MACHINE ELEMENT DESIGN

MEC 331
Chapter 1:
Introduction to Mechanical Design

Prepared by:
Muhamad Ridzuan bin Arifin
Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Mekanikal (PPKM)
UiTM P. Pinang

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 Outline
1. Introduction about Machine Element Design

2. Basic concept of design in general

3. Concept of machine design and their types

4. Factors to be considered in machine design

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1. Introduction about Machine Element Design

Machine Element Design

Machine Element Design

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1. Introduction about Machine Element Design

MACHINE:
a. Machine is defined as a combination of
resisting bodies with successfully constrained
relative motions which is used to transform
other forms of energy into mechanical
energy or transmit and modify available
energy to do some useful work.
b. Machine can receive mechanical energy and
modify it so that a specific task is carried out.

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1. Introduction about Machine Element Design

ELEMENT:
a. Element in context of machine discipline or can
called as machine element means the elementary
component of a machine.

b. Basically consist of three types:

i. Structural components such as bearings, axles, splines,
fasteners.
ii. Mechanisms that control movement such as gear, trains,
belt, clutches.
iii. Control components such as buttons, switches, indicators,
sensor.

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1. Introduction about Machine Element Design

DESIGN:
a. Design is the formulation of a plan to satisfy a particular need, real or
imaginary.
b. Engineering Design can be defined as the process of applying science and
engineering methods to prescribe a component or a system in sufficient detail
to permit its realization.
c. Mechanical Design means the design of components and systems of a
mechanical nature – machines, structures, devices and instruments.

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2. BASIC CONCEPT OF DESIGN

• Design is essentially a decision-making process

• For every problem, we need to design a solution

Design is to formulate a plan to satisfy a particular need and to create

something with a physical reality

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2. BASIC CONCEPT OF DESIGN

Study Case 1: Design of a chair

• Factors need to be considered
• The purpose for which the chair is to be designed
• Whether the chair is to be designed for a grown up person or child
• Material for the chair
• Strength and cost need to be determined
• Aesthetics of the designed chair
• Ergonomics

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2. BASIC CONCEPT OF DESIGN

• Almost everyone is involved in design, in one way or the other, in our

daily lives because problems are posed and they need to be solved.

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2. BASIC CONCEPT OF DESIGN
Design disciplines

Ship design Car design

Process design Clothing/ fashion design

Building design Many more….

Machine design

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3. Concept of Machine Design and their types

1. Machine design is the art of planning or devising new or improves machines to

accomplish specific purpose.
2. Design process consist of:

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 3. Concept of Machine Design and their types
Types of design

Adaptive design New design

Development design
• Based on existing design, • This type of design is an entirely
standard products or systems • Starting with an new one but based on existing
existing design, finally scientific principles
are adopted for a new
application a modified design is • No scientific invention is involved
obtained but requires creative thinking to
• Conveyor belts, control system solve a problem
of machines and mechanisms or • A new model of a car • Examples of this type of design
haulage systems are some of the is a typical example of may include designing a small
example where existing design a development design vehicle for transportation of men
and material on board a ship or in
systems are adapted for a a desert
particular use • Some research activity may be
necessary
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4. Factors to be consider in Machine Design

1. What device or mechanism to be used?

• To decide the relative arrangement of the constituent elements
2. Material
3. Forces on the elements
4. Size, shape and space requirements
5. Weight of the product
6. The method of manufacturing the components and their assembly
7. How will it operate?
8. Reliability and safety aspects
9. Inspectibility
10. Maintenance, cost and aesthetics of the designed product

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4. Factors to be consider in Machine Design

FACTOR OF SAFETY
• The factor of safety, n is the ratio of the maximum load that produces failure of
the member to the load allowed under service conditions:

𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕

𝑛= =
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

• This factor is used to provide assurance that the load applied to a member does
not exceed the largest load it can carry.

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4. Factors to be consider in Machine Design

FACTOR OF SAFETY
The following numerical values of factor of safety are presented as a guide:
Factor of Description
safety, n
1.25 to 1.5 For exceptionally reliable materials used under controllable conditions subjected to loads and
stresses that can be determined with certainty
1.5 to 2 for well-known materials under reasonably constant environmental conditions, subjected to loads
and stresses that can be determined readily.
2 to 2.5 For materials operated in ordinary environments and subjected to loads and stresses that can be
determined.
2.5 to 4 For less-tried (or 3 to 4 untried) materials under average conditions of environment, load and
stress.
3 to 4 For better-known materials used in uncertain environments or subjected to uncertain stresses.
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4. Factors to be consider in Machine Design

UNITS
1. The most recent universal system is the International System of Units (SI)
2. From Newton’s second law it follows that, in SI, the weight W of a body of mass
1 kg is W = mg =(1𝑘𝑔)(9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = 9.81 N.
3. Basic units:

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4. Factors to be consider in Machine Design

RELIABILITY OF DESIGN
• Reliability of a designed machine is concerned with the proper functioning of the
elements and the machine as a whole so that the machine does not fail in use
within its designed
• Overall safe design approach at every stage of the design is needed

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 References
1. A.C. Ugural, Mechanical Design: An Integarted Approach, 1st Edition, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., 2003
2. Machine Design, R-S-Khurmi-J-K-Gupta-S-chand, 2005
3. J. Shingley, C. Mischke, and R. Budynas, Mechanical Engineering Design, 7th
Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,2004.

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