaɪt/

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Lava dome

In volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a roughly circular mound-shaped

protrusion resulting from the slow eruption of felsic lava (usually rhyolite or
dacite) from a volcano, or from multiple lava episodes of different magma
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