MACHINE ELEMENT DESIGN

MEC 331
Chapter 2:
Power Screws, Fasteners and
Others Connections
Prepared by:
Muhamad Ridzuan bin Arifin
Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Mekanikal (PPKM)
UiTM P. Pinang
MRA/MEC331/2019
1
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
 Topics
2.1 Introduction, Terminology and Standards
2.2 Power Screws
2.3 Threaded Fasteners: Bolts and Screws Design Criteria for
Different Types of Loading
2.4 Rivets: Design of Riveted Joints for Different Modes of Loading
and Rivets Failures

MRA/MEC331/2019
2
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
 Lesson Objectives
1. To understand the function of fasteners and the terminologies used

2. To understand the mechanics of power screw

3. To calculate the torque to lift and lower the load

4. To determine the efficiency of power screw

MRA/MEC331/2019
3
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
 2.1

Introduction, Terminology and

Standard

MRA/MEC331/2019
4
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.1. Introduction, Terminology and Standard

1. Analysis and design of power screws, threaded fasteners, bolted joints in shear,
and classification of joint connection.
2. Classification of joint connection:
Non- Permanent Joint

Permanent Joint
Example:
• Bolts
Example: • Rivet
• Welded joints • keys
• Soldered joints
• Adhesives

MRA/MEC331/2019
5
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.1. Introduction, Terminology and Standard
STANDARD THREAD FORM

p- pitch, d-nominal / major diameter

λ -helix or lead angle dP-pitch diameter
α-thread angle dr-root diameter
MRA/MEC331/2019
6
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.1. Introduction, Terminology and Standard
Terms from geometry that relate to screw threads are defined as:
1. Thread
• External; screw, bolt
• Internal; nut, threaded hole
2. Pitch, p
• Axial distance measure from a point on one thread to another point on the
adjacent thread.
3. Lead, L=np
• Axial distance that nut moves for ONE revolution
4. Helix angle (lead angle), λ
• May be cut right or left-handed

MRA/MEC331/2019
7
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.1. Introduction, Terminology and Standard
Terms from geometry that relate to screw threads (Continue…)

5. α, Thread angle.
6. Major diameter, d
• Largest diameter of screw thread.
7. Root diameter, dr
• Smallest diameter of a screw thread.
8. Pitch diameter, dp
• Diameter of an imaginary cylinder, coaxial with screw, intersect the thread

MRA/MEC331/2019
8
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.1. Introduction, Terminology and Standard
UNIFIED AND ISO THREAD FORM
1. Two standard thread widely been used:
• Unified National Standard, UNS (inch metrics)
• International Standard Organization, ISO (metric series)
2. Both system, thread angle :2α = 60O, and the crest and roots are either flat or
round
3. The standard geometry of screw for metric M profiles as shown in figure below:

p - pitch,
h - depth of thread
b - thread thickness at the root

MRA/MEC331/2019
9
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.1. Introduction, Terminology and Standard
UNIFIED AND ISO THREAD FORM

Table 2.1:
Basic Dimensions
of ISO (metric)
screw threads.

MRA/MEC331/2019
10
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.1. Introduction, Terminology and Standard
TYPE OF THREAD GRADE
• Coarse thread (UNC)
• most common and for ordinary application; general assembly work.
• Fine thread (UNF)
• more resistant to loosening because its smaller helix angle; automotive, aircraft, application
where vibration likely to occurs.

IDENTIFYING THREADS • UNS defines threads according to fit:

• A; external thread Class 1 fit
• B; internal thread Widest tolerance and the loosest fits
Class 2 fit
Most commonly used
To maximize strength
Class 3 fit
Least tolerance and used for highest
MRA/MEC331/2019
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
precision applications. 11
2.1. Introduction, Terminology and Standard
Example of approved identification symbols

UNS System
1 in. -12 UNF-2A-LH
(1-in. diameter x 12 threads per inch, Unified fine thread series, Class 2 fit, External, Left
handed thread)

ISO System
M10 x 1.5-UNC-1A-RH
(Metric thread 10-mm nominal diameter x pitch 1.5 mm, Unified Course thread series, Class 1 fit,
External, Right handed thread)

MRA/MEC331/2019
12
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
 2.2

Power Screws

MRA/MEC331/2019
13
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
• Power screw is a device used in machinery to change angular motion
into linear motion and usually to transmit power.
• Application:
• C-Clamps
• Presses
• Jacks
• Lead screw for Lathes

• Material
• Screw: hard steel
• Nut: softer material to allow the parts move smoothly
(alloy of aluminum, nickel and bronze)
MRA/MEC331/2019
14
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Power Screw Thread Forms

(a)-Acme, (b)-Square, (c)-Modified square

widely used and sometimes greater strength & 5o thread angle to
modified to stub (shorter efficiency but rarely overcome difficulty in
thread) to provide larger used(difficulties in manufacturing the
minor diameter and better manufacturing the 0° square thread
strength. thread angle.

MRA/MEC331/2019
15
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
THE MECHANICS OF POWER SCREWS
• Usual configuration:
• Nut rotates in place and screw moves axially.
• Or, screw rotates in place and nut moves
axially.
• Force maybe large, but motion usually slow
with small power

Power screw as a screw jack.

Only nut rotates in this model.

MRA/MEC331/2019
16
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws

• The load W can be lifted or lowered by the rotation

of nut.
• Nut is supported by a washer called thrust collar (or
a thrust bearing)
• Friction required at the load surface to prevent the
screw from turning with the nut.
• There is significant friction between the screw and
nut as well as between the nut and the collar

dm = mean thread diameter,

dc = mean collar diameter.
MRA/MEC331/2019
17
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Design of Power Screws

• Helix @ Lead angle, λ;

L
tan  
d m

L = lead (L=np where; n=number of threads)

p = pitch, dm = mean diameter,

 d  dr 
dm   d p
 2  2 Figure: Forces acting on an Acme screw-nut interface
 
when lifting load W ; a developed screw thread

MRA/MEC331/2019
18
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Torque to lift the load, Tu
Summation of all loads and normal forces acting on
the entire thread surface in contact.

Wd m f cos n tan Wf c dc
Tu  
2 cos n  f tan 2

Figure: Forces acting on an Acme screw-nut

The screw torque Torque to
interface when lifting load W; segment of the
required to move the overcome
thread & thread angle measured in the plane
load up. collar normal to thread, αn
friction
W = load, αn = thread angle in the normal plane,
f = coefficient of thread friction, fc = collar friction,
dc = mean collar diameter.

MRA/MEC331/2019
19
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Torque to lower the load, Td
The analysis of lowering a load is exactly the
same as per lift the load, but the direction of Q
and f N are reversed
Wd m f cos n tan
Td  2 cos n  f tan  Wf c d c
2
Figure: Forces acting on an Acme screw-nut
The screw torque Torque to interface when lifting load W; segment of the
required to move the overcome thread & thread angle measured in the plane
load down. collar normal to thread, αn
friction
W = load, αn = thread angle in the normal plane,
f = coefficient of thread friction, fc = collar friction,
dc = mean collar diameter.
MRA/MEC331/2019
20
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Values of friction coefficients
• If plain thrust collar is used;
• f and fc vary between 0.08 to 0.2
• under condition of ordinary service, lubrication and common material (steel, cast iron, bronze).
• The lowest value applies for good workmanship and the highest value applies poor
workmanship.
• Starting friction can be 4/3 times running friction.
• If rolling thrust bearing is used;
• fc would be low (0.008 to 0.02) that collar friction can be omitted.
• The second term is eliminated.

MRA/MEC331/2019
21
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Values of thread angle in the normal plane
• Relationship between normal thread angle αn , thread angle α, and helix angle λ
can be obtained from a comparison of thread angle measured in axial plane and
normal plane.
• Thread angle in normal plane given: tan n  cos tan 

• Most application;
Wd m f  cos tan 
• λ is small, thus cosλ≈1. So αn≈α. Hence => Tu  2 cos  f tan   Wf c d c
2

• For square thread;

Wd m f  (1) tan 
• α=αn= 0 and cosα=1. Hence => Tu  2 (1)  f tan   Wf c d c
2

MRA/MEC331/2019
22
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Overhauling of power screws
• Two terms “Self-locking” and “Overhauling”
• Self-locking is the condition the screw cannot be turned by applying an axial force
of any magnitude to the nut.
• Required positive torque to lower the load.
• Condition for self locking is: f  cos n tan 

• Self locking for square thread the equation is: f  tan 

• Self locking is obtained when the coefficient of thread friction is equal or greater
than the tangent of the thread helix angle.

MRA/MEC331/2019
23
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Overhauling of power screws
• Overhauling screw or back-driving screw is screw has low friction to enable the
load to lower itself, by causing the screw to spin.
• The screw is considered overhauled when the torque to lower the load is
negative.
• Torque of overhauling screw is;

Wd m  f  cos n tan
To  2 cos n  f tan  Wf c d c
2

MRA/MEC331/2019
24
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Screw efficiency

• The ratio of the torque required to raise a load without friction to the torque
required with friction.
• Efficiency is given by:

d m tan
e f  cos n tan
dm dc fc
cos n  f tan

αn = thread angle in the normal plane,

f = coefficient of thread friction, fc = collar friction,
dc = mean collar diameter, dm = mean diameter.

MRA/MEC331/2019
25
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Example 1:

A 32-mm diameter power screw has a double square thread with a

pitch of 4 mm. The nut is to move at a velocity of 40 mm/s and lift a
load of W = 6 KN. The mean diameter of the collar is 50 mm.
Coefficients of friction are estimated as f = 0.1 and fc = 0.15. Determine
the power required to drive the screw.

MRA/MEC331/2019
26
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.2 Power Screws
Example 2:

A screw jack with double Acme thread of M42 X 6.5 in Figure Q1(b) is
used to lift a load of 10kN. The screw and nut are lubricated with oil.
The coefficient of friction are estimated as f = 0.15 and fc = 0.10.
Determine the torque for lifting the load if the mean diameter of the
collar is dc = 30 mm and its efficiency.

MRA/MEC331/2019
27
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
 2.3

Threaded Fasteners
Bolts and Screws Design Criteria for Different Types of Loading

MRA/MEC331/2019
28
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Introduction
• Fasteners is the element used to connect or join two or more parts.
• Various head styles: hexagon, round, square, oval.
• Typical threaded fasteners:

bolt and nut cap screw stud

• Bolt; needs a nut • threaded into • headless and
a tapped hole threaded on
MRA/MEC331/2019 both ends.
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
• Criteria to design of the fastener
• Less weight
• Anti-corrosion
• More resilient to loosening under vibration.

• Thread are formed by rolling and cutting or grinding.

• The former is stronger than the latter fatigue and impact because of cold work.
• Hence, high-strength screw and bolts have rolled threads.
• After rolling then hardening the bolt.

• The washer made of hardened steel;

• where the bolt and nut compression load needs to be distributed over a large area
of clamped part

MRA/MEC331/2019
30
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
• Fastener washer and locking:
1. Flat or Plain washers
• to increase the area of contact between the bolt head and clamped part
• to prevent stress concentration

2. Lock washers
• prevent spontaneous loosing of nuts.

3. Split lock washer

• act as a spring under the nut.

4. Lock nuts
• prevent too-spontaneous loosening of nuts.
• Two nuts jammed together on the bolt act as a lock nut.
MRA/MEC331/2019
31
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Advantages of threaded fasteners
• Ease in assembling and dissembling
• Reliability because of self locking effects
• Easy in Manufacturing

Disadvantages
• Large stress concentration
• Wear and tear

MRA/MEC331/2019
32
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Fasteners Category

MRA/MEC331/2019
33
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Head Style

MRA/MEC331/2019
34
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Drive Types

MRA/MEC331/2019
35
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Washer types

MRA/MEC331/2019
36
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Nut types

MRA/MEC331/2019
37
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Fastener Material and Strengths
• Classified according to a grade or property class.
• Proof Strength, Sp;
• The axial stress at which the bolt or screw begins develop a permanent set.
• The value is close but lower than the material yield strength, Sy.
• Proof strength is related to proof load, Fp.
• Proof load, Fp ; load that a bolt carry without developing a permanent
deformation;
Fp  S p At

• At (tensile stress area) represent the minimum radial plane area for fracture
through the threaded part. (Refer Table 2.1)

MRA/MEC331/2019
38
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Table for Metric Specifications and Strengths for Steel Bolts
(if the information is not enough, can use this formula; Sp ≈ 0.9Sy)

Table 2.2: Metric specifications and strengths for steel bolts.

MRA/MEC331/2019
39
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Stresses in Screws
• Stress distribution of thread engagement is non-uniform.
• Large stress concentration occurs at the first pair of contacting
surface.
• It is also occurs when the load is transferred through the nut to the
adjoining member.
• For static loading, it is assumed that the load carried by screw and nut
are uniformly distributed.

MRA/MEC331/2019
40
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Axial Stress
• Power screw
• Subjected to tensile or compressive stress.
• Threaded fastener
• Subjected to only tensile stress.
• The axial stress is given by, P

A
• P = tensile or compressive load,
• A = At (threaded fastener) or; d r2 for power screws
A
4

MRA/MEC331/2019
41
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Torsional Shear Stress
• Power screws in operation and threaded fasteners during tightening
are subject to torsion.
• The shear stress 𝜏 given by:

Tc 16T
  3
J d r

MRA/MEC331/2019
42
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Bearing Stress
• Pressure between the surface of the screw thread and the contacting surface of
nut.
P Pp
b  
d m hne d m hLn

Where:
P = load,
dm=mean diameter,
h=depth of the thread,
ne=number of threads in engagement=Ln/p,
Ln=nut length, p=pitch.

MRA/MEC331/2019
43
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Direct Shear Stress
• Both threads on screw and nut experienced transverse shear stress.
• Shear stress for the screw,
3P
 Where:
2d r bne dr = the root diameter of the screw
d=the major diameter of screw
b = thread thickness at the root
• Shear stress for the nut,
3P

2dbne

MRA/MEC331/2019
44
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Bolt Tightening and Preload
• Bolt tightening is prestressing at assembly.
• Preload or initial tensile force Fi, produce when the bolt joint be tightened.
• Fi is given by;
• Fi = 0.75Fp (for reused connections)
• Fi = 0.9Fp (for permanent connections)

• Fp = Proof Load.

MRA/MEC331/2019
45
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Tightening Torque, T
• Tightening torque is the important factor determining the preload in a bolt
• Given:
T  KdFi

• K = torque coefficient
• 0.2 for unlubricated or average condition
• 0.15 for lubricated condition
• d = nominal bolt diameter
• Fi = preload

MRA/MEC331/2019
46
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Tension Joint
• Practically, bolt and nut used in clamping a part together.
• Thus, bolt is in tensile mode.
• The total force on a bolt and parts are:

Fb  CP  Fi

Fp  (1  C ) P  Fi
Where;
P = External Load
C = joint’s stiffness factor or joint constant

MRA/MEC331/2019
47
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Tension Joint
• If the clamping of the part, use more than one bolt, the total force on the bolt
and parts are:

P
Fb  C    Fi Where;
N N = No. of bolt
P = External Load

P
Fp  (1  C )   Fi
N

MRA/MEC331/2019
48
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Tension Joint
• Joint’s stiffness factor or joint constant, C; C  kb Where;
kb = stiffness constant for bolt
• kb is given by: kb  k p kp = stiffness constant for parts

Ab Eb
kb 
L
• kp is given by:
Where;
0.58E p d Ap E p
kp  Ab = cross sectional area of bolt
 0.58 L  0.5d  OR kp  Eb = Young’s modulus of bolt
2 ln  5  L
 0.58 L  2.5d  L = grip or length of clamped zone
Ep = Young’s modulus of parts
d = diameter of bolt

MRA/MEC331/2019
49
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Tension Joint
• Factor of safety for a joint, n;

S p At  Fi
n Where:
CP Sp = proof strength

• If used more than one bolt, the formula is:

S p At  Fi Where:
n Sp = proof strength
P N = No. of bolt
C 
N
MRA/MEC331/2019
50
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
2.3 Threaded Fasteners
Example 1
The bolt of connection is using M20  2.5, ISO coarse thread having Sy = 630 MPa.
Determine:
a) The total force on the bolt, if the joint is permanent.
b) The tightening torque, if the bolts are un-lubricated.

Given: The grip is L = 60 mm; the joint carries an external load of P = 40 kN.
Design Assumption: The bolt will be made of steel of modulus of elasticity Es and
the parts are cast iron with modulus of elasticity Ec = Es /2.

MRA/MEC331/2019
51
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang
 References
1. A.C. Ugural, Mechanical Design: An Integarted Approach, 1st Edition, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., 2003
2. Machine Design, R-S-Khurmi-J-K-Gupta-S-chand, 2005
3. J. Shingley, C. Mischke, and R. Budynas, Mechanical Engineering Design, 7th
Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,2004.

MRA/MEC331/2019
52
PPKM/UiTM Pulau Pinang