Style For Writting Referance

Introduction
Referencing is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have

conducted a thorough and appropriate literature search, and reading. Equally,
referencing is an acknowledgement that you have used the ideas and written
material belonging to other authors in your own work.
The common types of reference include journals, books and internet sources.
The elements of reference include authors name, article title, journal name, year
, volume, page numbers.
Different styles of writing reference
Scholarly reference style are divided into three main categories based on the
recording style of the sources –documentary note style, parenthetical (or author
– date) style, and numbered style.
1. Documentary note style
In this style the reference are provided either as a footnote or an endnote.

In the text, they are identified by a numerical, usually in superscript. The
numerical is placed after the concluding punctuation or full stop ending the
sentence to which the reference belongs. Oxford referencing style and Chicago
referencing style are examples of documentary note style primarily used in
History, philosophy and classics.
2. Parenthetical style or author date style
In this the in-text reference are given within parentheses before the
sentence full stop. American psychological association reference style and
Harvard referencing style are the examples of parenthetical style primarily used
in the science and social sciences. It is listed alphabetically by the author’s
surname.
3. Numbered style
In this the sources are indicated using Arabic numbers within square
brackets or in superscript, and the references are listed in a numbered reference
list after the text. Reference are listed chronologically in the order of their
appearance in the text. Vancouver referencing style is an example of numbered
style and widely used in health science.
Vancouver style of writing references
It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical journals.

Over 500 medical journals use this style of reference.
Citation with in the text: in the text, references are sequentially numbered. A
number should be given in superscript format e.g. 5 or enclosed in bracket e.g
(5). Citations are sequential numbers in the order of their appearance in the text.
Each citation corresponds to a numbered reference which contains information
on the source of publication in the reference list at the end of the publication.
Once a source has been cited and the same is repeated, the same orginal number
should be assigned to it. While citing multiple sources for any text, all the
reference numbers are cited sequentially separated by a comma between each of
them, for example.3,4,5
Book
Book by a single author: author’s surname with initial. Title of the book.
Edition if later than 1st .place of publication: publisher name year of publication.
Example : Riyaz S. Difficult cases in pimary care:women

health.London:Radicliffe Publishing;2012.
Book by tow authors: first author’s Surname with initial,Second author’s

surname with initial.Title of book. Edition if later than 1 st. place of
publication:publishername;year of publication.
Example: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, editors. Robbins basic pathology.
16th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; c2013
Book by a corporate author: name of the corporate author.Title of book. Place

of publication:publishers name;year of publication
Example: College of Medical Radiation Technologists of Ontario. Standards of

practice. Toronto: The College; 2011.
Edited book : Editor’s surname with initial(S),editor. Title of

book/dictionary/encyclopedia ect. Edition if later than 1 st . place of publication:
publisher name; year of publication
Example : Stedman’s medical dictionary for the health professions and nursing.
7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2012.
Hematoma; p. 756.
Journal articles: author’s surname with initial. Title of journal article.

Abbreviated journal title.year;volume number(issue number if there is
one);page number.
Example: Al-Habian A, Harikumar PE, Stocker CJ, Langlands K, Selway JL.

Histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation of mouse skin histology:
comparison of fixation with neutral buffered formalin and alcoholic formalin. J
Histotechnol. 2014 Dec;37(4):115-24.
Electronic journal article:author’s surname with initial. Title of article. Title

of internet Year month day. (cited Year month day).available from:URL.
Example : Poling J, Kelly L, Chan C, Fisman D, Ulanova M. Hospital

admission for community-acquired pneumonia in a First Nations population.
Can J Rural Med [Internet]. 2014 Fall [cited 2015 Apr 27];19(4):135-41.
Available from: http://www.srpc.ca/14fal.html by selecting PDF link in table of
contents.
Newspaper : article in a printed newspaper:auther’s surname with initial.title of

article. Title of newspaper.year month day; location in newspaper.
Example: Carville O. Health ‘snooping’ cases on the rise. Toronto Star. 2015
May 27:Sect. GT:1 (col. 3).
Government documents : name of the government department. Title of

paper/report,Cm number-also called the series number. Place of
publication:name of the publisher;year of publication.
Example : department of health. Healthy lives,healthy people:our stategy for

public health in England Cm 7985.London:stationery office;2010.
American psychological association style of writing reference (APA)
American psychological association style is most frequently used within

the social science in order to cite various source. APA style was first developed
in 1929. The sixth edition of APA manual is the most current one released in
July 2009.
Citation with in text

 APA uses the author date method of citation. When referencing or
summarizing a source, provide the author and year. For example, in one
experimental study (Singh, 2001), children learned…or in the study by
Singh(2001)
 When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific
page or paragraph number as well. For example one study found that “the
listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the
interpretation of the entire message”(Gass&Varonis,1984,p.85).
 When quoting in text, if a direct quote is less than 40 words, incorporate
it into text and use quotation marks. If a direct quote is more than 40
words, make the quotation a freestanding indented block of text and DO
NOT use quotation marks. For example, this suggests that familiarity
with non-native speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a
variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. That is, prior
experience with non-native speech, such as that gained by listening to the
reading, facilitates comprehension.(Grass&Varonis,1984,p.77).
 Everything cited in text appears in the reference list. The list should be
written in an alphabetical order.
How to Cite a Book (Title, not chapter) in APA Format
Book referencing is the most basic style; it matches the template above, minus
the URL section. So the basic format of a book reference is as follows:
Book referencing examples:
Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation.
London, England: My Publisher
Jones, A.F & Wang, L. (2011). Spectacular creatures: The Amazon
rainforest (2nd ed.). San Jose, Costa Rica: My Publisher
How to Cite an Edited Book in APA Format
This reference format is very similar to the book format apart from one extra
inclusion: (Ed(s)). The basic format is as follows:
Edited book example:
Williams, S.T. (Ed.). (2015). Referencing: A guide to citation rules (3rd ed.).

New York, NY: My Publishe
How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book in APA Format
Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors. To

reference a single chapter, a different format is needed. The basic structure is as
follows:
Edited book chapter example:
In the following example, B.N. Troy is the author of the chapter and S.T.
Williams is the editor.
Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to
citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). New York, NY: Publishers.
How to Cite an E-Book in APA Format

An E-Book reference is the same as a book reference expect the publisher is
swapped for a URL. The basic structure is as follows:
Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).*). (Year). Title (ed.*). Retrieved from URL
*optional.
E-Book example:
Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation.
Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager
How to Cite an E-Book Chapter in APA Format
This follows the same structure as an edited book chapter reference except the
publisher is exchanged for a URL. The structure is as follows:
Last name of the chapter author, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In editor
initial(s), surname (Ed.). Title (ed., pp.chapter page range). Retrieved from URL
E-Book chapter example:
Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to
citation rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
How to Cite a Journal Article in Print or Online in APA Format
Articles differ from book citations in that the publisher and publisher location
are not included. For journal articles, these are replaced with the journal title,
volume number, issue number and page number. The basic structure is:
Journal Article Examples:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal,
67(2), 81-95
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal,

67(2), 81-95. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/reference-
management/reference-manager
How to Cite a Newspaper Articles in Print or Online in APA Format
The basic structure is as follows:
Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title. Title of

Newspaper, column/section, p. or pp. Retrieved from URL*
**Only include if the article is online.
Note: the date includes the year, month and date.
Newspaper Articles Example:
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Changes to citation formats shake the research world. The
Mendeley Telegraph, Research News, pp.9. Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-manager
How to Cite Magazine Articles in Print or Online in APA Format
The basic structure is as follows:
Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Title of the Magazine, pp.
Magazine Article Example:
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). How citation changed the research world. The Mendeley,
pp. 26-28
How to Cite Non-Print Material in APA Format
How to Cite an Image in APA Format
The basic format to cite an image is:

Image Example:
Millais, J.E. (1851-1852). Ophelia [painting]. Retrieved

from www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-ophelia-n01506
Bibliography
 https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/vancouver
 Suresh k sharma, nursing research and ststictics, 3 rd edition, Hariyana,
Elsevier publication, 2018.
 www.imperial.ac.uk/library
 https://www.qualtrics.com
 https://libguides.nurdoch.edu.au/APA

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Introduction

Referencing is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you have

Different styles of writing reference

1. Documentary note style

In this style the reference are provided either as a footnote or an endnote.

2. Parenthetical style or author date style

It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical journals.

Example : Riyaz S. Difficult cases in pimary care:women

Book by tow authors: first author’s Surname with initial,Second author’s

Book by a corporate author: name of the corporate author.Title of book. Place

Example: College of Medical Radiation Technologists of Ontario. Standards of

Edited book : Editor’s surname with initial(S),editor. Title of

Journal articles: author’s surname with initial. Title of journal article.

Example: Al-Habian A, Harikumar PE, Stocker CJ, Langlands K, Selway JL.

Electronic journal article:author’s surname with initial. Title of article. Title

Example : Poling J, Kelly L, Chan C, Fisman D, Ulanova M. Hospital

Newspaper : article in a printed newspaper:auther’s surname with initial.title of

Government documents : name of the government department. Title of

Example : department of health. Healthy lives,healthy people:our stategy for

American psychological association style of writing reference (APA)

American psychological association style is most frequently used within

Citation with in text

How to Cite a Book (Title, not chapter) in APA Format

Book referencing examples:

How to Cite an Edited Book in APA Format

Edited book example:

Williams, S.T. (Ed.). (2015). Referencing: A guide to citation rules (3rd ed.).

How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book in APA Format

Edited books are collations of chapters written by different authors. To

Edited book chapter example:

How to Cite an E-Book in APA Format

Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).*). (Year). Title (ed.*). Retrieved from URL

How to Cite an E-Book Chapter in APA Format

E-Book chapter example:

How to Cite a Journal Article in Print or Online in APA Format

Journal Article Examples:

Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal,

How to Cite a Newspaper Articles in Print or Online in APA Format

The basic structure is as follows:

Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title. Title of

**Only include if the article is online.

Note: the date includes the year, month and date.

Newspaper Articles Example:

How to Cite Magazine Articles in Print or Online in APA Format

The basic structure is as follows:

Magazine Article Example:

How to Cite Non-Print Material in APA Format

How to Cite an Image in APA Format

The basic format to cite an image is:

Millais, J.E. (1851-1852). Ophelia [painting]. Retrieved

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Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).). (Year). Title (ed.). Retrieved from URL