Stress Caused by External

Loads
 Introduction
• Definition
• Soils that support foundations,
embankments, dams or any load placed on
a soil mass induces stress changes within
the soil or net stress increases. The net
stress increase in soil depends on the load
per unit area to which the foundation is
subjected, the depth below the foundation
at which the stress estimation is desired
and other factors.
 Use of Stress Increases
• Calculating the settlement.
• To check the underlying stresses for
overstressing.
• To help plan the subsurface exploration
program.
Methods of calculating stress distribution
Most methods are based on elastic theory or
empirical modifications to precise analytical
solutions of elasticity
Elastic theory: Boussinesq
(1885)
Extra soil stresses, ∆σv (or ∆σz) , due to a
surface loading for:

Homogeneous soil

Isotropic soil

Linear elastic

Semi-infinite layers
Soils that effect of external load are subjected to
stress.
The vertical stress increase in soil due to various
type of loading.
At any point in soil the stress applied from own
weight of soil which called effective stress, and from
external load which called net stress, the net stress
which applied must be determined.
As shown in fig. (1) the stress on element are
as follow:
On plan XY the stress are σz, τzx ,τ zy
YZ the stress are σx, τxy, τxz
ZX the stress are σy, τyz, τyx
From this σz, σx, σy its stresses called
normal stresses, but the other is called shear
stresses which is τxy, τyx, τzy, τyz, τxz, τzx.
Shape of external load:
1 . Point load on concentrated load applied
from column, wheel of machine, load
called point load, because it is effect in
point.
 Stress caused by a point load.

8
 Boussinesq’s Formula for
Point Load

• Boussinesq first derived the analytical

solution for stresses induced due to vertical
point load.
 Boussinesq Equations for a
Point Load.
5 /2
Q 3  1 
σ z = 2 1 + (r / z )2 
2π .z  

Q
σ z = 2
I B
z
5 /2
3  1 
where I B = 1 + (r / z )2 
2π  
10
 IB also denoted by KB is Boussinesq Influence factor
for vertical pressure under point load
5
  2

 
Q 3  1 
OR σ z = K B 2 Where K B =
Z 2π   r  2 
1 +   
 z 
• Where Q = point load
σz = Vertical stress (at z and r distance)
Z = vertical depth from point of
application.
r = radial horizontal distance from the
point of application.
 3
3Q Z
σ z = × 5
2π R
3 2
3Q Z Z
= × 5
. 2
2π R Z
5
3Q Z 5 5 2 2
= 2
× R = (r + z ) 2
2π Z R5
1
5
2
3Q (r + z2) 2
= 2
×
2π Z Z 2
3Q 1
= 2
× 5
2π Z
 r 2
z 2
 2
 2
+ 2

 z z 
5
  2

 
3Q 1
= ×  
2π Z 2
  r 
2

1 +   
  z  
5
  2

 
Q 3 1
= . ×  
Z 2
2π   r 
2

1 +   
  z  
5
  2

 
Q 3 1
σ = × K Where K = ×  
z
Z 2
B B
2π   r 
2

1 +   
  z  
 Values of KB (IB) for different values r/z

r/z KB r/z KB
0 0.478 1.2 0.051
0.1 0.466 1.3 0.040
0.2 0.433 1.4 0.032
0.3 0.385 1.5 0.025
0.4 0.329 1.6 0.020
0.5 0.273 1.7 0.016
0.6 0.221 1.8 0.013
0.7 0.176 1.9 0.011
0.8 0.139 2.0 0.009
0.9 0.108 2.3 0.006
1.0 0.084 2.4 0.004
1.1 0.066 2.6 0.003
13
 KB (dimensionless quantity) is a function of
r/z.
 KB can be found from table for different r/z.
 σz = 0.4775 Q/Z2 where r = 0 {directly
below the point load}
 This shows that the vertical pressure below
the point load decreases with the square of the
depth.
 Theoretically at Z = 0 , vertical pressure is
infinite. The point load which theoretically
should have very small or a zero contact area
is assumed to act on a small area.
• Theoretically the vertical pressure is zero at
infinity, but it is at a same infinite distance
from the load.
• By means of Boussinesq equation the
following vertical pressure distribution
diagrams can be prepared.
1. Isobar
2. Pressure distribution diagram on a
horizontal plane.
3. Pressure distribution diagram on a vertical
plane.
• An isobar is a contour of connecting
all points below the ground surface
Q
Of equal pressure.
Suppose an isobar of
Z= 0
σz = 20 (twenty) percent 0.8 Q
Z= 0.25
0.7 Q
of Q is to be drawn Z= 0.5
0.5 Q
Z= 1.0

Q σz ×Z2 0.2 Q Z 2
σ z = KB 2 or K B = = = 0.2Z 2
Z Q Q
Now for various Z , KB can be found.
and from values of KB , r/z can be seen from
Table and then r can be calculated from known
Z. σz is the same for the same horizontal
distance r on either side.

∴ Isobar is symmetrical about the axis of the

loading. The zone in a loaded soil mass
bounded by an isobar of given vertical
pressure intensity is called a pressure bulb
Contours of equal vertical stress under a Pressure bulb for closely
square (BXB) spaced square footings
(loaded areas)

18
 Pressure distribution diagrams on Horizontal
plane and vertical plane, due to point load
Q

Z= constant Vertical plane

β=39o 15


r
Horizontal plane Max.

r
The maximum vertical stress
occurs at r/z=0.817. This
corresponds to the point of
r = constant
intersection of the vertical
plane with the line drawn at
39o15’ to the vertical axis of the
load
 Variation of vertical stress
caused by a point load

20
a. Stress Distribution under vertical load on vertical
plan:
σz = x KB
At vertical plan
under load r = 0 Q
assume
= 0 from
table(1)
KB = 0.4775

σz = x KB

Z 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1 2 4 6

47.8 12 5.3 0.48 0.12 0.03 0.01
σz ∞ 3Q 2Q
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
Stress Distribution under vertical load on horizontal
A
t

h
l

plan:
p
l
a
n

C
o

At horizontal plan
n
s

=constant t
a
n

Z = Constant t

σ
z

σz = KB =

I
p
a
s
s
u
m

assume Z=1m e

=
r 0 0.5 1.0 1
1.5 2.0 4.0
m

r/z 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 4.0

Ip 0.478 0.275 0.087 0.025 0.01 0.0004
0.0004
σz 0.478 Q 0.275 Q 0.087 Q 0.025 Q 0.01 Q
Q
Example
 A concentrated load of 30 kN
acts on the surface of a
homogeneous soil mass of large
extent. Find the stress intensity at
a depth of 8 m and (i) directly
under the load, (ii) at a horizontal
distance of 6 m.
23
 Solution
r = 0 , z = 8 m
5 / 2
Q 3  1 
σ z 2
.  1 + ( r / z 2 
z 2 π  
5 / 2
30 3  1 
2
.  1 + 0 
8 2 π  
30 3 2
= X 1 kN / m
64 3 π
2
= 0224 kN / m Ans

24
r = 6m , z = 8m
r 6
. = 0 . 75
z 8
5/2
r 3  1 
IB for of 0 . 75 =  1 + ( 0 . 75 ) 2 
z 2π  
3  1 
IB =  3 . 05  = 0 . 157
2π  
Q 30 2
σ z = 2 . I B = 2 X 0 . 157 kN / m
z 8
2
= 0 . 0736 kN / m ANS 25
 Boussinesq Equations for a line Load

2Q z  3

σz =  2 2 2 
π (x + z ) 
2Q x z  2

σx =  2 2 2 
π (x + z ) 
2Q xz  2

Txz =  2 2 2 
π (x + z )  26
 Stress caused by a point load.
Lateral pressure caused by a line load on an earth retaining
structure.

2Q (mh) .(nh)  2

σx =  2 2
π [(mh) +(nh) ] 
2

2Q m .n.h  2 3

=  4 2 22 
π h (m +n 
2
2Q m .n
σx = . 2 2 2 .
πh (m +n )
27
Boussinesq Equation for a Uniform Load on a Strip Area.

28
Boussinesq Equation for a
Uniform Load on Circular
Area.

29
Boussinesq Applied Equations (method) for Uniform Load
below the corner of a Rectangular or Square Areas.

30
Boussinesq Applied Equations (method) for Uniform Load
below the corner of a Rectangular or Square Areas.

31
Boussinesq Applied Equations (method) for Uniform Load
below the corner of a Rectangular or Square Areas.

32
 Boussinesq Applied Equations (method) for
Uniform Load on Rectangular or Square Areas.

33
 Approximate Method:
In this method load transmit during soil
with inclined slop. 2 : 1.
For square area with dimension ( B × B )
qBL
σz = for2 :1slope
(B + z )(L + z )
qBL
σz = for 30o s pread
(B + x)(L + x)
Where x = z tan 30o
Approximate methods
2:1 method

35
Approximate methods

36
 Equivalent Point Load Method or Point Load
Method

Means to convert the distributed

loads in point load

Divide the bigger areas in smaller areas in

such a way that the width of the smaller
block should be less than 1/3 the depth (Z)
of the point at which stress is to be computed
37
Example
 A rectangular footing 2.4m x
2.0 carries a uniformly distributed
load of 320 kN/m2. Find the
intensity of vertical pressure at a
depth of 4.2 m below the centre of
the footing.

38
Solution
 The largest dimension of the
loaded area is 2.4m, which is more
than 0.3z, i.e. 0.3X4.2=1.26m, and
hence it must be divided into
smaller areas. Let us divide this
rectangle into 4 areas, then the
largest dimension of each unit
area = 2.4/2=1.2m, 39
Continue
which is less than 0.3z (i.e. 0.3 X
4.2 = 1.26m)
Now, the total load coming from
the footing is 320 X 2.4 X 2.0 kN
= 1536. this gets divided equally
into 4 parts each equal to 1536/4 =
384kN.
40
 Sketch of footing

41
 5/2
3  1 
IB = we have
2 π  1 + ( r / z ) 2 
5/2
3  1 
IB =  
2 π  1 + ( r1 / 4 . 2 ) 2 
where r1 = ( 0 .5 ) 2 + ( 0 .6 ) 2
= 0 . 25 + 0 . 36
5/2 5/2
3  1  3  1 
I B 1= =
2 π  1 + ( 0 . 78 / 4 . 2 ) 2 
 2 π  1 . 034 
3 3
= X ( 0 . 966 ) 5 / 2 = X 0 . 919 = 0 . 44
2π 2π
Q1 384 kN 2
σ z1 due to Q 1 I B1 = X 0 . 44 = 9 . 57 kN / m
z2 ( 4 .2 ) 2
Total stress at P due to all the 4 loads
= 4 X 9 . 57 = 38 . 3 kN / m 2 . ANS 42
Example
 A square footing 2m X 2m
carries a uniformly distributed
load of 314 kN.m2. Find the
intensity of vertical pressure at a
depth of 4m below a point 0.5 m
inside each of the two adjacent
sides of the footing.
43
Solution
 The largest dimension of the
loaded area is 2m, which is more
than 0.3z = 0.3X4 = 1.2m, hence
area is divided in 4 equal squares.

44
  Sketch of loading

r1 = (1) 2 + (1) 2 = 2 = 1 .414 m

r2 = 1 m
r3 = 0 m
r4 = 1 m .

45
 5/ 2
3  1 
IB = 1 + (r / z ) 2  we get
2π  
5/ 2
3  1 
I B1 = 1 + (1.414 / 4) 2  = 0.356
2π  
5/ 2
 
3  1 
similarly , I B2 =   = r2 = 1
1
2π 1 + ( ) 2 
 4 
= 0.410. Continue46
 5/2
 
3  1 
=  1 2
and IB we get
2π 1 + ( ) 
 4 
5/2
3  1 
I B1 = = r3 = 0
2 π  1 + (1 . 414 / 4 ) 2 
3
= [1 ]= 0 . 478
2π
but r4 = r2 , I B 4 = I B 2
I B 4 = 0 . 410 .
Q1
now σ z1 = 2 . I B1
z Continue47
where Q 1 = Load on one small square
= 314 kN / m 2 X 1 m X 1 m = 314 kN
Q 314 2
σ z 1 = 21 I B 1 = 2
X 0 . 356 kN / m
z 4
Q 314 2
σ z 2 = 22 I B 2 = 2
X 0 . 410 kN / m
z 4
Q 314 2
σ z 3 = 23 I B 3 = 2
X 0 . 478 kN / m
z 4
Q4 314 2
σ z4 = 2 I B4 = 2
X 0 . 410 kN / m
z 4
σ z = σ z1 + σ z 2 + σ z 3 + σ z 4
314
= [0 . 356 + 0 . 410 + 0 . 478 + 0 . 410 ]kN /m 2
48
42
 Method Using Integral Forms
of Boussinesq Equation for
Specific Shapes.
σz = q..IIR
where IR is another influence factor
(different from IB)
1  2mn m2 +n2 +1 m2 +n2 +2 −1 2mn m2
+ n2
+1 
IR =  2 2 2 2
X 2 2 +sin 2 2 2 2
4π m +n +1+m n m +n +1 m +n +1+m n 
Continue49
50
 By using Newmark’s Influence charts

51
σ z = N . I N = inf luence factor of Newmark ' s chart
1 1
= =
No . of sub areas N . of circles X No . ofRadial
1 1
= = = 0.005
10 X 20 200
3/ 2
  
  
  1 
σ z = q 1−  
 R
2

   

   z   
52
 3/2
 
 
q  1
0 . 005 q = 1−{ }
20   r1  
2

 1+   
  z  
r1
solving we get = 0 . 27 .1 .
z

3/2
 
 
q  1
2 . 005 q = 1−{ }
20   r1  
2

 1+   
  z  
r2
solving we get = 0 . 40 . 253.
z
In other words, the radius of the first circle would be 0.27z, and that of the
second circle would be 0.40z. Likewise, the radii of the third to the ninth circles
can be determined as below
radius of 3 rd circle = 0 . 52 z 3
radius of 4 rd circle = 0 . 64 z 4
radius of 5 rd circle = 0 . 77 z 5
radius of 6 rd circle = 0 . 92 z 6
radius of 7 rd circle = 1 . 11 z 7
radius of 8 rd circle = 1 . 39 z 8
radius of 9 rd circle = 1 . 91 z 9
1
radius of 9 th circle = 2 . 54 z 10
2
3/2
 
 
q  1
10 X 0 . 005 q = 1+ { }
20   r 
2

  1 + 10  
  z   54
E h Young mod ulus of soil in horizontal direction
= = oo
E v Young mod ulus of soil in vertical direction
3/2
 
 
σ z =
Q 1 + 1
}
2 π (η 2 z 2 )   r 
2 
  1 +  
  ηz  
where η z can be called as Z (mod ified depth )
1 − 2µ
where η =
2 − 2µ
3 /2
Q  1 
σ z = 2 1 + (r / z )2 
2π  
3/2
Q  1  1 
= 2    
z π  1 + 2(r / z)2 
Q
σ z = 2 Iw
z 55
Example
 Calculate the intensity of stress
below the centre of the footing at
a depth of 13m due to a load of
1.6 Nmm2 over the footing area of
3.2mX6.5m.

56
 Solution
2
2 1.6 X 10 2 2
q = 1.6 N / mm = 3
kN / m = 1600kN / m
10
A(i) The westergaard equation forVertical
stressσ z at a cornerof a squareis given
Q −1 1 1 1
σ z = cot 2
+ 2+ 2 2
2π 2m 2m 2m n

57
The dim ensions of this smaller square are
3 . 25 m X 1 . 6 m u sin g L = m . z and
B = n . z , we have
m . z = 3 . 25
or m . 13 = 3 . 25
3 . 25
m = = 0 . 25
13
similarly n .z = 1 .6
n X 13 = 1 . 6
1 .6
or n = = 0 . 123
13 58
59
Equation
Q −1 1 1 1
σ z = cot 2
+ 2 + 2 2 , we get
2π 2m 2n 4m n
1600 −1 1 1 1
σz = cot + +
2π 2.(0.25) (2.123) (4.25)2 X (0.123)2
2 2

160 −1 1600 −1
= cot 8 + 33.05 + 264.39 = cot 305.44
2π 2π
= 254.8 cot−1 17.47* = 254.8 X 0.057* = 14.6 kN / m2
Totalstressat centerby 4 squares
= 4 X14.6 kN / m2 = 58.4 kN / m2 ANS 60
Example
 A rectangular foundation 6m X
3m in size transmits a pressure of
16kN/m2 to the soil underneath.
Calculate the increase of vertical
stress at a point 0.5m below the
center of the foundation.

61
Solution
 Let us use the Boussinesq
equation for uniform load, which
gives stress at the corner of a
square. Since the load is required
at the centre of the footing 6m X
3m, ew divide this rectangle in to
for equal smaller rectangles.
Continue62
Each smaller rectangle of size 3m
X 1.5m will give σz at one corner
of smaller square i.e. at the center
of the larger square.

63
hence mz = 3m; z = 0.5 (given)
m x 0.5 = 3 or m=6
and n.z = 1.5
n x 0.5 = 1.5 or n =3
also q = 16kN / m2
equation
Q  2mn m2 + n2 +1 m2 + n2 + 2 2 2
−1 2mm m + n +1

σz =  2 2 2 2
X 2 2 + sin 2 2 2 2
4π  m + n +1+ m n m + n +1 m + n +1+ m n 

Continue64
substituting m = 6, n = 3in we get
Q  36 36 + 9 +1 36 + 9 + 2 −1 36 36 + 9 + 1

σz =  X + sin 
4π  36 + 9 +1+ 324 36 + 9 +1 36 + 9 +1+ 324
Q Q  41 .290
Xπ 
=
4π
[ −1
]
0.674+ sin 0.66 = 0.674+
4π  1800 


16
= X 1.394 = 1.78kN / m2
4π
Totalσ z at thecentreof thel argest squareof size
6m X 4m = 4 X σ z dueto onesmallersquare
= 4 X 1.78kN / m2 . ANS 65
 Example
 A three legged tower
forms an equilateral
triangle in plan of side
4.2m, if the total weight
of the tower is 420 kN
and is equal carried by
all its legs,

Continue66
compute the increase in the
vertical stress caused in the soil by
the installation of the tower, at a
depth of 4.2 m directly below one
of the legs of the tower.

67
 Solution
 The weight of tower = 420kN.
since the load is coming equally
on three legs of the tower,
420 kN
load the each leg = = 120 kN
3
5/ 2
 
 
3Q  1 
σz =
2πz 2   r  
2

1 +   
 z  68
(i) Vertical stress caused by load on leg A,
below which the stress is computed.
420kN
here Q = 120 kN , z = 4.2m, load the each leg =
3
r =0
5/ 2
3 X 120  1 
σ z1 = 1 + 0  = 3.25 kN / m 2 .
2π X (4.2) 2  

69
( ii ) Vertical stress caused by load on either two legs
B and Cleg A ,
here Q = 120 kN , z = 4 . 2 m ,
r = 4 .2 m ,
σz =σz
2 3

5/2
 
 
3 X 120  1 
σz =σz =
2 3
2π ( 4 . 2 ) 
2
 4 .2  
2

1 +   
  4 .2  
5/2
 1  5/2 2
= 3 . 25  = 3 . 25 X ( 0 . 5 ) = 3 . 25 x 0 . 177 = 0 . 575 kN / m
 1 + 1 
σ z = σ z1 + σ z 2 + σ z 3
2 70
= 3 . 25 + 0 . 575 + 0 . 575 = 4 . 40 kNm ANS
Example
 A Circular foundation rests on
the horizontal upper surface of a
semi infinite soil mass, whose
properties comply with the usual
elasticity requirements and carries
a load of 1000 kN. The contact
pressure is uniform and the
foundation is flexible.
Continue71
The base of the foundation is
frictionless. The diameter of the
foundation is 3m. Determine the
vertical stress distribution on
horizontal planes along the central
axis of the foundation to a depth
of 10m below the surface.
72
Solution
 Total load coming through
circular foundation in a uniform
manner = 1000 kN
Area of foundation
2
πD π X 32
= = 3 2 = 7 . 069 m 2

4 4
Uniform load int ensity
1000 2
= = 141 . 47 kN / m
7 . 069 73
The Vertical caused by uniform load on circular area
   
3/2

   
 1  
σ z = 141 . 47 1 − 
  R 
2
 
 1 +    
   z   
here q = 141 . 47 kN / m 2 , R = Radius = 1 . 53 , z = 10 m
  
3/2

   
 1 
σ z = 141 . 47 1 −  

  1 .5  
2
 1 +    
   10   
= 4 . 64 kN / m 2 . ANS 74
Example
 A water tank is supported by a
ring foundation having outer
diameter of 8m and inner diameter
of 6m. The uniform load intensity
on the foundation is 200 kN/m2.
Compute the vertical stress caused
by the water tank at a depth 4m
below the center of the foundation.
75
Solution
 Applicable to finding vertical
stress under a wholly loaded circular
area has been extended to such
cases where the entire circular area
is not loaded and
only a ring portion
is loaded between
radius R0 and Ri. 76
   
3 / 2

   
  1  
σ = q 1 − 
z
  R 0 
2

 1 +    
   z   
*
  
3 / 2

   
  1  
= q 1 − 
  R i 
2

 1 +    
   z   
77
where R 0 = outer radius of ring
R i = inner radius of ring
here R 0 = 4 m , R i = 3 m , q = 200 kN / m 2 , z = 4 m
  
3/2
   
3/2

       
  1     1  
σ = 200 1 −  − 200 1 − 
z
  4  
2
  3  
2
 1 +      1 +    
   4       4   
 1
3/2
   1 
3/2

= 200 1 −    − 200 1 −   
  2    1 . 5625  
= 200 [1 − 0 . 354 ] − 200 [1 − 0 . 512 ]
2
= 129 . 29 − 97 . 6 = 31 . 69 kN / m ANS .
78
Example
 Two column footing 1.1 m X
1.1m each, spaced at 6.2 m apart
center to center transmit building
load of 270 kN each to the top
layer of a sandy soil at 1.6m depth
below the ground surface. A 7m
thick compressible clay stratum is
found in the soil investigation,
Continue79
to be present below the sand layer,
which totals in thickness as 6m.
Below the clay layer is found a
stiff impervious stratum. The
water-table is existing at 3m
below the surface. The soil
properties are given.
80
For Sandy Soil Layer
Sp . gravity = 2 . 65 , void ratio = 0 . 7
m .c . above W .T = 10 %
For Clay Soil Layer
Sp . gravity = 2 . 55 , average void ratio
= 0 . 95 C c = 0 . 36 , C v = 40 X 10 − 4 cm 2 / sec
Deter min e
( i ) the ultimate settlement of the column ,
( ii ) the time required for 60 % consolidat ion .81
Solution
 The given soil strata and
loadings.
we will work out stresses at the
centre of the clay layer (B-B) to find
out its settlement. It can also be seen
that the incremental stress caused by
the column loads is the below each
loads, as the distance r and z are the
82
same w.r. to each other
Stiff impervious Stratum

83
 Q1 Q1
σ z = σ z1 + σ z 2 = 2
.I B1 + 2
I B
z z 2

where Q 1 = Q 2 = 270 kN
5 / 2
3  1 
IB =
2 π  1 + ( r / z ) 2 
r1 = 6 . 2 m , and z 1 = 7 . 9 m
5 / 2
3  1 
I = = 0 . 144
2 π  1 + ( 6 . 2 / 7 . 9 ) 2 
B1

r2 = 0 , z 2 = 7 . 9 m
5 / 2
3  1  3
I = = 0 . 478
2 π  1 + ( 0 / 7 . 9 ) 2 
B 2
2π 84
 Q1 Q2
σ z = 2 .I B1 + 2 .I B2 and Q1 = Q2 = Q
z z
Q 270
z
[ ]
σ z = 2 I B1 + I B2 =
(7.9) 2
[0.144+ 0.478] kM / m2

2
= 269kM / m
2
∆p = σ z = 2.69kM / m

85
calculatin g P o . The effective over - burden pressure
at section B - B is worked out as follows :
σ ` at B - B = γ sand depth + γ sub for sand X 3 m depth + γ sub for clay X 3 .5 m
for sand layer :
m . c . above W .T . = w = 0 . 10
G = 2 . 65 , e = 0 .7
Gγ w
γ = (1 + w ) γ dry = (1 + w )
1+ e
 2 . 65 X 9 . 81 
γ for send above W.T. = [1 + 0 . 1 ]  kN / m 3
= 16 . 82 kN / m 3

 1 + 0 . 7 
G −1 265 − 1 Q 1
γ sub = γw = X 9 . 81 kN / m 3 = 9 . 52 kN / m 3
1+ e 1 + 0 .7
for clay layer G = 2 . 55 ,
averag void ratio = e = 0 . 95
G −1 2 . 55 − 1 3
Now . γ sub = γw = X 9 . 81 = 7 . 80 kN / m 86
1+ e 1 + 0 . 95
using these values,
2
p 0 = (16.82 X 3 + 9.52 X 3 + 7.8 X 3.5) kN/m .
settlement ∆ H is now compted from equation
C c .H o p0 + ∆p
∆H = log 10
1 + e0 P0
[e o is generally taken as the average void ratio ]
where C c = 0.36, H 0 = 7m = 700cm
e 0 = avarage void ratio = 0.95
2 2
P 0 = 106.32kN/m , ∆ p = 2.69 kN/m
substituti ng vaues, we get
0.36 X 700 106.32 = 2.69
∆H = log 10 cm = 1.40cm
1 = 0.95 106.32
hence, the ultimate settlement of the columns
= 1.40 cm. ANS 87
 t 60 = ?
Cv
Using Tv = 2
.t,
d
π 2
where Tv = .U for U ≤ 0.6
4
π 2
or Tv = X (0.6) = 0.282
4
−4 2
C c = 40 X 10 cm / sec ( given )
d = H 0 = 700 cm
14 cm 2 1
0 . 282 = 40 X 10 X 2
t 60 in sec
sec ( 700 cm )
0 . 282 X ( 700 ) 2
t 60 in sec = days = 399 . 8 day = 400 days
40 X 60 X 60 X 24
60 % consolidat in will take place after 400 days. ANS 88
Example
 The vertical pressure (σz) below
the center line of uniformly loaded
strip footing (intensity q) of width B
may be taken as
Depth σz
0.IB 0.997q
0.5B 0.817q
1.0B 0.550q
2.0B 0.306q 89
Continue
The time factor (Tv) corresponding
to degree of consolidation (U%) is
as fallows
U(%) :10, 90
Tv :0.008, 0.848.

90
Solution
 The Question was set in MKS
units, and hence we have solved it
in MKS units only
let us compute the pressure intensity
at (A) along the center line of the
clay layer.
Po = γsub clay X 0.5m +γsand X 2.0m
=0.8 X 0.5 + 2 X 2.0 = 4.4 t/m2.
91
92
 Total design load of footing =22t/m2
Additional load from footing
= Total design load-load of soil above the footing
= 22 t/m2-2t/m3X1m=20t/m2
∆p=σz at A due to 20t/m2, is obtained as
σz at depth of 1.5m i.e. at 0.75 B depth (B=2m)
But σz at 0.5 B depth =0.817q (at top of clay
layer) and
σz at 1.0B depth =0.550q (at bottom of clay
layer)
93
Continue
 σz at 0.75 depth is interpolated or averaged from
its given values at 0.5B depth and 1.0B depth as:
σz at the center of clay layer*
= 1.0B depth =0.550q (at bottom of clay
layer)
0 .817 q + 0 . 550 q
= 0 .684 q = 0 .684 X 20 t / m 2 = 13 .7 t / m 2
2
Total load before the building load =44 t/m2
Total load after the building load =4.4+13.7=18.1 t/m2
Void ratio for clay at 4.4 t/m2 = 1.16 (given)
Void ratio for clay at 18.1 t/m2 =1.02 (given)
94
Continue
  ∆e   1 .16 − 1 .02 
∆ H =   H 0 =   X 1m
 1 + e0   1 + 1 .16 
= 0 .065 m = 6 .5cm
Hence , the probable ultimate settlement
= ∆ H = 6.5cm. ANS

95
now, at U = 10%, T v = 0 . 008
and at U = 90 %, T v = 0 . 848
the time t 1 after whic h 10% consolidat ion will occur is given
Cc
Tv = 2
.t
d
d 2 .Tv
t=
Cv
H clay is overlain and underlain by
where =
2 sand allowing tow way drainage
1m
= = 50 cm
2
( 50 cm ) 2 X 0 . 008 4 sec
t1 = −4 2
= 5 X 10 = 13 . 89 hours . ANS .
4 X 10 cm / sec 96
similarly, time t 2 after which 90%
consolidation will occur
2
(50) X 0.848
= 4
sec = 61.34 days. ANS.
4 X 10

97