Web Technologies

B.Tech. IT III Year II Semester

UNIT III

XML
eXtensible Markup Language
(XML)

By:
G Indira Priyadarshini
IT DEPT, VJIT
 Outline of Presentation

• Introduction
• Comparison between XML and HTML
• XML Syntax
• Document Type Definition (DTD)
• Name Spaces
• XML Schema
• XSLT
• XML Parsers
 XML….

• Based on Standard Generalized Markup Language

(SGML)
• Version 1.0 introduced by World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) in 1998
• Bridge for data exchange on
the Web
 XML Standards – an Overview
• XML Core Working Group:
– XML 1.0 (Feb 1998), 1.1 (candidate for recommendation)
– XML Namespaces (Jan 1999)
– XML Inclusion (candidate for recommendation)
• XSLT Working Group:
– XSL Transformations 1.0 (Nov 1999), 2.0 planned
– XPath 1.0 (Nov 1999), 2.0 planned
– eXtensible Stylesheet Language XSL(-FO) 1.0 (Oct 2001)
• XML Linking Working Group:
– XLink 1.0 (Jun 2001)
– XPointer 1.0 (March 2003, 3 substandards)
• XQuery 1.0 (Nov 2002) plus many substandards
• XMLSchema 1.0 (May 2001)
 Comparisons

XML HTML
• Extensible set of tags • Fixed set of tags
• Content orientated • Presentation oriented
• Standard Data • No data validation
infrastructure capabilities
• Allows multiple output • Single presentation
forms
 XML Syntax by Example
<article>
<author>Gerhard Weikum</author>
<title>The Web in 10 Years</title>
</article>

• Easy to understand for human users

• An XML element is made up of a start tag, an end tag,
and data in between.
• Very expressive (semantics along with the data)
• Well structured, easy to read and write from programs
Possible Advantages of Using XML

• Truly Portable Data

• Easily readable by human users
• Very flexible and customizable (no finite tag set)
• Easy to use from programs (libs available)
• Easy to convert into other representations
(XML transformation languages)
• Widely used and supported
 XML Documents
What‘s in an XML document?

• Elements
• Attributes
• plus some other details
 A Simple XML Document
<article>
<author>Gerhard Weikum</author>
<title>The Web in Ten Years</title>
<text>
<abstract>In order to evolve...</abstract>
<section number=“1” title=“Introduction”>
The <index>Web</index> provides the universal...
</section>
</text>
</article>
 A Simple XML Document
<article> Freely definable tags
<author>Gerhard Weikum</author>
<title>The Web in Ten Years</title>
<text>
<abstract>In order to evolve...</abstract>
<section number=“1” title=“Introduction”>
The <index>Web</index> provides the universal...
</section>
</text>
</article>
 A Simple XML Document
<article> Start Tag
<author>Gerhard Weikum</author>
<title>The Web in Ten Years</title>
<text>
<abstract>In order to evolve...</abstract>
<section number=“1” title=“Introduction”>
The <index>Web</index> provides the universal...
</section>
</text>
</article>

Content of
End Tag the Element
Element (Subelements
and/or Text)
 A Simple XML Document
<article>
<author>Gerhard Weikum</author>
<title>The Web in Ten Years</title>
<text>
<abstract>In order to evolve...</abstract>
<section number=“1” title=“Introduction”>
The <index>Web</index> provides the universal...
</section>
</text>
</article>
Attributes with
name and value
 Elements in XML Documents
• (Freely definable) tags: article, title, author
– with start tag: <article> etc.
– and end tag: </article> etc.
• Elements: <article> ... </article>
• Elements have a name (article) and a content (...)
• Elements may be nested.
• Elements may be empty: <this_is_empty/>
• Element content is typically parsed character data (PCDATA),
i.e., strings with special characters, and/or nested elements (mixed
content if both).
• Each XML document has exactly one root element and forms a
tree.
• Elements with a common parent are ordered.
 Elements vs. Attributes
Elements may have attributes (in the start tag) that have a name and
a value, e.g. <section number=“1“>.
What is the difference between elements and attributes?
• Only one attribute with a given name per element (but an arbitrary
number of subelements)
• Attributes have no structure, simply strings (while elements can
have subelements)
As a rule of thumb:
• Content into elements
• Metadata into attributes
Example:
<person born=“1912-06-23“ died=“1954-06-07“>
Alan Turing</person> proved that…
XML Documents as Ordered Trees
article

author title text

number=“1“
abstract section
Gerhard title=“…“
Weikum
In order … The index provides …
The Web
in 10 years Web
 More on XML Syntax
• Some special characters must be escaped using entities:
< → &lt;
& → &amp;
(will be converted back when reading the XML doc)
• Some other characters may be escaped, too:
> → &gt;
“ → &quot;
‘ → &apos;
 Well-Formed XML Documents
A well-formed document must adher to, among others, the
following rules:
• Every start tag has a matching end tag.
• Elements may nest, but must not overlap.
• There must be exactly one root element.
• Attribute values must be quoted.
• An element may not have two attributes with the same
name.
• Comments and processing instructions may not appear
inside tags.
• No unescaped < or & signs may occur inside character
data.
 Well-Formed XML Documents
A well-formed document must adher to, among others, the
following rules:
• Every start tag has a matching end tag.
• Elements may nest, but must not overlap.
• There must be exactly one root element.
Only well-formed documents
• Attribute values must be quoted.
canmay
• An element benot
processed by XML
have to attributes with the same
name. parsers.
• Comments and processing instructions may not appear
inside tags.
• No unescaped < or & signs may occur inside character
data.
 Document Type Definitions
Sometimes XML is too flexible:
• Most Programs can only process a subset of all possible
XML applications
• For exchanging data, the format (i.e., elements,
attributes and their semantics) must be fixed
⇒Document Type Definitions (DTD) for establishing the
vocabulary for one XML application (in some sense
comparable to schemas in databases)
A document is valid with respect to a DTD if it conforms
to the rules specified in that DTD.
Most XML parsers can be configured to validate.
 DTD Example: Elements
<!ELEMENT article (title,author+,text)>
<!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT author (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT text (abstract,section*,literature?)>
<!ELEMENT abstract (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT section (#PCDATA|index)+>
<!ELEMENT literature (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT index (#PCDATA)>
Content of the text element may
Content of the title element contain zero or more section
is parsed character data elements in this position
Content of the article element is a title element,
followed by one or more author elements,
followed by a text element
 Element Declarations in DTDs
One element declaration for each element type:
<!ELEMENT element_name content_specification>
where content_specification can be
• (#PCDATA) parsed character data
• (child) one child element
• (c1,…,cn) a sequence of child elements c1…cn
• (c1|…|cn) one of the elements c1…cn
For each component c, possible counts can be specified:
– c exactly one such element
– c+ one or more
– c* zero or more
– c? zero or one
Plus arbitrary combinations using parenthesis:
<!ELEMENT f ((a|b)*,c+,(d|e))*>
 More on Element Declarations
• Elements with mixed content:
<!ELEMENT text (#PCDATA|index|cite|glossary)*>

• Elements with empty content:

<!ELEMENT image EMPTY>
• Elements with arbitrary content (this is nothing for
production-level DTDs):
<!ELEMENT thesis ANY>
 Attribute Declarations in DTDs
Attributes are declared per element:
<!ATTLIST section number CDATA #REQUIRED
title CDATA #REQUIRED>

declares two required attributes for element section.

element name

attribute name

attribute type

attribute default
 Attribute Declarations in DTDs
Attributes are declared per element:
<!ATTLIST section number CDATA #REQUIRED
title CDATA #REQUIRED>

declares two required attributes for element section.

Possible attribute defaults:

• #REQUIRED is required in each element instance
• #IMPLIED is optional
• #FIXED default always has this default value

• default has this default value if the attribute is

omitted from the element instance
 Attribute Types in DTDs
• CDATA string data
• (A1|…|An) enumeration of all possible values of the
attribute (each is XML name)
• ID unique XML name to identify the element
• IDREF refers to ID attribute of some other element
(„intra-document link“)
• IDREFS list of IDREF, separated by white space
• plus some more
 Attribute Examples
<ATTLIST publication type (journal|inproceedings) #REQUIRED
pubid ID #REQUIRED>
<ATTLIST cite cid IDREF #REQUIRED>
<ATTLIST citation ref IDREF #IMPLIED
cid ID #REQUIRED>

<publications>
<publication type=“journal“ pubid=“Weikum01“>
<author>Gerhard Weikum</author>
<text>In the Web of 2010, XML <cite cid=„12“/>...</text>
<citation cid=„12“ ref=„XML98“/>
<citation cid=„15“>...</citation>
</publication>
<publication type=“inproceedings“ pubid=“XML98“>
<text>XML, the extended Markup Language, ...</text>
</publication>
</publications>
 Attribute Examples
<ATTLIST publication type (journal|inproceedings) #REQUIRED
pubid ID #REQUIRED>
<ATTLIST cite cid IDREF #REQUIRED>
<ATTLIST citation ref IDREF #IMPLIED
cid ID #REQUIRED>

<publications>
<publication type=“journal“ pubid=“Weikum01“>
<author>Gerhard Weikum</author>
<text>In the Web of 2010, XML <cite cid=„12“/>...</text>
<citation cid=„12“ ref=„XML98“/>
<citation cid=„15“>...</citation>
</publication>
<publication type=“inproceedings“ pubid=“XML98“>
<text>XML, the extended Markup Language, ...</text>
</publication>
</publications>
 Linking DTD and XML Docs
• Document Type Declaration in the XML document:
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM “http://www-dbs/article.dtd“>

keywords Root element URI for the DTD

 Linking DTD and XML Docs
• Internal DTD:
<?xml version=“1.0“?>
<!DOCTYPE article [
<!ELEMENT article (title,author+,text)>
...
<!ELEMENT index (#PCDATA)>
]>
<article>
...
</article>
• Both ways can be mixed, internal DTD overwrites
external entity information:
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM „article.dtd“ [
<!ENTITY % pub_content (title+,author*,text)
]>
 Flaws of DTDs
• No support for basic data types like integers, doubles,
dates, times, …
• No structured, self-definable data types
• No type derivation
• id/idref links are quite loose (target is not specified)

⇒ XML Schema
 Namespaces
<library>
<description>Library of the CS Department</description>
<book bid=“HandMS2000“>
<title>Principles of Data Mining</title>
<description>
Short introduction to <em>data mining</em>, useful
for the IRDM course
</description>
</book>
</library>
Semantics of the description element is ambigous
Content may be defined differently
Renaming may be impossible (standards!)
⇒ Disambiguation of separate XML applications using
unique prefixes
 Namespace Syntax
<dbs:book xmlns:dbs=“http://www-dbs/dbs“>

Prefix as abbrevation Unique URI to identify

of URI the namespace
Signal that namespace
definition happens
 Namespace Example
<dbs:book xmlns:dbs=“http://www-dbs/dbs“>
<dbs:description> ... </dbs:description>
<dbs:text>
<dbs:formula>
<mathml:math
xmlns:mathml=“http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML“>
...
</mathml:math>
</dbs:formula>
</dbs:text>
</dbs:book>
 Default Namespace
• Default namespace may be set for an element and its
content (but not its attributes):
<book xmlns=“http://www-dbs/dbs“>
<description>...</description>
<book>
• Can be overridden in the elements by specifying the
namespace there (using prefix or default namespace)
 XML Schema Basics
• XML Schema is an XML application
• They have a number of data types including string,
decimal, integer, boolean, date, and time.)
• Allows defining possible values for elements
• They divide elements into simple and complex types.
• Allows defining types derived from existing types
• Allows posing constraints on the occurrence of elements
• They also determine the tree structure and how many
children a node may have.
• Allows forcing uniqueness and foreign keys
 Schema for First address
Example
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>
<xs:schema <?xml version=“1.0”/>
xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xs:element name="address"> <address>
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence> <name>Alice Lee</name>
<xs:element name="name"
type="xs:string"/> <email>[email protected]</email>
<xs:element name="email" <phone>212-346-234</phone>
type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="phone" <birthday>1985-03-02 </birthday>
type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="birthday" </address>
type="xs:date"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
 Explanation of Example Schema
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" ?>
• ISO-8859-1, Latin-1, is the same as UTF-8 in the first 128 characters.
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
• www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema contains the schema standards.
<xs:element name="address">
<xs:complexType>
• This states that address is a complex type element.
<xs:sequence>
• This states that the following elements form a sequence and must come in the
order shown.
<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/>
• This says that the element, name, must be a string.
<xs:element name="birthday" type="xs:date"/>
• This states that the element, birthday, is a date. Dates are always of the form
yyyy-mm-dd.
 Simplified XML Schema for
article XML document
<xs:schema>
<xs:element name=“article“>
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name=“author“ type=“xs:string“/>
<xs:element name=“title“ type=“xs:string“/>
<xs:element name=“text“>
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name=“abstract“ type=“xs:string“/>
<xs:element name=“section“ type=“xs:string“
minOccurs=“0“ maxOccurs=“unbounded“/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
 XSLT
Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations

• To Present an XML document there are two approaches

1) Using Cascading Style Sheets or
2) Using XSLT
• XSLT is used to transform one xml document into another, often
an html document.
• The Transform classes are now part of Java 1.4.
• A program is used that takes as input one xml document and
produces as output another.
• If the resulting document is in html, it can be viewed by a web
browser.
• This is a good way to display xml data.
 A Style Sheet to Transform address.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:template match="address">
<html><head><title>Address Book</title></head>
<body>
<xsl:value-of select="name"/>
<br/><xsl:value-of select="email"/>
<br/><xsl:value-of select="phone"/>
<br/><xsl:value-of select="birthday"/>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
 The Result of the Transformation

OUTPUT

Alice Lee
[email protected]
123-45-6789
1983-7-15
 XML Parsers

All modern browsers have a built-in XML parser.

• An XML parser converts an XML document into an XML DOM object - which
can then be manipulated with JavaScript.
XML supports two parsers
• SAX – Simple API for XML
– Uses a call-back method
– Similar to javax listeners
– SAX approach to processing an XML document is called event processing.
The Processor scans the XML document from beginning to end.
• DOM – Document Object Model
– Creates a parse tree
– Requires a tree traversal
– DOM approach build a hierarchical syntactical structure of XML
document which creates dynamic document s
 References

• Programming The World Wide Web Fourth Edition

by Robert W Sebesta
• Elliotte Rusty Harold, Processing XML with Java,
Addison Wesley, 2002.
• Elliotte Rusty Harold and Scott Means, XML
Programming, O’Reilly & Associates, Inc., 2002.
• W3Schools Online Web Tutorials,
 Important Questions

1. What is XML? How is XML useful? How is XML compatible with others

2. a) What is a document type definition (DTD)? How do you create DTD?

b) Explain DTD sequences

3. What is an XML schema? With an example explain the working of XML

schema.

4. Explain the working of XSL. ………………………………………………..

5. a)What is Document Object Model (DOM)? Explain the DOM levels ……

b) Differentiate SAX and DOM Parsers…………………………………