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Trapezoidal Rule

The trapezoidal rule approximates the definite integral of a function by dividing the area under the curve into trapezoids instead of rectangles. The formula for the trapezoidal rule sums the values of the function at the endpoints and interior points, multiplied by the width of the subintervals. As the number of subintervals increases, the approximation provided by the trapezoidal rule converges on the actual value of the definite integral. An example demonstrates using the trapezoidal rule to estimate the integral from 1 to 5 of the function square root of 1 + x^2.

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muzamil shabir
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50 views5 pages

Trapezoidal Rule

The trapezoidal rule approximates the definite integral of a function by dividing the area under the curve into trapezoids instead of rectangles. The formula for the trapezoidal rule sums the values of the function at the endpoints and interior points, multiplied by the width of the subintervals. As the number of subintervals increases, the approximation provided by the trapezoidal rule converges on the actual value of the definite integral. An example demonstrates using the trapezoidal rule to estimate the integral from 1 to 5 of the function square root of 1 + x^2.

Uploaded by

muzamil shabir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trapezoidal rule:

In mathematics, and more specifically in numerical analysis,


the trapezoidal rule (also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule) is a
technique for approximating the definite integral. The trapezoidal rule works by
approximating the region under the graph of the function as a trapezoid and
calculating its area.

Formula:

∫ba f(x)dx

∫ba f(x)d x ≈T n=△x2[f(x0) + 2f(x1) + 2f(x2) + 2f(xn−1) + f (x n)]

Where, xi = a+IΔx

Δx = (b-a)

/n, Such that x0 < x1< x2< x3<…..<xn = b,

When n →∞, R.H.S of the expression approaches the definite integral ∫ba f(x)dx
Graph:

In the Trapezoidal Rule the area under a curve is evaluated by dividing the total area
into little trapezoids rather than rectangles.
Let f(x) be continuous on [a,b]. We partition the interval [a,b] into n equal

subintervals, each of width

Δx=b−an

such that

a=x0<x1<x2<⋯<xn=b
Example:

Use the trapezoidal rule with n = 8 to estimate:

∫511+x2−−−−−√dx

Solution:

Given, function: ∫511+x2−−−−−√dx

we know that, a=1, b=5 and n=8.

Now, substitute the values in the formula, we get

Δx = (b-a)/n

Δx = (5-1)/8

Δx = 1/2

Now, divide the interval into 8 subintervals with the length of Δx = 1/2, with the

following endpoints,
a=1, 3/2, 2, 5/2, 3, 7/2, 4, 9/2, 5 = b

Now, compute the functions with these endpoints,

f(x0) = f (1) = √2 = 1.4142135623731

2f(x1) = 2 f(3/2) = √13 = 3.60555127546399

2f(x2) = 2 f(2) = 2√5 = 4.47213595499958

2f(x3) = 2 f(5/2) = √29 = 5.3851648071345

2f(x4) = 2 f(3) = 2√10 = 6.32455532033676

2f(x5) = 2 f(7/2) = √53 = 7.28010988928052

2f(x6) = 2 f(4) = 2√17 = 8.24621125123532

2f(x7) = 2 f(9/2) = √85 = 9.21954445729289

2f(x8) = 2 f(5) = √26 = 5.09901951359278

Now, substitute the values in the trapezoidal rule formula,

∫ba f(x)dx≈Tn=△x2[f(x0) + 2f(x1) + 2f(x2) +….2f(xn−1) + f(xn)]


= 1/4 (1.4142135623731 + 3.60555127546399 + 4.47213595499958 +

5.3851648071345 + 6.32455532033676 +7.28010988928052 +

8.24621125123532 + 9.21954445729289 + 5.09901951359278)

= 1/4( 51.0465060317)

= 12.7616265079

Which can be approximately written as 12.76

Hence, ∫511+x2−−−−−√dx ≈ 12.76

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