I-Internet

What is Internet?

The Internet is essentially a global network of computing resources. You can think about the
Internet as a physical collection of routers and circuits as a set of shared resources or even as an
attitude about interconnecting and intercommunication. Some common definitions given in the past
include:

• A network of networks based on the TCP/IP communications protocol.

• A community of people who use and develop those networks.
• A community of people who use and develop those networks.

Internet Based Services:

Some of the basic services available to Internet users are:

• Email: A fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other Internet users around
the world.
• Telnet: Allows a user to log into a remote computer as though it were a local system.
• FTP: Allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that can be stored on a computer
from one Internet-connected computer to another.
• Usenetnews: A distributed bulletin board that offers a combination news and discussion
service on thousands of topics.
• World Wide Web (WWW): A hypertext interface to Internet information resources.

What is WWW?

This stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is : all the resources
and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee helped found,
the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):

The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human
knowledge.

In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers on
the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.

What is HTTP?

This stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol being used to transfer hypertext
documents thats makes the World World Wide possible.

A standard web address such as http://www.yahoo.com/ is called a URL and here the prefix http
indicates its protocol

What is URL?

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, and is used to specify addresses on the World Wide Web.
A URL is the fundamental network identification for any resource connected to the web (e.g.,
hypertext pages, images, and sound files).
A URL will have the following format:

protocol://hostname/other_information

The protocol specifies how information from the link is transferred. The protocol used for web
resources is HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Other protocols compatible with most web
browsers include FTP, telnet, newsgroups, and Gopher.

The protocol is followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the domain name. The domain name is
the computer on which the resource is located.

Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after the domain name. The
directory names are separated by single forward slashes.

What is Website?

Currently you are on our website http://www.tutorialspoint.com which is a collection of various

pages written in HTML markup language. This is a location on the web where people can find
tutorials on latest technologies. Similar way there are millions of websites available on the web.

Each page available on the Website is called a web page and first page of any web site is called
home page for that site.

What is Web Server?

Every Web site sits on a computer known as a Web server. This server is always connected to the
internet. Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is given a unique address made up of a
series of four numbers between 0 and 256 separated by periods.for example, 68.178.157.132 ro
68.122.35.127.

When you register a Web address, also known as a domain name, such as tutorialspoint.com you
have to specify the IP address of the Web server that will host the site.

We will see different type of Web servers in a separate chapter.

What is Web Browser?

Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web you need a web browsers, such
as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.

Currently you must be using any sort of Web browser while you are naviating through my site
tutorialspoint.com. On the Web, when you navigate through pages of information this is commonly
known as browsing or surfing.

We will see different type of Web browsers in a separate chapter.

What is SMTP Server?

This stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Server. This server takes care of delivering emails
from one server to another server. When you send an email to an email address, it is delivered to
its recipient by a SMTP Server.

What is ISP?
This stands for Internet Service Provider. They are the companies who provide you service in terms
of internet connection to connect to the internet.

You will buy space on a Web Server from any Internet Service Provider. This space will be used to
host your Web site.

What is HTML?

This stands for HyperText Markup Language. This is the language in which we write web pages for
any Website. Even the page you are reading right now is written in HTML.

This is a subset of Standard Generalized Mark-Up Language (SGML) for electronic publishing, the
specific standard used for the World Wide Web.

What is Hyperlink?

A hyperlink or simply a link is a selectable element in an electronic document that serves as an

access point to other electronic resources. Typically, you click the hyperlink to access the linked
resource. Familiar hyperlinks include buttons, icons, image maps, and clickable text links.

What is W3C?

This stands for World Wide Web Consortium which is an international consortium of companies
involved with the Internet and the Web.

The W3C was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the original architect of the World Wide Web. The organization's
purpose is to develop open standards so that the Web evolves in a single direction rather than being splintered among
competing factions. The W3C is the chief standards Anonymous FTP (Anonymous File Transfer Protocol)
The procedure of connecting to a remote computer, as an anonymous or guest user, in
order to transfer public files back to your local computer. (See also: FTP and Protocols)
supports mail, mailing lists, and file transfer. Now merging with CSNET and running the
RSCS protocol over TCP/IP protocol (BITNET II), the network will be called Computer
Research and Education Network (CREN).
Browser
A program which sends requests for information across the Internet and displays the
information when it is received. See also Web client program.
Client
A computer that has access to services over a computer network. The computer
providing the services is a server.
DNS (Domain Name System)
The Internet naming scheme which consists of a hierarchical sequence of names, from
the most specific to the most general (left to right), separated by dots, for example
strong>uoft02.utoledo.edu, baddog.sp.utoledo.edu, or nic.ddn.mil. (See also: IP
address)
Downloading
The electronic transfer of information from one computer to another. On the Internet,
downloading is most generally from a remote host computer (of unknown type or size) to
your local microcomputer.
E-Mail (electronic mail)
A system that enables the exchange of messages between network users or groups of
network users.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
This is the acronym for Frequently Asked Questions. FAQs are a common feature on the
Internet. As the name indicates, they are files of answers to commonly asked questions.
 Read FAQs before wasting electrons asking obvious questions. Saves you from receiving
flames.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

The File Transfer Protocol allows a user to transfer files electronically from remote
computers back to the user's computer. Part of the TCP/IP/TELNET software suite.
Home Page
A hypertext document which is intended as the primary starting point for exploring the
World Wide Web. The content of a particular home page depends upon its author and its
intended use.
Host Computer
In the context of networks, a computer that directly provides service to a user. In contrast
to a network server, which provides services to a user through an intermediary host
computer.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
Language used to create (code) documents which are to be accessed on the World Wide
Web and displayed by graphical browsers. The elements of the language are a series of
informational tags which define the manner in which the text and graphic components of
a document are to be displayed. For example, HTML tags include <center> for centering
and <i> for italics.
http (hypertext teleprocessing protocol)
The method used to access an information resource (document) on the World Wide Web
which was created using HTML.
Hyperlink
A text or image link to addional information resources. Usually activated by clicking the
mouse pointer on the text or image itself.
Hypertext
Text on an HTML document which has been organized to provide links between other
elements of the same document or other documents on the World Wide Web. Selecting a
hypertext link (usually by clicking the mouse pointer on the text itself) will summon up
additional information.
Internet
The series of interconnected networks that includes local area, regional, and national
backbone networks. Networks in the Internet use the same telecommunications protocol
(TCP/IP) and provide electronic mail, remote login, and file transfer services.
Links
These are the hypertext connections between Web pages. This is a synonym for hotlinks
or hyperlinks.
Modem
This is the abbreviation for MOdulator-DEModulator, an electronic device which converts
(modulates) digital data from the computer to a form which can be transmitted over the
telephone (analog) line. The modem also converts the telephone line data back to
computer data (demodulates).
Network Server
A program which provides service to a user (human being) by responding to requests
from other programs (clients). This term is also used to refer to the actual computer
system on which the server program runs.
NIC (Network Information Center)
A NIC provides administrative support, user support, and information services for a open
system is one that conforms to OSI standards in its communications with other systems.
Search Engine
This term refers to a program that helps users find information in text-oriented databases.
Shareware
 Computer software (usually for the microcomputer), distributed through public domain
channels (you can give away copies), for which the author of the software expects to
receive compensation (if you use it, you are expected to send in some money).
A portion of the TCP/IP suite of software protocols that handles terminals. Among other
functions, it allows a user to log in to a remote computer from the user's local computer.

Webmaster
This term is often used to refer to the person in charge of administrating a World Wide
Web site.
Web Browser
A program which uses a graphical approach to finding and displaying the information on
the Internet.
World Wide Web (WWW)
A hypertext-based, distributed information system in which users may create, edit, and
browse hypertext documents. Also called W3 or simply "the Web."

Web - How it works?

On the simplest level, the Web physically consists of following components:

• Your personal computer - This is the PC at which you sit to see the web.
• A Web browser - A software installed on your PC which helps you to browse the Web.
• An internet connection - This is provided by an ISP and connects you to the internet to
reach to any Web site.
• A Web server - This is the computer on which a web site is hosted.
• Routers & Switches - They are the combination of software and hardware who take your
request and pass to appropriate Web server.

The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client and the remote computers
that store electronic files are the servers.

Here's how web works:

When you enter something like http://www.google.com, the request goes to one of many special
computers on the Internet known as Domain Name Servers (DNS). All these requests are routed
through various routers and switches. The domain name servers keep tables of machine names and
their IP addresses, so when you type in http://www.google.com, it gets translated into a number,
which identifies the computers that serve the Google Web site to you.

When you want to view any page on the Web, you must initiate the activity by requesting a page
using your browser. The browser asks a domain name server to translate the domain name you
requested into an IP address. The browser then sends a request to that server for the page you
want, using a standard called Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP.

The server should constantly be connected to the Internet.ready to serve pages to visitors. When it
receives a request, it looks for the requested document and returns it to the Web browser. When a
request is made, the server usually logs the client's IP address, the document requested, and the
date and time it was requested. This information varies server to server.

An average Web page actually requires the Web browser to request more than one file from the
Web server and not just the HTML / XHTML page, but also any images, style sheets, and other
resources used in the web page. Each of these files including the main page needs a URL to identify
each item. Then each item is sent by the Web server to the Web browser and Web browser collects
all this information and displays them in the form of Web page.
In short:

We have seen how a Web client - server interaction happens. We can summaries these steps as
follows:

• A user enters a URL into a browser (for example, http://www.google.com). This request is
passed to a domain name server.
• The domain name server returns an IP address for the server that hosts the Web site (for
example, 68.178.157.132).
• The browser requests the page from the Web server using the IP address specified by the
domain name server.
• The Web server returns the page to the IP address specified by the browser requesting the
page. The page may also contain links to other files on the same server, such as images,
which the browser will also request.
• The browser collects all the information and displays to your computer in the form of Web
page.

II-Website Planning

When you decide to have a website for your business or personal interest
there are a number of things you have to consider before you start
actually building your website.

For the typical web sites, the basic aspects of design are:

The content: The substance and information on the site should be relevant
to the site and should target the area of the public that the website is
concerned with.

The usability: the site should be user-friendly, with the interface and
navigation simple and reliable.

The appearance: the graphics and text should include a single style that
flows throughout, to show consistency. The style should be
professional, appealing and relevant.

The structure: of the web site as a whole.

Website planning has various steps:

Purpose of Website

Why are your building this site?

The first step of website planning should be deciding on the purpose of the
website.

Determine what it is that you wish to accomplish with the website.

Taking the time to clearly define the purpose of the website will affect how
successfully you reach the goals you set for the project.

Determine Target Audience

What is your target audience?

Ask yourself, "Who is going to be looking at my site?"

Now ask, "What technologies will your visitors have?"

When planning a website you need to assess what the target audience will
be, what technologies their systems will have and what their computer
experience before you can decide on your website technologies.

Determing your target audience during the website planning stage will give
you a wealth of information that can be used as the website is further
developed. This information can be used when deciding on which
website technologies to incorporate, the type of website features you
need and what the target audience is looking for.

Website Technical Considerations

Ask yourself, "What technologies do I need?"

The website technologies you will require will depend on the type of website
you are building and what type of audience you have decided to target
and accommodate.

Have your list of website technologies required ready before you move to
the next step, securing hosting.

Website Hosting Costs

Website hosting costs influenced by website planning.

Your hosting costs are influenced by all of the above. When planning a
website be sure that the web host has room to grow with your site.

Are there features included with a slightly more expensive hosting package
that you will need in the future?

Website Budget

Ask yourself, "What is my budget?"

When planning a website, budget can be a determining factor as to what

features the website will have.

Seriously assessing what you can do yourself and what you need help with
will affect the website budget

Website Structure
The structure of your site is composed of the different sections of your
website and navigation within those sections. It is the framework that
shapes your site and defines your navigation scheme. If you develop a
sound website structure everything else will fall into place.

Basic website structure

As the diagram below shows a website is composed of three main areas:

The homepage, the main sections and the subsections
 The structure of a website is like the skeleton or nervous system in the
human body. Every joint or synapse is connected together into a
network of mechanical or electrical links, which in turn makes us who
and what we are.

So should a website be connected through a network of links into

something that provides form and function to your site. The website
basic layout shown below is a simplified example of such a network.

Example Layout of a Basic Website

Navigation and website structure

The key to the success of your website's structure is the ease with which
your visitors can navigate the site. A general rule of thumb is that it
should take no more than three clicks for a visitor to find what they are
looking for.

In the example above there are three tiers of content which can be accessed
in two clicks. From the homepage to the main sections (click 1) and
then to the subsections (click 2) is a simple and intuitive path.
If necessary you can add a third tier of data but more than that will not only
begin to confuse your visitors but also impedes the deep access of
search engine spiders.

III-HTML

What is an HTML File?

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

• An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags
• The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page
• An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension
• An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor

HTML Tags

• HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements

• HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >
• The surrounding characters are called angle brackets
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• The text between the start and end tags is the element content
• HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>

Basic HTML Tags

The most important tags in HTML are tags that define headings, paragraphs and line
breaks.

The best way to learn HTML is to work with examples. We have created a very nice HTML
editor for you. With this editor, you can edit the HTML source code if you like, and click on
a test button to view the result.

Headings

Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the largest heading. <h6> defines
the smallest heading.

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
<h4>This is a heading</h4>
<h5>This is a heading</h5>
<h6>This is a heading</h6>

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading.

Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a paragraph.

Line Breaks

The <br> tag is used when you want to end a line, but don't want to start a new paragraph. The
<br> tag forces a line break wherever you place it.

<p>This <br> is a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag. It has no closing tag.

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

When you write HTML text, you can never be sure how the text is displayed in another browser.
Some people have large computer displays, some have small. The text will be reformatted every
time the user resizes his window. Never try to format the text in your editor by adding empty lines
and spaces to the text.

HTML will truncate the spaces in your text. Any number of spaces count as one. Some extra
information: In HTML a new line counts as one space.

Using empty paragraphs <p> to insert blank lines is a bad habit. Use the <br> tag instead. (But
don't use the <br> tag to create lists. Wait until you have learned about HTML lists.)

You might have noticed that paragraphs can be written without the closing tag </p>. Don't rely on
it. The next version of HTML will not allow you to skip ANY closing tags.

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after some elements, like before and after a
paragraph, and before and after a heading.

We use a horizontal rule (the <hr> tag), to separate the sections in our tutorials.

Here are some of the more common tags and what they mean

Basic Formatting Tags

- <b>bold</b>
- <strong>strong</strong> (usually bold)
- <u>underlined</ul>
- <i>italics</i>
- <em>emphasis</em> (usually italics)
- <strike>strike through</strike>
- <center>This centers text on the page</center>
- <tt>teletype text</tt> (typewriter text)
- <blockquotes>blockquotes</blockquotes> (how this looks will
depend on your CSS template but it usually indents your paragraph)

Links

- Basic Link <a href=”url”>link title</a> (where ‘url’ is the page you
want to link to and ‘link title’ is the word/s that you want the link to
say.
- Email Link <a href=”mailto:EMAIL”></a> (where ‘EMAIL’ is the
email address you want to be a link).

Heading Tags (vary according to CSS)

- <h1>An important heading</h1>

- <h2>A slightly less important heading</h2>
- <h3>A less important heading again</h3>
- <h6>The smallest heading</h6>

Image Tags

- Basic Image tag – <img src=”url”> (where url = the url of the
image you want to show)
- Image with sizing <img src=”url” width=”200″ height=”150″>
- Align image left – <img src=”name” align=left> (substitute ‘left’

Unordered Lists (usually bullet point type lists)

<ul>
<li>the first list item</li>
<li>the second list item</li>
<li>the third list item</li>
</ul>

Ordered Lists (usually numbered lists)

<ol>
<li>the first list item</li>
<li>the second list item</li>
<li>the third list item</li>
</ol>