The document discusses three topics: [1] Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound nuclei and organelles and include bacteria and archaea domains. [2] Persistent organic compounds are lipophilic, persist in the environment and body for months to years, and can bioaccumulate in organisms. [3] Biodegradation benefits the environment by breaking down materials, while biodeterioration damages materials and should be prevented.
The document discusses three topics: [1] Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound nuclei and organelles and include bacteria and archaea domains. [2] Persistent organic compounds are lipophilic, persist in the environment and body for months to years, and can bioaccumulate in organisms. [3] Biodegradation benefits the environment by breaking down materials, while biodeterioration damages materials and should be prevented.
The document discusses three topics: [1] Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound nuclei and organelles and include bacteria and archaea domains. [2] Persistent organic compounds are lipophilic, persist in the environment and body for months to years, and can bioaccumulate in organisms. [3] Biodegradation benefits the environment by breaking down materials, while biodeterioration damages materials and should be prevented.
The document discusses three topics: [1] Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound nuclei and organelles and include bacteria and archaea domains. [2] Persistent organic compounds are lipophilic, persist in the environment and body for months to years, and can bioaccumulate in organisms. [3] Biodegradation benefits the environment by breaking down materials, while biodeterioration damages materials and should be prevented.
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EXAMENS – ECOTOXICOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY
1. Describe the prokaryotic cell.
2. The attributes of persistent organic compounds.
3. Bio deterioration and microbial biodegradation.
1. Describe the prokaryotic cell.
The prokaryotes are a group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus (karyon). Those organisms whose cells have a well defined membrane bound nucleus and organelles are called eukaryotes. Most prokaryotes are unicellular organisms, although a few such as myxobacteria have multicellular stages in their life cycles[1] or create large colonies like cyanobacteria. The word prokaryote comes from the Greek πρό- (pro-) "before" and καρυόν (karyon) "nut or kernel". Prokaryotes do not have a membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelles. In other words, all their intracellular water-soluble components (proteins, DNA and metabolites) are located together in the same volume enclosed by the cell membrane, rather than in separate cellular compartments. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects two distinct levels of cellular organization rather than biological classification of species. Prokaryotes include two major classification domains of life: the Bacteria and the Archaea. Archaea were recognized as a domain in 1990. These organisms were originally thought to live only in inhospitable conditions such as extremes of temperature, pH, and radiation but have since been found in all types of habitats.
Cell structure of a bacterium, a member of one of the two domains of prokaryotic life 2. The attributes of persistent organic compounds.
Lipophilicity - is the property of substances to dissolve in fat. In the body it is accumulated in
fat tissue and can be mobilized along with the fat. This substance can be transported to the brain and can cause neurotoxicity.
Persistence - in the environment and in the body is a learning feature for these compounds. Persistence can be expressed as the life period of the amount of compound in the environment or in the body. It may be several months or several years. The duration varies depending on environmental conditions (pH, light, and humidity), depending on the biological factors, and the presence of microorganisms in the environment or in the body, depending on physiological conditions, period of hibernation or enable period.
Bioaccumulation - many persistent compounds in the environment can accumulate in these
organisms. The mechanism of action is neurotoxin. 3. Bio deterioration and microbial biodegradation.
Biodegradation is a process with positive effects both in nature and in human society's economy. Globally, they have a major contribution to the biogenic elements in circulation, and locally prevent accumulation of residual materials, various environmental contaminants etc.
Bio deterioration is the action by which microorganisms transform a material into a valuable residual. It is a process with negative effects, which should be avoided or delayed.
The differences between the two processes are illustrated by the following examples: the degradation of paper which pollutes the forest soil by Chaetomium globosum is a process of biodegradation. By contrast, the attack of paper from a warehouse, causing economic damage, is a process of bio deterioration.
Similarly, the decomposition of oil discharged in marine waters is a useful process for combating pollution through biodegradation, while similar processes taking place in tanks or in situ bio represents a bio deterioration.
