Math 10

LOGIC AND REASONING

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Learning Outcomes

After studying this module you should be able to:

1 Determine whether a statement has truth value;
2 Negate simple and compound statements;
3 Describe the various forms of the conditional;
4 Use truth tables to determine truth value of a statement;
5 Determine whether an argument is valid or invalid using Euler
diagrams or truth tables; and
6 Illustrate deductive and inductive reasoning.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples
1 The sun rises in the east. (T)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples
1 The sun rises in the east. (T)
2 Today is Saturday. (F)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples
1 The sun rises in the east. (T)
2 Today is Saturday. (F)
3 x + 1 = 5 (open statement)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples
1 The sun rises in the east. (T)
2 Today is Saturday. (F)
3 x + 1 = 5 (open statement)
T, if x = 4 and F if x 6= 4

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples
1 The sun rises in the east. (T)
2 Today is Saturday. (F)
3 x + 1 = 5 (open statement)
T, if x = 4 and F if x 6= 4
4 Do not copy from your seatmate’s paper.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples
1 The sun rises in the east. (T)
2 Today is Saturday. (F)
3 x + 1 = 5 (open statement)
T, if x = 4 and F if x 6= 4
4 Do not copy from your seatmate’s paper. (not a statement)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples
1 The sun rises in the east. (T)
2 Today is Saturday. (F)
3 x + 1 = 5 (open statement)
T, if x = 4 and F if x 6= 4
4 Do not copy from your seatmate’s paper. (not a statement)
5 Are you sleepy?

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples
1 The sun rises in the east. (T)
2 Today is Saturday. (F)
3 x + 1 = 5 (open statement)
T, if x = 4 and F if x 6= 4
4 Do not copy from your seatmate’s paper. (not a statement)
5 Are you sleepy? (not a statement)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

STATEMENTS
Definition
A statement is a declarative sentence which has a truth value. The
truth value is the property of a statement of being true or false but
not both.
Examples
1 The sun rises in the east. (T)
2 Today is Saturday. (F)
3 x + 1 = 5 (open statement)
T, if x = 4 and F if x 6= 4
4 Do not copy from your seatmate’s paper. (not a statement)
5 Are you sleepy? (not a statement)
6 x + y + z + 1 (not a statement)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

SYMBOLS

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

SYMBOLS

1 Small letters are used to denote statements. p, q, r, s

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

SYMBOLS

1 Small letters are used to denote statements. p, q, r, s

2 For a simple statement p, there are two possibilities: either p is
true or p is false.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

SYMBOLS

1 Small letters are used to denote statements. p, q, r, s

2 For a simple statement p, there are two possibilities: either p is
true or p is false.
3 For two simple statements p and q the possibilities are:
p q

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

SYMBOLS

1 Small letters are used to denote statements. p, q, r, s

2 For a simple statement p, there are two possibilities: either p is
true or p is false.
3 For two simple statements p and q the possibilities are:
p q
T T

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

SYMBOLS

1 Small letters are used to denote statements. p, q, r, s

2 For a simple statement p, there are two possibilities: either p is
true or p is false.
3 For two simple statements p and q the possibilities are:
p q
T T
T F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

SYMBOLS

1 Small letters are used to denote statements. p, q, r, s

2 For a simple statement p, there are two possibilities: either p is
true or p is false.
3 For two simple statements p and q the possibilities are:
p q
T T
T F
F T

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

SYMBOLS

1 Small letters are used to denote statements. p, q, r, s

2 For a simple statement p, there are two possibilities: either p is
true or p is false.
3 For two simple statements p and q the possibilities are:
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q):

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q):

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.
3 Conditional (p → q):

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.
3 Conditional (p → q): uses if-then

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.
3 Conditional (p → q): uses if-then
p → q is false

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.
3 Conditional (p → q): uses if-then
p → q is false if the hypothesis (p) is true and

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.
3 Conditional (p → q): uses if-then
p → q is false if the hypothesis (p) is true and the conclusion (q)
is false.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.
3 Conditional (p → q): uses if-then
p → q is false if the hypothesis (p) is true and the conclusion (q)
is false.
4 Biconditional(p ↔ q):

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.
3 Conditional (p → q): uses if-then
p → q is false if the hypothesis (p) is true and the conclusion (q)
is false.
4 Biconditional(p ↔ q): uses if and only if (iff)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.
3 Conditional (p → q): uses if-then
p → q is false if the hypothesis (p) is true and the conclusion (q)
is false.
4 Biconditional(p ↔ q): uses if and only if (iff)
p ↔ q is true if p and q have the same truth value.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

OPERATIONS

1 Conjunction (p ∧ q): uses the logical connector and

p ∧ q is true if both p and q are true.
2 Disjunction (p ∨ q): uses the logical connector or
p ∨ q is true if at least one of p and q is true.
3 Conditional (p → q): uses if-then
p → q is false if the hypothesis (p) is true and the conclusion (q)
is false.
4 Biconditional(p ↔ q): uses if and only if (iff)
p ↔ q is true if p and q have the same truth value.
5 Negation (∼): uses not

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T
T F
F T
F F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T
T F
F T
F F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T
T F F T F
F T F T
F F F F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T F T T
F F F F T

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F
F T F T T
F F F F T T

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Examples:
Let p: 2+3=5 and q : 6 > 8. Determine the truth value of each of the
compound statements.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Examples:
Let p: 2+3=5 and q : 6 > 8. Determine the truth value of each of the
compound statements.
1 p∧q

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Examples:
Let p: 2+3=5 and q : 6 > 8. Determine the truth value of each of the
compound statements.
1 p∧q F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Examples:
Let p: 2+3=5 and q : 6 > 8. Determine the truth value of each of the
compound statements.
1 p∧q F
2 p∨q

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Examples:
Let p: 2+3=5 and q : 6 > 8. Determine the truth value of each of the
compound statements.
1 p∧q F
2 p∨q T

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Examples:
Let p: 2+3=5 and q : 6 > 8. Determine the truth value of each of the
compound statements.
1 p∧q F
2 p∨q T
3 p→q

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Examples:
Let p: 2+3=5 and q : 6 > 8. Determine the truth value of each of the
compound statements.
1 p∧q F
2 p∨q T
3 p→q F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Examples:
Let p: 2+3=5 and q : 6 > 8. Determine the truth value of each of the
compound statements.
1 p∧q F
2 p∨q T
3 p→q F
4 p↔q

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Truth Tables
p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T F T T F
F F F F T T

Examples:
Let p: 2+3=5 and q : 6 > 8. Determine the truth value of each of the
compound statements.
1 p∧q F
2 p∨q T
3 p→q F
4 p↔q F

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

More Examples

1 Determine the truth value of (∼ p → q) ∨ p given that p is T and

q is F.
2 Suppose a mother says to her son Vince, “ If your average this
quarter is at least 85, I will buy you a new cellphone.” But
Vince’s average was only 82 and his mother still bought a new
cellphone for him. Did Vince’s mother contradict her statement?

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.
Examples:

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.
Examples:
1 Let p: A dingo is a dog.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.
Examples:
1 Let p: A dingo is a dog.
q: A dingo is an animal.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.
Examples:
1 Let p: A dingo is a dog.
q: A dingo is an animal.
Does p imply q?

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.
Examples:
1 Let p: A dingo is a dog.
q: A dingo is an animal.
Does p imply q?
2 Let p: You study hard.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.
Examples:
1 Let p: A dingo is a dog.
q: A dingo is an animal.
Does p imply q?
2 Let p: You study hard.
q: You graduate with honors.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.
Examples:
1 Let p: A dingo is a dog.
q: A dingo is an animal.
Does p imply q?
2 Let p: You study hard.
q: You graduate with honors.
Does p imply q?

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.
Examples:
1 Let p: A dingo is a dog.
q: A dingo is an animal.
Does p imply q?
2 Let p: You study hard.
q: You graduate with honors.
Does p imply q?
3 Does p ∧ q imply p?

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS
1 Implication
p ⇒ q: p implies q if the conditional p → q is always logically
true.
Examples:
1 Let p: A dingo is a dog.
q: A dingo is an animal.
Does p imply q?
2 Let p: You study hard.
q: You graduate with honors.
Does p imply q?
3 Does p ∧ q imply p?
4 Does p ∨ q imply p?

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS

Equivalence

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS

Equivalence
p ⇔ q: Two statements p and q are equivalent if they have the
same truth values.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS

Equivalence
p ⇔ q: Two statements p and q are equivalent if they have the
same truth values.
p ⇔ q means p ⇒ q and q ⇒ p.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS

Equivalence
p ⇔ q: Two statements p and q are equivalent if they have the
same truth values.
p ⇔ q means p ⇒ q and q ⇒ p.
Examples:
DE MORGAN’S LAW ON STATEMENTS

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS

Equivalence
p ⇔ q: Two statements p and q are equivalent if they have the
same truth values.
p ⇔ q means p ⇒ q and q ⇒ p.
Examples:
DE MORGAN’S LAW ON STATEMENTS
1 ∼ (p ∧ q) ⇔ (∼ p∨ ∼ q)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS

Equivalence
p ⇔ q: Two statements p and q are equivalent if they have the
same truth values.
p ⇔ q means p ⇒ q and q ⇒ p.
Examples:
DE MORGAN’S LAW ON STATEMENTS
1 ∼ (p ∧ q) ⇔ (∼ p∨ ∼ q)
2 ∼ (p ∨ q) ⇔ (∼ p∧ ∼ q)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

RELATIONS

Equivalence
p ⇔ q: Two statements p and q are equivalent if they have the
same truth values.
p ⇔ q means p ⇒ q and q ⇒ p.
Examples:
DE MORGAN’S LAW ON STATEMENTS
1 ∼ (p ∧ q) ⇔ (∼ p∨ ∼ q)
2 ∼ (p ∨ q) ⇔ (∼ p∧ ∼ q)

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p
3 Inverse: ∼ p →∼ q

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p
3 Inverse: ∼ p →∼ q
4 Contrapositive: ∼ q →∼ p

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p
3 Inverse: ∼ p →∼ q
4 Contrapositive: ∼ q →∼ p
Examples:

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p
3 Inverse: ∼ p →∼ q
4 Contrapositive: ∼ q →∼ p
Examples: Let p: You attend Math 10 classes regularly.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p
3 Inverse: ∼ p →∼ q
4 Contrapositive: ∼ q →∼ p
Examples: Let p: You attend Math 10 classes regularly.
q: You enjoy the course.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p
3 Inverse: ∼ p →∼ q
4 Contrapositive: ∼ q →∼ p
Examples: Let p: You attend Math 10 classes regularly.
q: You enjoy the course.
1 Conditional, p → q: If you attend Math 10 classes regularly then
you will enjoy the course.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p
3 Inverse: ∼ p →∼ q
4 Contrapositive: ∼ q →∼ p
Examples: Let p: You attend Math 10 classes regularly.
q: You enjoy the course.
1 Conditional, p → q: If you attend Math 10 classes regularly then
you will enjoy the course.
2 Converse, q → p: If you enjoyed the course then you attended
Math 10 classes regularly.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p
3 Inverse: ∼ p →∼ q
4 Contrapositive: ∼ q →∼ p
Examples: Let p: You attend Math 10 classes regularly.
q: You enjoy the course.
1 Conditional, p → q: If you attend Math 10 classes regularly then
you will enjoy the course.
2 Converse, q → p: If you enjoyed the course then you attended
Math 10 classes regularly.
3 Inverse, ∼ p →∼ q: If you did not attend Math 10 classes
regularly, then you did not enjoy the course.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Variations of the Conditional Statement
1 Conditional: p → q
2 Converse: q → p
3 Inverse: ∼ p →∼ q
4 Contrapositive: ∼ q →∼ p
Examples: Let p: You attend Math 10 classes regularly.
q: You enjoy the course.
1 Conditional, p → q: If you attend Math 10 classes regularly then
you will enjoy the course.
2 Converse, q → p: If you enjoyed the course then you attended
Math 10 classes regularly.
3 Inverse, ∼ p →∼ q: If you did not attend Math 10 classes
regularly, then you did not enjoy the course.
4 Contrapositive, ∼ q →∼ p: If you did not enjoy the course, then
you did not attend Math 10 classes regularly.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Statement Negation
Rico is honest and hardworking.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Statement Negation
Rico is honest and hardworking. Rico is not honest
or not hardworking.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Statement Negation
Rico is honest and hardworking. Rico is not honest
or not hardworking.
The pen is blue or red.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Statement Negation
Rico is honest and hardworking. Rico is not honest
or not hardworking.
The pen is blue or red. The pen is not blue and not red.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Statement Negation
Rico is honest and hardworking. Rico is not honest
or not hardworking.
The pen is blue or red. The pen is not blue and not red.
The pen is neither blue nor red.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Statement Negation
Rico is honest and hardworking. Rico is not honest
or not hardworking.
The pen is blue or red. The pen is not blue and not red.
The pen is neither blue nor red.
All freshmen are below
18 years old.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Statement Negation
Rico is honest and hardworking. Rico is not honest
or not hardworking.
The pen is blue or red. The pen is not blue and not red.
The pen is neither blue nor red.
All freshmen are below Not all freshmen are below
18 years old. 18 years old.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Statement Negation
Rico is honest and hardworking. Rico is not honest
or not hardworking.
The pen is blue or red. The pen is not blue and not red.
The pen is neither blue nor red.
All freshmen are below Not all freshmen are below
18 years old. 18 years old.
Some flowers are black.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Negation of Statements

Statement Negation
Rico is honest and hardworking. Rico is not honest
or not hardworking.
The pen is blue or red. The pen is not blue and not red.
The pen is neither blue nor red.
All freshmen are below Not all freshmen are below
18 years old. 18 years old.
Some flowers are black. No flower is black.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Validity of Arguments

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Validity of Arguments

Definition
1 An argument is a set of statements consisting of premises and

conclusion.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Validity of Arguments

Definition
1 An argument is a set of statements consisting of premises and

conclusion.
2 An argument is valid if the set of statements in the premises
implies the conclusion.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Validity of Arguments

Definition
1 An argument is a set of statements consisting of premises and

conclusion.
2 An argument is valid if the set of statements in the premises
implies the conclusion.
Example:
Determine the validity of the argument: p → q
∼q
∴∼p

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Exercises
1 Determine the truth value of the following, given that p is T and
q is F.
a. (p ∧ q) ∧ (∼ p → q)
b. (p → q) ∨ [(p∧ ∼ q) → p]
2 Give the converse, contrapositive and inverse of each of the
following:
a. I will walk home if it does not rain.
b. If it rains then the ground will be wet.
3 a. Determine whether ∼ p ∨ q implies q.
b. Show that (∼ p ∨ q) ⇔ (p → q).
4 Determine the validity of the argument: p → q
∼p
∴ q

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Valid Argument Forms
1 Modus Ponens
p→q
p
∴ q
2 Modus Tollens
p→q
∼q
∴∼p
3 Syllogism
p→q
q→r
∴ p→r

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Fallacies
1 Fallacy of the Converse
p→q
q
∴ p
2 Fallacy of the Inverse
p→q
∼p
∴∼q
3 Ad Hominem
The argument is based on the character of the opponent instead
of the argument itself. This may also involve insulting the
opponent to make the opponent’s argument seem false.
Example: Maria wears leather shoes, so she cannot be a
vegetarian.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Continuation of Fallacies

4. Ad Populum
This fallacy occurs when an argument is assumed to be valid
since many people believe it.
Example: Surveys indicate that 55% of the population believe
that the use of contraceptives is dangerous. Therefore,
contraceptives should be banned.
5. Appeal to Authority
The argument is claimed to be valid because a famous person,
who is not an expert in the pertinent field, supports it.
Example: Brand X is the best toothpaste since our president
uses it.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Continuation of Fallacies

6. False Cause
This fallacious argument correlates two events, even if unrelated.
Example: Every time I go to sleep, the sun sets. Therefore, my
going to sleep causes the sun to set.
7. Hasty Generalization
In this fallacy, a generalization is made based on a few examples
supporting the claim.
Example: I don’t excel in tennis. I also don’t excel in volleyball.
Therefore, I don’t excel in sports.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning (or logical deduction) is the process of

reasoning from a general statement to a specific instance. The
classic example of a deductive argument:
All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is
mortal.
Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from specific
instances to a general statement.
The following is an example of an inductive argument:
2 is an even number. 12 is an even number. 22 is an even number.
Therefore, all numbers ending in 2 are even.
Although the conclusion drawn in this example is true, this is not
always the case when inductive reasoning is employed.

Math 10 LOGIC AND REASONING