Solutions of Inverse Geodetic Problem in Navigational Applications PDF
Solutions of Inverse Geodetic Problem in Navigational Applications PDF
DOI: 10.12716/1001.07.02.13
ABSTRACT: Solutions of such navigational problems as an orthodromic navigation (courses, distances and
intermediate points), maximum latitude and a composite navigation with limited latitude as well as, for
comparison, a loxodromic navigation (courses, distances) without any simplifications for a sphere, by an
application of solutions of the inverse geodetic problem are presented. An exemplary rigorous, rapid, non‐
iterative solution of the inverse geodetic problem according to Sodano, for any length of geodesic, is attached.
1 INTRODUCTION geodetic problem) will be used in this paper in the
formal notation
The traditional method of computing the shortest
path between two points on the Earth known as Great S = IGP (φ1, λ1, φ2, λ2) (1)
Circle method approximate the Earth as the sphere.
These simplifications have been necessary to re‐ α1‐2, α2‐1 = IGP (φ1, λ1, φ2, λ2) (2)
duce the number of calculations and justified in times
of manual mechanical or electronic calculators, but
are completely unnecessary and unjustified in times
of computer calculations. Therefore we will directly
apply the solution of the problem known in geodesy P2
as the inverse geodetic problem.
2-1
In the solution of the inverse geodetic problem
(Fig. 1) from the given coordinates φ1, λ1 at the start S
of geodesic P1 and coordinates φ2, λ2 of the endpoint
P2 are calculated the length S, the azimuth α1‐2 and the
reversed azimuth α2‐1, on any reference ellipsoid. N
E. M. Sodano (Sodano 1958, 1965, 1967) from
Helmert’s classical iterative formulas derived a 1-2
rigorous non‐iterative procedure, for any length of
geodesic and for any required accuracy, which is
attached (as exemplary) in Appendix A. This P
1
procedure (or any other solution of the inverse
Figure 1. The direct and the inverse geodetic problem.
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2 ORTHODROMIC DISTANCE AND COURSES a 0 (1 e 2 )
RM (8)
We define the orthodrome as the shortest path on any (1 e 2 sin 2 )3
surface and not only the Great Circle distance on the
sphere as commonly is used.
a0
The geodesic is (locally ‐ not long way round) the RN (9)
shortest path between two points on an ellipsoid of 1 e 2 sin 2
revolution. Therefore we can obtain orthodromic
distance and courses directly from Equations 1 and 2 The widest span has the radius of curvature in
with navigational substitutions meridian since
Cgs = α1‐2 (3) 2
b0
R M min R M ( 0) (10)
a0
Cge = α2‐1 ‐ 180° (4)
2
where Cgs = the course over ground at the start of the a
orthodrome; and Cge = the course over ground at the R M max R M ( 90°) R N ( 90°) 0 (11)
b0
end of the orthodrome.
East longitudes and north latitudes are considered The substitute radius of curvature of any
positive and west longitudes and south latitudes are orthodrome will be within these limits. The minimum
considered negative. absolute value of deviation gives an assumption that
the substitute radius of sphere is given by the
equation (for a global range of latitudes)
3 ACCURACY OF THE SOLUTION OF THE
R M max R M min
INVERSE GEODETIC PROBLEM RS (12)
2
“The accuracy of geodetic distances computed
through the e2, e4, e6 order for very long geodesics is Then the maximal relative error of calculation on
within a few meters, centimeters and tenth of milli‐ such a sphere, instead of an ellipsoid, gives the
meters respectively. Azimuths are good to tenth, equation
thousandths and hundreds thousandths of a second.
Further improvement of results occurs for shorter ( R M max R M min )
lines” (Sodano 1958). SS 0.5% 50 km / 10 000 km
R M max R M min
This accuracy can be easy tested in the case of (13)
equatorial orthodrome. Substitution φ1 = φ2 = 0 to
Equations A 2 to A 10 yields These results are similar to obtained by Earle
(2006) with much more complicated methods.
S b 0 (1 f f 2 ) L (5)
whereas the correct value is given by the equation
5 INTERMEDIATE POINTS ON THE
ORTHODROME
b0
S* a 0 L L (6)
1 f For calculating intermediate points on the
orthodrome we can use, as exemplary, the solution of
therefore the relative error is the direct geodetic problem presented in Lenart
(2011), also according to Sodano, having similar
accuracy.
S S*
S 38 109 38cm /10 000 km (7)
In the solution of the direct geodetic problem
S*
(Fig. 1) from the given coordinates φ1, λ1 and azimuth
α1‐2 at the start of geodesic P1 and their length S are
calculated coordinates φ2, λ2 of the endpoint P2 and
the reversed azimuth α2‐1, on any reference ellipsoid.
4 ERRORS OF CALCULATIONS ON THE SPHERE
This procedure (or any other solution of the direct
According to Euler’s theorem for an ellipsoid of geodetic problem) will be used in this paper in the
revolution the radius of curvature in meridian is the formal notation
smallest and the radius of curvature in the prime
vertical is the largest at a point. These radii are given φ2, λ2 = DGP (φ1, λ1, α1‐2, S) (14)
respectively by the equations
α2‐1 = DGP (φ1, λ1, α1‐2, S) (15)
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The orthodrome of the length S we will divide for 6 MAXIMUM LATITUDE
n suborthodromes (Fig. 2) of any length Si such as
According to Clairaut’s relation for a geodesic on a
n surface of revolution
S
i 1
i S (from Equation 1) (16)
r sin = const. = C (22)
and intermediate points are calculated in n iterations: where r = the radius of parallel.
For an ellipsoid of revolution
FOR i=1 to n
r = RN cos φ (23)
IF i=1 THEN
At φmax
(φ2, λ2)i‐1 = φ1, λ1 (17)
(2‐1)i‐1 ‐ 180°= 2‐1 (from Equation 2) (18) sin 1 (24)
ENDIF
therefore
(φ2, λ2)i = DGP ((φ2, λ2)i‐1, (α2‐1)i‐1 ‐ 180°, Si) (19)
a 0 cos max
(α2‐1)i = DGP ((φ2, λ2)i‐1, (α2‐1)i‐1 ‐ 180°, Si) (20) C (25)
1 e 2 sin max
NEXT i
and finally
a 02 C 2
sin max (26)
a 02 e 2 C 2
where C e.g. is
C = r(φ1) sin α1‐2 (27)
The above equations are valid if
sin 1 (28)
exists on our orthodrome i.e when
(Cgs ‐ 90°)(Cge ‐ 90°)<0 (29)
Figure 2. Intermediate points on the orthodrome. or
or even n‐1 iterations because the last iteration is for (Cgs ‐ 270°)(Cge ‐ 270°)<0 (30)
verification only that
or else
(φ2, λ2)n = P2(φ2, λ2) (21)
max max( 1 , 2 ) (31)
In traditional navigation intermediate points are
calculated during planning the voyage to navigate
between them along a loxodrome. If we have
programmed procedure on the bridge during the
voyage then the situation can be quite different. In 7 COMPOSITE NAVIGATION
this case the intermediate points are needed e. g. for
the verification of the path on the map only. During If for any reason φmax is limited to φlim then (Fig. 3) we
the voyage if we enter as P1 the current position and have:
P2 is constantly the endpoint then the procedure gives 1 The orthodome I (Ort I) – from φ1, λ1 to φlim,
the course over ground for the orthodrome to the λ2OI.
endpoint, even if we e. g. due set and drift are out of 2 The loxodrome (Lx) – at φlim from λ2OI to λ1OII.
track, and not to an intermediate point. We can 3 The orthodome II (Ort II) – from φlim, λ1OII to φ2,
calculate a new course for the orthodrome after each λ2.
position fixing and to navigate always along the
current orthodrome without these calculated We will obtain λ2OI and λ1OII in iterative
intermediate points. procedures:
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Cge = IGP (φ1, λ1, φlim, λ2OI = var) (32) 9 INVERSE COMPUTATION FORM SIMPLIFIED
where λ2OI is adjusted by any small increments until For shorter distances (the very long geodesic in
Cge = 90°if L > 0 or 270° if L < 0 paragraph 3 means even 20 000 km) or lower required
accuracies we can use equations from Appendix A
reduced to f order (having the accurate solution for
reference in errors calculations). Therefore Equation A
10 becomes to
S b 0 [(1 f f 2 ) (f f 2 )m / 2
(39)
(f f 2 )(2a m cos ) sin / 2]
and Equation A 11 becomes to
(f f 2 ) c L (40)
Figure 3. Composite navigation.
or
and
S A S BS [c 2 (2a m cos ) sin ] (41)
Cgs = IGP (φlim, λ1OII=var, φ2, λ2) (33)
where
where λ1OII is adjusted by any small increments until
Cgs = 90°if L > 0 or 270° if L< 0 1
A S [1 (f f 2 )]b 0 (42)
This iterative process, although looks as very 2
complicated, is very fast and simple with using e.g.
the Solver in Microsoft Excel.
1
BS [ (f f 2 )]b 0 (43)
2
8 LOXODROMIC DISTANCE AND COURSE It is evident that f + f2 are from reduced higher
order elements from series
The ortodromic navigation is for shorter distances
then in the loxodromic navigation therefore to 1
calculate this difference we will calculate, for f f 2 f 3 1 (44)
comparison, the loxodromic distance and course on 1 f
an ellipsoid.
Noting that
SM (1 , 2 )
Slx (34) b0
cos lx a0 (45)
1 f
where SM(φ1, φ2) = the meridian distance between φ1 Equations 42 and 43 are thus
and φ2; and lx = the course over ground for
loxodrome.
A S (a 0 b 0 ) / 2 (46)
L
tan lx (35)
BS (a 0 b 0 ) / 2 (47)
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For computer calculations a special procedure Reference ellipsoid: a0, b0 = semi‐major and semi‐
should be used to retrieve the full range (0°, 360°) minor axes
from the signs of the numerator N and the denomi‐
nator D and to detect and support a division by zero Flattening
case e.g.:
b0
For f 1 (A 1)
a0
N
ANGLE TAN 1
D ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
ANGLE=ATN(N/D)
tan 2 (1 f ) tan 2 (A 3)
IF D<0 THEN ANGLE=ANGLE+180°: END IF
a sin 1 sin 2 (A 4)
ELSE
END IF L 2 1 (A 6)
IF ANGLE<0 THEN ANGLE=ANGLE+360°: END IF
cos a b cos L (A 7)
b sin L
11 CONCLUSIONS c (A 8)
sin
The set of presented procedures are quite general and
universal. They can be used with any solutions of the m 1 c2 (A 9)
inverse (and direct) geodetic problems as well during
the voyage planning as during the voyage in real
time, for “full” orthodrome navigation. S b 0 [(1 f f 2 )
(f f 2 )m
2
REFERENCES
(f f 2 )(2a m cos ) sin
Earle M.A. 2006. Sphere to Spheroid Comparisons. The 2 (A 10)
Journal of Navigation 59: 491‐496.
f 2 m 2 ( sin cos )
Lenart A.S. 2011. Solutions of Direct Geodetic Problem in
Navigational Applications. Transnav – International 16
Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea
f ( 2a m cos ) 2 sin cos
2
Transportation 5(4): 527‐532.
Sodano E.M. 1958. A rigorous non‐iterative procedure for 8
rapid inverse solution of very long geodesics. Bulletin
f 2 (1 m)(a m cos ) 2 csc
Géodésique 47/48: 13‐25. ]
Sodano E.M. 1965. General non‐iterative solution of the in‐ 2
verse and direct geodetic problems. Bulletin Géodésique
75: 69‐89.
f 2 sin
Sodano E.M. 1967. Supplement to inverse solution of long
geodesics. Bulletin Géodésique 85: 233‐236. (f f 2 ) [ f 2 2 csc ]a
2 (A 11)
5f 2 f 2 sin cos
[ f cot ]m c L
2 2
APPENDIX A
4 4
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