CE 1111: MATHEMATICS OF ENGINEERING [Publish Date]

COMPLEX NUMBERS: Numbers of the form 𝒛 = 𝒙 ± 𝒊𝒚. 2. Rectangular Form: 𝒛 = 𝒙 ± 𝒊𝒚

3. Polar Form: 𝒛 = 𝒓∠𝜽
Where: x & y are real numbers; i = imaginary unit = √−1
Where: r is called the “modulus” (any real number), θ
is called the argument (usually expressed in degrees)
z = x ± iy
4. Exponential Form: 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆±𝒊𝜽 , Θ in radians.
Real Part Imaginary Part
Complex Number Conversion
➢ Complex numbers can be represented by perpendicular
Rectangular Form to Polar Form (v.v.)
axes, one representing the real part and the other axis
(x , y)
the imaginary part.

+ Im axis r
y

- Re axis + Re axis θ

- Im axis a. For 𝒙 ± 𝒊𝒚 → 𝒓∠𝜽

𝒚
Use: 𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 and θ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙)
Complex Numbers Visualized in Different Forms b. For 𝒓∠𝜽 → 𝒙 ± 𝒊𝒚
1. Geometric Interpretation / Coordinate Form Use: x = r cos θ; y = r sin θ

Example 1: Convert the rectangular form z = 8.66 + i5 to the

polar form.
Z1 = -1 + i Z1 = 2 + i
(-1,1) (2,1) Given: x = 8.66, y = 5
5
Solution: r = √(8.66)2 + (5)2 = 9.99978 ≈ 10; Θ = tan−1 (8.66)
= 30°

Answer: z = 10∠30°

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 CE 1111: MATHEMATICS OF ENGINEERING [Publish Date]

𝜋
Example 2: Convert the polar form z = 14∠32.25° δ = 236.31° - 360° = -123.69 × 180° = - 2.159 rad
Given: r = 14, θ = 32.25° Answer: z = 3.606𝑒 𝑖4.124 = 3.606𝑒 −𝑖2.159
Solution:

x = 14 cos(32.25°) = 11.84 θ = 236.31°

y = 14 sin(32.25) = 7.47

Answer: z = 11.84 + i7.47 α = 56.31°

δ = -123.69°
Rectangular/Polar Form to Exponential Form (v.v.)

- Learning to convert complex numbers from

rectangular/polar form to exponential form (v.v.) is easy
when you’ve mastered the basic concepts of complex (-2, -3)
numbers.
Euler’s Formula for Complex Numbers
- To convert complex numbers from rectangular/polar
form to exponential form, determine the modulus and Euler’s Formula: 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑗𝑠 𝜃
the argument (in radians) using trigonometry.
• If 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽, then 𝒛 = 𝒓 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) = 𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝜽.
- To convert complex numbers from exponential form to
rectangular form, determine the real and imaginary parts Operations with Complex Numbers
using trigonometry.
Addition/Subtraction
Example 3: Convert z = -2 – i3 to exponential form.
• If z1 = (x1 ±iy1) and z2 = (x2 ± iy2), then z1 ± z2 = (x1 ± x2) + i
Given: x = -2 and y = -3, Component form: (-2,-3) 3rd (y1 ± y2).
quadrant
Multiplication (in Rectangular Form)
Solution:
• If z1 = (x1 ± iy1) and z2 = (x2 ± iy2), use foil method to solve
r= √(−2)2 + (−3)2 = √13 = 3.606 z1∙z2.
• Remember that i2 = -1.
−3
α = tan−1 (−2) = 56.31°
𝜋
θ = 180° + α = 180° + 56.31° = 236.31° × 180° = 4.124 rad

or

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 CE 1111: MATHEMATICS OF ENGINEERING [Publish Date]

Example: If z1 = 2.5 - i4 and z2 = -1.5 + i6, find z1∙z2. Example: Divide

−2+𝑖3
.
4+𝑖4
Solution:

z1∙z2 = (2.5 - i4)( -1.5 + i6)

= (2.5)(-1.5) + (2.5)(i6) + (-i4)(-1.5) +(i4)(i6)

= 3.75 + i15 + i6 + i224

= 3.75 + i21 - 24
Division (in Polar Form)
Answer: z1∙z2 = -20.25 + i21
- If z1 = r1∠θ1 and z2 = r2∠θ2, then z1∕z2 = r1/r2 ∠ (θ1 - θ2)
Multiplication (in Polar Form)
Exercises:
- If z1 = r1∠θ1 and z2 = r2∠θ2, then z1∙z2 = (r1 ∙ r2) ∠ (θ1 + θ2). [(3+𝑖4)−(𝑖3)](1−𝑖)
1. Solve
2+𝑖
The Conjugate Complex Number 2. Given: z1 = -2 + i, z2 = (4, -2), z3 = 2∠30°, z4 = 2𝑒 −𝑖𝜋 , z5 = 3
The conjugate of a complex number is obtained when the sign (cos 30 + sin 30). Find the following: (a) z1 + z2, (b) z2 – z1,
𝑧3 ∗𝑧1 𝑧3 ∗𝑧1
of the imaginary part of the number is changed. The conjugate (c) z3 ∙ z4 ∙ z5, (d) 𝑅𝑒 { 𝑧2
}, (e) 𝐼𝑚 { 𝑧2
}.
of z is indicated by z* or 𝒛̅.
De Moivre’s Formula
Example: If z = 3 + i2, then z* = 3 – i2
(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
Division (in Rectangular Form)
Powers of z by De Moivre’s Formula
- To divide complex numbers in rectangular form, apply
rationalization. The steps are as follows: 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
1. Eliminate the imaginary part from the denominator by where 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
multiplying the both numerator and denominator by
the conjugate of the denominator. Roots of z by De Moivre’s Formula
2. Apply FOIL method in both the numerator and the 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑛 𝑛
denominator. Remember that i2 = -1. √𝑧 = √𝑟 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
𝑛 𝑛
3. Write your answer in the form x ± iy. Simplify your
answer if you can. where k = 0, 1, …, n – 1.

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 CE 1111: MATHEMATICS OF ENGINEERING [Publish Date]

Exercises

1. Given: z1 = -2 + i, z2 = (4, -2), z3 = 2∠30°, z4 = 2𝑒 −𝑖𝜋 , z5 = 3

(cos 30 + sin 30). Find: (a) (z5)2, (b) (z1 + z2)3, (c) (z3)3 ∙ (z4)4,
𝑧 25
(d) (𝑧2 ) .
1
2. Find the roots and graph all roots in the complex plane.
a. √1 + 𝑖
3

b. √216
3

c. The four fourth roots of i.

d. The four fourth roots of unity.
3. Determine the value of the following:
a. i16
b. i49
c. i502
d. i1601

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