Exp 10 - Power System Stability - Teacher

Experiment 10
American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE1234: Power Systems Analysis Laboratory
Title: Power System Stability
Introduction:
In this experiment, power system stability analysis in the simulation environment will be
performed.
Theory and Methodology:
Power System Stability: The power system stability is the property of the system which
enablesthe synchronous machines of the system to respond to a disturbance from a normal
operatingcondition so as to return to a condition where their operation is again normal.
The electrical power is generated by synchronous generators that operate in synchronism with
therest of the system. A generator is synchronized with a bus when both of them have same
frequency,voltage and phase sequence. We can thus define the power system stability as the
ability of thepower system to return to steady state without losing synchronism.
The Swing Equation:Itis the fundamental equation that determines rotor dynamics in transient
stability studies. The per unit swing equation is given below.
Pm,pu: The mechanical power supplied by the prime mover minus mechanical losses, per-unit
Pe,pu: The electrical power output plus electrical losses, per-unit
Pa,pu: The accelerating power, per-unit
ω: Electrical radian frequency
ω,syn: Synchronous electrical radian frequency
ωpu: Per unit electrical frequency
δ: Power angle
H: Inertia constant
D is either zero or a relatively small positive number with typical values between 0 and 2
t: Time
When the swing equation is solved, the expression of δis expressed as a function of time. Thus,
the curve of δas function of time (t) is called swing curve.
Power or Load or Torque or Rotor or Internal Machine Angle Equation:

Fig. 1 schematically represents a generator supplying power through a transmission system to a
receiving-end system at bus (1). The voltage E1′represents the transient internal voltage of the
generator at bus (1). The voltage E2′at the receiving-end is regarded here as that of an infinite
busor as the transient internal voltage of a synchronous motor whose transient reactance is
included in the network.
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

The bus admittance matrix for the network reduced to two nodes is:
Fig 1: Schematic diagram for stability studies. Transient reactances associated with E1′and
E2′are included in the transmission network.
Simplified Synchronous Machine Model

Fig. 2 shows a simplified model of a synchronous machine, called the classicalmodel that can be
used in the transient stability studies. Eg′is internal voltage behind its direct axis transient
reactance Xd. The model is based on the following assumptions:
1. The machine is operating under balanced three-phase positive-sequence conditions.
2. Machine excitation is constant
3. Machine losses, saturation, and saliency are neglected.
Fig. 2: Simplified circuit of a synchronous motor
The power angle equation of the simplified synchronous machine model is
δis called phase angle, or rotor angle, or power angle, or torque angle, or load angle, or
internal machine angle.
System Equivalent
In transient stability programs, more detailed models can be used to represent exciters, losses,
saturation, and saliency. However, the simplified model reduces model complexity while
maintaining reasonable accuracy in stability calculations. Each generator in the model is
connected to a system consisting of transmission lines, transformers, loads, and other machines.
To a first approximation the system can be represented by an “infinite bus” behind a system
reactance. An infinite bus is an ideal voltage source that maintains constant voltage magnitude,
constant phase and constant frequency. Fig. 3 shows a synchronous generator connected to a
system equivalent. The phase angle δof the internal machine voltage is the machine power angle
with respect to the infinite bus. The current of system equivalent circuit is-

Pre-Lab Homework:
Relevant theories must be studied from class lectures, text book and reference books.
Software Requirement:
Matlab 2013 or versions above is preferable.
Mathematical ProblemWith Solution:
Figure 4 shows a single-line diagram of a three-phase, 60-Hz synchronous generator, connected

through a transformer and parallel transmission lines to an infinite bus. All reactances are given
in per-unit on a common system base. If the infinite bus receives 1.0 per unit real power at 0.95
pf lagging, determine (i) the internal voltage of the generator and (ii) the equation for the
electrical power delivered by the generator versus its power angle, δ.
Solution:

Experimental Procedure:
1. Write the code given in appendix and save it as .m file.

2. Run the file
3. In the command window check the different values.
4. Verify the result with the calculation
5. Perform the experiment using PSA Soft Lab
Discussion and Conclusion:

This experiment should give a proper understanding of different unsymmetrical faults of
power system. From the simulation results the severity of different faults can be identified.
Students are expected to fully understand the code and should be able to write themselves a
new code for different problems.
Reference(s):
1. Willaim D. Stevenson, “Elements of Power System Analysis”, Fourth Edition, McGraw-

Hill International Editions, Civil Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill Inc.
Appendix:
Matlab Code:
clc
prompt = 'Frequency: ';

result = input(prompt);
freq = result;
% freq = 60;
prompt = 'Vterminal: ';

Vterminal = result;
% Vterminal = 1;
prompt = 'Vinf: ';

Vinf = result;
% Vinf = 1;
gen_x = j*0.2;
xt = j*0.1;
H = 5;
Wpu = 1;
line1_x = j*0.4;
line2_x = j*0.4;
xeq = xt+(line1_x*line2_x)/(line1_x+line2_x);
Pe = 1;

delta = asin(Pe*xeq/Vterminal/Vinf);
Vinf = Vinf*(cos(delta)+j*sin(delta));
current = (Vterminal-Vinf)/xeq*sin(delta);
E_prime = Vterminal+current*gen_x;
xeq2 = gen_x+xt+(line1_x*line2_x)/(line1_x+line2_x);
Pe_new_max = E_prime*Vinf/xeq2;
plot(abs(Pe_new_max)*sin(0:pi/20:pi));
delta0 = (asin(1/abs(Pe_new_max)));
deltaCR = (acos((pi-2*delta0)*sin(delta0) - cos(delta0)));
deltamax = (pi-delta0);
delta0_degree = delta0*180/pi
deltaCR_degree = deltaCR*180/pi
deltamax_degree =deltamax*180/pi

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Experiment 10

American International University- Bangladesh

Title: Power System Stability

Theory and Methodology:

Power or Load or Torque or Rotor or Internal Machine Angle Equation:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

Simplified Synchronous Machine Model

Fig. 2: Simplified circuit of a synchronous motor

The power angle equation of the simplified synchronous machine model is

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

Matlab 2013 or versions above is preferable.

Mathematical ProblemWith Solution:

Figure 4 shows a single-line diagram of a three-phase, 60-Hz synchronous generator, connected

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

1. Write the code given in appendix and save it as .m file.

Discussion and Conclusion:

1. Willaim D. Stevenson, “Elements of Power System Analysis”, Fourth Edition, McGraw-

prompt = 'Frequency: ';

prompt = 'Vterminal: ';

prompt = 'Vinf: ';

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6

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