Mechanisms

Prof.dr.ing. Csaba Antonya

[email protected]
DATR
Mechanisms – Lecture 11

 Topics:
 Law of gearing
 Involute profile
 Tooth profile of a rack
 Circular gear - Spur Gear Teeth
 Meshing of spur gears
MECHANISMS

2 Lecture 11
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Law of gearing

 CONDITION FOR CONSTANT

VELOCITY RATIO OF TOOTHED
WHEELS
 T-T be the common tangent
 M-N be the common normal to
the curves at the point of
contact Q.
 Let v1 and v2 be the velocities of
the point Q on the wheels 1 and
2
MECHANISMS

If the teeth are to remain in

contact, then the components of
these velocities along the common
normal MN must be equal.
3 Lecture 11
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Law of gearing

 from similar triangles O1MP and O2NP

MECHANISMS

4 Lecture 11
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Law of gearing

 The angular velocity ratio is inversely

proportional to the ratio of the distances of
the point P from the centers O1 and O2
 (or the common normal to the two surfaces
at the point of contact Q intersects the line
of centers at point P which divides the
centre distance inversely as the ratio of
angular velocities)
 Therefore in order to have a constant
angular velocity ratio for all positions of the
MECHANISMS

wheels, the point P must be the fixed point

(called pitch point) for the two wheels

5 Lecture 11
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Law of gearing

 The common normal at

the point of contact
between a pair of
teeth must always
pass through the pitch
point.
 This is the
fundamental condition
which must be
satisfied while
MECHANISMS

designing the profiles

for the teeth of gear
wheels.

6 Lecture 11
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Involute profile

 On mating gears, when the tooth profiles

are designed so as to produce a constant
angular velocity ratio, these gears are said
to have conjugate action
 The standard tooth profile that provides
conjugate gear action is the involute
profile (There are others – i.e. Cycloidal
teeth, but not used often)
MECHANISMS

7 Lecture 11
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Involute

 An involute of a circle is a
plane curve generated by
a point on a tangent,
which rolls on the circle
without slipping
 Or by a point on a taut
string which in unwrapped
from a reel
MECHANISMS

8 Lecture 11
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9
Lecture 11
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Involute Curve

 cb Base circle - circle on

which the involute is
generated

(radius rb )
AM  AM 0 
rb  tg e  rb   e   e 
 The normal at any point
of an involute is a
tangent to the base
circle
 Equations of the
MECHANISMS

involute:
rb
re 
cos  e
 e  tg e   e
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Fundamental law and involute curve

 rG / rP = constant
(constant speed ratio)
 All common normals
have to intersect at rG
the same point: P –
pitch point

Tangent at
the point of
contact

rP
MECHANISMS

11 Lecture 11
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Line of action or pressure line

The common normal to

two gear teeth at the
point of contact
Line along which the force
between two meshing
gear teeth is directed
Pressure angle: it is the
angle between the
pressure line and the
common tangent at the
pitch point.
MECHANISMS

Has been standardized:

(14.5°), 20°, (25°)
Base circles are tangent
to the pressure line
Lecture 11
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Rack

linear "gear" bar

MECHANISMS

z=10 compared with z=200

13 Lecture 11
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Tooth profile of a rack

Is the standard involute gear profile.

 p – reference pitch, is the distance
between corresponding points on adjacent
teeth
 α = 20o - The angle of a gear tooth leaning
against a normal reference line.
MECHANISMS

14 Lecture 11
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Tooth profile of a rack

 Module is the unit size

indicated in millimeter
(mm). The value is
calculated from dividing the
reference pitch by Pi (π).
p
m

MECHANISMS

15 Lecture 11
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Involute rack teeth

 Reference line - the tooth occupies half

the pitch.
 Addendum ha = 1.00m, The distance
between reference line and tooth tip.
 Dedendum hf =1.25m, The distance
between reference line and tooth root.
 Tooth Depth h= 2.25m, The distance
between tooth tip and tooth root.
MECHANISMS

16 Lecture 11
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Involute rack teeth

 Working Depth hw = 2.00m, Depth of

tooth meshed with the mating gear.
 Tip and Root Clearance c = 0.25m, The
distance (clearance) between tooth root
and the tooth tip of mating gear.
 Dedendum fillet radius ρf = 0.38m The
radius of curvature between tooth surface
and the tooth root.
MECHANISMS

17 Lecture 11
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Circular gear

 A circular gear of specified

module is generated
by a rack cutter
 The rack's profile is a cutting edge whose
straight sides and fillets machine
respectively the active flanks and the
roots of the gear's teeth.
 The cutter is set out about the reference
and centre lines, with absolute
MECHANISMS

dimensions derived from the system's

proportions multiplied by the specified
module.

18 Lecture 11
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Circular gear - Spur Gear Teeth
MECHANISMS

Lecture 11
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Pitch circle

 Pitch circle: It is an
imaginary circle which
by pure rolling action,
would give the same
motion as the actual
gear.
 Pitch circle: is the
rolling cylinder circle

Pitch point P: It is a common point of contact

MECHANISMS

between two pitch circles.

Pitch circle diameter: it is the diameter of the
pitch circle (a.k.a. pitch diameter - d)

20 Lecture 11
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Circular pitch

 It is the distance measured on the

circumference of the pitch circle from a point
of one tooth to the corresponding point on the
next tooth.

Circular pitch: p = π D/T

D = Diameter of the pitch
circle
T = Number of teeth
on the wheel.
MECHANISMS

Two gears will mesh together correctly, if the

two wheels have the same circular pitch.
21 Lecture 11
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Module - m

 It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter

in millimeters to the number of teeth.
m=D/z

 Module: Divide circular pitch (in

Millimeters) by Pi (π)

p
m

MECHANISMS

Gear ISO standards and design methods are

now normally based on the module.
22 Lecture 11
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Standard Values of Module - m
MECHANISMS

23 Lecture 11
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Spur gear geometry

 Addendum (ha = 1.00m): it is the radial

distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to
the top of the tooth (the amount of tooth
that sticks out above the pitch circle)
 Dedendum (hf =1.25m): it is the radial
distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to
the bottom of the tooth
 Total depth (h= 2.25m):
It is the radial distance
between the addendum
MECHANISMS

and the dedendum circles

of a gear. It is equal to the sum of the
addendum and dedendum.

24 Lecture 11
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Spur gear geometry

 Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn

through the top of the teeth and is
concentric with the pitch circle.
da  d  2  ha  zm  2m  m( z  2)

 Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn

through the bottom of the teeth. It is also
called root circle.
d f  d  2  h f  zm  2,5m  m( z  2,5)

 Base circle: circle from which involute

tooth profiles are derived
MECHANISMS

db  d  cos 

 Pitch diameter
d  m z

25 Lecture 11
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Meshing of spur gears
MECHANISMS

26 Lecture 11
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Meshing of spur gears
MECHANISMS

27 Lecture 11
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Meshing of spur gears
MECHANISMS

28 Lecture 11
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Generation of a standard spur gear

 Involute gears can be easily generated by

rack type cutters.
 The hob is in effect a rack cutter.
 Gear generation is also produced with
gear type cutters using a shaper or planer
machine
MECHANISMS

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Generation of a standard spur gear

 the pitch line of a rack cutter rolling on a

pitch circle generates a spur gear.
MECHANISMS

30 Lecture 11
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 The Generating of a standard spur gear

 (α= 20°, z = 10, x = 0)
MECHANISMS

31 Lecture 11