APPENDIX B

(green cover page) LABORATORY REPORT(CLO 1 - PLO4, C2) OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICITON OF YIELD STRENGTH AND MOE of Ai RAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY

GROUP MEMBERS: MATRIC NO. DEPARTMENT CIVIL ENGINEERING

1. MUHAMMAD ‘AFIF BIN MUHAMMED MISMAN AF180126 FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
2. ANNAS ZHARFAN BIN KHIDIR CF190174
3. SHANURULAIN BINTI MOHD NIZAM CF190219
4. AMIRAH ADLINA BINTI NAZRI CF190204
5. SECTION: FOUR (4)
LABORATORY REPORT RUBRIC (CLO 1 - PLO4, C2) CLO 1 – Converted to 30 Marks-
Criteria Mark W Marks
1= Very Poor 2=Poor 3=Moderate 4=Good 5= Very Good Scale
The fundamental theory of
Fundamental Theory The fundamental theory of lab
The fundamental theory of The fundamental theory of lab The fundamental theory of lab lab topic are presented and
[20] topic are presented and
- Introduction
lab topic are not presented topic are partially presented topic are partially presented
discussed accordingly,
discussed that relates to 4.0 /20
and discussed and poorly discussed and moderately discussed real case, references
- Literature review references provided
provided
Methodology are described
Methodology are moderately
Methodology are not correctly Methodology are described with proper experimental &
Methodology Methodology are not described without proper
[20] described
described, wrong experimental
experimental and analysis
with proper experimental & analysis procedure 4.0 /20
procedure analysis procedure according to specific
procedure
standard
Result, Data Analysis &
Discussions
[40] Very good in data analysis
Many mistakes in data Good in data analysis with
Including elements: Incorrect data analysis Some mistakes in data analysis with strong justifications
- Scientific Terminology & without discussions
analysis with poor
with moderate justifications
reliable justifications for
for complex engineering 8.0 /40
justifications complex engineering problem
Accuracy problem
- References, citations and
formatting
The conclusions are well
The conclusions are moderately The conclusions are reflected
Conclusions The conclusions are not written and reflected to all
[10]
No conclusions
reflected to objective
written, some points are to objective and provide
objectives, provide overall 2.0 /10
reflected to objective overall summary
summary
Having tremendous value in
Weak OEL design and The OEL design and
Very little achievement on the OEL design and
OEL achievement organization and with organization is moderately The design of OEL is well
OEL design and organization organization, and perfectly
[10] agreement made against the
towards the outcomes of the
achievement but closely in-line organized and in-line to the
achieved all criteria to 2.0 /10
whole achievement of to the need on the achievement requirement of the laboratory
laboratory fulfill the main aim of
laboratory of laboratory
laboratory

/100

3A 11/Sep/19
IDENTIFICATION OF YEILD STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
OF ALUMINUM (Al)

AMIRAH ADLINA BINTI NAZRI

ANNAS ZHARFAN BIN KHIDIR

MUHAMMAD ‘AFIF BIN MUHAMMED MISMAN

SHAHURULAIN BINTI MOHD NIZAM

A laboratory report submitted in partial to fulfil the requirement for

Hydraulics and Mechanics of Material Laboratory (BFC 21201)

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

APRIL 2020
 ii

ABSTRACT

This experiment was conducted so as to find out about the theory and experiment data
based on the mechanical properties of aluminium plates. The modulus of elasticity, E
is a material property, that describes its stiffness and is along these lines one of the
most significant properties of solid materials. Mechanical deformation puts energy into
a material. The energy is stored elastically or dissipated plastically. The manner in
which a material stores this energy is summarized in stress-strain curves. The objective
of this experiment is to investigate the mechanical properties of aluminium plates
under tensile test by using universal testing machine. The data theory for Young
Modulus, E is 69GPa.
 iii

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLES i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE OF CONTENT iii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 General Background

1.2 Goal and Objectives
1.3 Laboratory Scope
1.4 Significance of Laboratory Testing

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS 6

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 8

3.1 Equation / Theories-Derivation

3.2 Procedure

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 13

4.1 Data and Results

4.2 Calculation for Theoretical
4.3 Discussion

CONCLUSION 17

REFERENCES 18

APPENDIXES
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background

One of the importance consideration during the design stage of any structural member
is to ensure the structure is safe against failure. Tensile test is one of the methods to
determine the fundamental mechanics properties of structural members for use in
design. Steel is commonly used as structural members in bridges, buildings and for
general purposes. In reinforced concrete structure, steel bars are used as
reinforcements. A knowledge of the properties and an understanding of the behaviour
of steel is an important factor in the design process.

A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying out only tension. That

is mean no compression or bending. Tensile test is a measurement that examine the
strength of material within giving loads in uniaxial direction to the specimen. The teste
specimen is exposed by the increasing uniaxial force continuously while its change on
elongation is being observed. The mechanical properties of material that can be known
from tensile test including:

- Tensile Strength
- Yield Strength
- Modulus of Elasticity
- Ductility
- Toughness
 2

The Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is used in identifying mechanical

properties (such as Modulus of Elasticity) of reinforced steel. Determination of yield
strength will lead to elastic and plastic welding area, where the elongation of the
material is measured by the extensometer equipment attached to the specimen. The
typical testing procedure is to deform or stretch the material at a constant speed. A
rectangular cross section will be use as tested specimen which is made of aluminium.

1.2 Goal and Objectives

i To investigate the mechanical properties in terms of tensile strengths and

MOE of aluminium strut under tensile test by using Universal Testing
Machine.
ii To adapt the application of Hooke’s law and characterize the behaviour of
a material under stress and strain action.

1.3 Laboratory Scope

Tensile testing is one of the most common mechanical testing techniques and used to
defined how strong a material can be and how much it can be stretched before failure.
This test method is used to determine yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, ductility,
strain hardening characteristics, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. This testing is
an important part of design as well as quality control, avoid mode of failure, and is an
essential part of testing consistency in manufacture and construction. In this
laboratory, we used BS EN ISO 6892-1:2016 for standardization.

An one aluminium plate is used for the testing which is, length is 320mm ,
width is 18mm and thickness, 1.85mm. Next, define the relationship between modulus
of material elasticity (E). Experiments on tensile tests can be used to predict the tensile
 3

properties and they are conducted by application of axial or longitudinal forces to a

specimen with known dimensions.

This laboratory experiment is about identification of Yield Strength and

Modulus of Elasticity of Aluminium to achieve first objective which is to investigate
the mechanical properties in terms of tensile strengths and MOE of aluminium strut
under tensile test by using Universal Testing Machine. These forces are applied on the
specimen until deformation causes failure. The tensile load and corresponding
extensions are then recorded for calculations and determination of stress-strain
relationship of the material specimen. The tensile test experiment can be used to
determine other mechanical characteristics of the specimen life yield strength,
percentage elongation, and ultimate strength among others. The original gauge length,
diameter or cross sectional area also used in calculations hence should be recorded.

Figure 1.1 – Stress-strain curve

 4

1.3.1 Apparatus/Equipment :

• Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

Figure 1.2 – Universal Tensile Machine

• Vernier Calliper

Figure 1.3 – Vernier Calliper

• Meter Ruler

Figure 1.4 – Meter Ruler

 5

1.3.2 Material/Specimen :

• 320mm aluminium plate

Figure 1.5 – 320mm aluminium plate

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF LABORATORY TESTING

The tensile properties of materials used should be analysed. Hence the tensile strength
of the materials should meet the strength requirements of the structural applications.
The mechanical properties of the metals determine the kind of engineering application
to be used for. Therefore, we can compare the results of theoretical data with the results
of the experimental data. In addition, to able to learn on relationship between the stress,
strain and modulus under elastic and plastic region. Next, able to use Hooke’s law in
construction to able determine right strength to make sure the structure safe. In fine,
able to construct the structure with lower cost and have a strength that can be support
the building.
 6

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

Aluminium is a very light metal with a specific weight of 2.7 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 . It is ductile and
has a low melting point and density. It can be processed in several ways in a molten
condition. Its ductility allows aluminium products to be formed close to the end of the
product’s design. It has a density around one third that of steel or copper making it one
of the lightest commercially available metals.

Tensile test is one of the basic mechanical tests performed on a steel material.
The pull force applied on the material causes the material to elongate. When the
material cannot longer withstand tensile applied on it, it will causes failure or fracture.
Tensile test are conducted to obtain the force needed to break the sample/ specimen
and the maximum elongation before the breaking point. Mechanical testing such as
Modulus of Elasticity, Poisson`s ratio, ultimate strength, yield strength, fracture
strength, resilience, toughness, % reduction in area, and % elongation are an important
role in evaluating fundamental properties of engineering materials as well as in
developing new materials and in controlling the quality of materials for use in design
and construction.

Tensile Strength, it is the maximum load that can be hold by the specimen
before it experiencing necking phenomenon. Yield strength determine the stress of the
material due to elastic limit. It is the maximum load that obtained by the material when
it is in between of elastic deformation and plastic deformation. Necking happens when
the gage of the specimen is starting to decrease. The tensile strength happens in the
plastic regime. Modulus of Elasticity, MOE of young modulus is a measurement of
resistant of the material due to elastic deformation. It shows the stiffness of a material.
Modulus of Resilience, it is the properties that shows maximum energy that can be
absorbed by the material until the elastic limit. It is the area below the elastic
 7

deformation of stress-strain curve. Toughness , measures the energy that is needed for
material to fracture.

Researched by J.R. Davis, Book : ‘Tensile Testing Edition 2nd’, tensile test were
conducted for specific reasons. Tensile properties frequently were included in material
specifications to ensure quality for engineering purposes. The properties were
measured during a new development. Lastly, it used to predict the behavior of a
material under forms of loading other than uni-axial tension. Below is a full stress-
strain curve is obtained as shown as Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 – Full stress-strain curve

 8

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

Check and identify the

apparatus in the
laboratory

Identify the
specimen's length

Submit the report

Calculate the area,
expected load, strain,
Get a validation stamp
elongation and
from laboratory assistant
Modulus of Elasticity

Do and finish the

Draft the proposal laboratory report

Presentation to Observe and

lecturer and class record the result

Passing for the Start the

No
proposal from lecturer laboratory test

Yes

Diagram 3.1 – Flowchart of Laboratory

 9

3.1 Equation / Theories-Derivation

Experiments on tensile tests can be used to predict the tensile properties and they are
conducted by application of axial or longitudinal forces to a specimen with known
dimensions. The data from experiment will be interpreted into stress-strain curve.
These forces are applied on the specimen until deformation causes failure. The tensile
load and corresponding extensions are then recorded for calculations and
determination of stress-strain relationship of the material specimen. By apply Hooke’s
law which is proportional limit, elastic limit, and yield stress point based on this
experimental data will be discussed in terms properties and behaviour of material.
Young’s modulus is important especially at the deflection of material was critical for
the required engineering application. Yield strength was considering stress-strain
curve beyond the elastic portion, if tensile loading continues, yielding occurs at
beginning of plastic deformation.

Brittle fracture is characterize by very low plastic deformation before fracture.

The material does not absorb much energy and the fracture is sudden. In most case the
fracture will continue even if the load is discontinued. This failure is typical of fatigue,
because the unavoidable flaws within the material (produced during manufacturing)
will grow to the point of fracture. And ductile fracture is characterized by high
absorption of energy, in the form of deformation, before reaching failure. Failure is
less sudden in this case where it will neck down through the plastic range before
rupture. Figure 3.2 show an example on how it failure.

Figure 3.2 Types of Failure of Materials

 10

When a specimen is loaded so that the resultant force passes through the centroid of
the specimen cross section, the loading is called as axial. The test measures force and
change of length of the specimen which are used to calculate nominal stress and
nominal strain. The term nominal (or engineering) is used to indicate that the stress is
based on the original test specimen cross section area and the strain is based on the
original gage length.

• Stress is defined as the force P per unit area A:

• Strain is a measure of the deformation that has occurred in a material.

In the case where the magnitude of deformation is the same over the entire
length of a body, strain is defined as:

• Young`s Modulus (Modulus of elasticity), Young`s Modulus is the

ratio of stress to strain for the initial straight line portion of the stress-strain
curve (slope of the straight line). Determined by:

• Proportional limit is the value of engineering stress (the load is

divided by the initial cross-sectional area) at the point where the straight-line
portion of the stress-strain curves ends.

• Yield Point the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of
elastic behaviour and the beginning of plastic behaviour

• Ultimate strength is the highest value of apparent stress on the stress-

strain curve. It is also known as the tensile (or compressive) strength.
 11

• Fracture strength is the value of stress at the point of final fracture on

the stress-strain curve.

• Percent elongation is the measure of the deformation at the point of

final fracture. Determined by:

• Percent reduction of area is the measure of the fracture ductility.

Determined by:

• Ductility is the characteristic of a material where the material can

undergo large plastic deformations before fracture, especially in tension.
Ductility of materials is measured by ductility ratio;

Figure 3.3 A Stress-Strain Diagram For A Ductile Material

 12

3.2 Procedure

1. Select the selected test specimen

2. Measure the diameter and the length of the test specimen

3. Install the test specimen in the testing machine with bottom

connection first.

4. Press the START button

5. Apply the load to the test specimen at a very slow rate

6. Record down the elongation of the material (mm) to the table

until it fracture.

7. Measure the length of the material

8. Repeat the step using other material

9. Take test data from computer

10. After finish the experiment, switch off the machine

Note:

Important! Follow the instructions as stated on the machine.

 13

CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Data And Results

Dimension Size (mm)

Thick (mm) 1.85mm

Width (mm) 18mm

Length (mm) 320mm

Table 4.1 Dimension for Aluminium Strut

Modulus of
Gauge Expected
Area, A Elongation, 𝛿𝑦 Elasticity,
Length, L Load, 𝑃𝑦 Strain, 𝜀𝑦
(𝑚𝑚2 ) (𝑚𝑚) 𝐸
(𝑚𝑚) (N)
(𝑁/𝑚𝑚2)
33.3 25 9657 0.0042 0.105 69000

Table 4.2 Data analysis of Tensile Test (Theoretical Result)

 14

4.2 Calculation for theoretical

✓ Cross Section Area : Area = b x d 1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 = 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎

= 18𝑚𝑚 x 1.85𝑚𝑚
= 33.3𝑚𝑚2 1 𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 1000 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑃
✓ Stress, 𝜎 =
𝐴
Load, 𝑃𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 A
= (290𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ) (33.3𝑚𝑚2 )
= 9657N
= 9.657kN

𝜎𝑦
✓ E=
𝜀𝑦
𝜎𝑦
Strain, 𝜀𝑦 =
𝐸
290 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
=
69000 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
= 0.0042

✓ Elongation, 𝛿𝑦 = 𝜀𝑦 𝐿
= (0.0042) (25𝑚𝑚)
= 0.105𝑚𝑚

Stress VS Strain
350
289.8
300
250 220.8
Stress

200 151.8
150
82.8
100
50
0
0.0012 0.0022 0.0032 0.0042
Strain

Graph 4.1 Graph of Stress VS Strain (Theoretical Result)

 15

Stress Strain
82.8 0.0012
151.8 0.0022
220.8 0.0032
289.8 0.0042

Table 4.3 Data Result Stress VS Strain by Theoretical,

where 289.8𝑀𝑃𝑎 is a yield tensile strength (Stress, 𝜎𝑦 )

𝑦2 −𝑦1
✓ Modulus of Elasticity, 𝐸 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1
289.8−82.8
=
0.0042−0.0012
= 69000𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
= 69𝐺𝑃𝑎

For the theoretical data, we use aluminium alloys 6205-T5 as our references

Ultimate
Modulus of Yield Tensile
Thickness, 𝑡 Tensile Elongation, 𝛿𝑦
Elasticity, 𝐸 Strength, 𝐹𝑦
(𝑚𝑚) Strength, 𝐹𝑢
(%)
(G𝑃𝑎) (𝑀𝑃𝑎)
(𝑀𝑃𝑎)

1.60 69 310 290 11

Table 4.4 Mechanical Properties of Aluminium 6205-T5

 16

4.3 Discussion

Based on the calculation, the theoretical data, we use aluminium alloys 6205-T5 as our
references because of aluminium with 6000 series is highly suitable in various
structural, building, marine, machinery and process-equipment applications. The
aluminium alloys 6205-T5 is high resistance impact. Therefore, the yield strength,
290Mpa, in the aluminium alloy 6205-T5 is used in the calculation. According to CRC
materials science and engineering handbook by Shackelford on page 654 until 741,
shown a mechanical properties for specific aluminium.

Next, the comparison between theoretical and experimental unable to obtain

because we do not have enough data to compare both results. Like, the load (P) VS
elongation (𝛿𝐿) curves not able to state in chapter 4 due to lack of data. In addition,
the stress (𝜎) VS strain (𝜀) curve can be partially show as in Graph 4.1 as in theory
and not able to compare and show to full characteristics and behaviours of the
aluminium due to lack of data. For the Young Modulus (E) for theoretical only is
69GPa.

Lastly, we are regret not able to get the results and the data and if given the
opportunity to do so we hope can show the right results and comparisons.
 17

CONCLUIONS

In this laboratory, our first objective is to investigate the mechanical properties in terms
of tensile strength and MOE of aluminium strut under tensile test by using Universal
Tensile Machine. The first objective unable to achieved because lacks of data with
Universal Tensile Machine. Next, for the second objective which is to adapt the
application of Hooke’s law and characterize the behaviour of a material under stress
and strain action. From chapter 4, we plotted a stress-strain graph but by theoretical
calculation. Hooke’s law can be define the characteristic the behaviour of material
based on the data of stress-strain curve by Universal Testing Machine. We are unable
to do so we only have partially curve for theoretical.

From a general knowledge, high values of stress and strain in aluminium are
caused by strain hardening. Strain hardening or work hardening in aluminium occurs
at high values of stress.

As conclusion, from our laboratory in this tensile test using Universal Tensile
Machine can be conclude partially achieved.
 18

REFERENCES

Shackelford, James F., Young-Hwan Han, Sukyoung Kim, and Se-Hun Kwon. CRC
materials science and engineering handbook. CRC press, 2016, pp. 654–741

BS EN ISO 6892-1:2016 – Metallic materials - Tensile testing – Part 1: Method of test

at room temperature.

Davis, J. R. (Ed.). (2001). Alloying: understanding the basics. ASM international, pp.
654 – 741

Hibbeler, RC & Sekar, Vijay. (2013). Mechanics of Materials.

Davis, J. R. (Ed.). (2004). Tensile testing. ASM international.