Book Reviews: The Psychology of Anxiety, Staples Press LTD., London, 1968. 36
Book Reviews: The Psychology of Anxiety, Staples Press LTD., London, 1968. 36
Book Reviews: The Psychology of Anxiety, Staples Press LTD., London, 1968. 36
BOOK REVIEWS
EUGENE E. LEVIIT: The Psychology of Anxiety, Staples Press Ltd., London, 1968. 36/-.
POPULAR concern with anxiety is probably more widespread now than ever before: it is both ‘the
most pervasive psychological phenomenon of our time’ and ‘the official emotion of our age’. Another
reason for the increasingly central importance of anxiety in psychology lies in its promise to bridge
the gap between the experimental construct of drive, and clinical observation of morbid anxiety.
One of the earliest attempts to do this, resulting in Taylor’s construction of the Manifest Anxiety
Scale, has been implicated in the explosion of publications on the subject through the 195Os, which
despite the failure to fulfil that early promise, continues unabated to the present day. Spielberger [l]
notes that at the time of his survey (up to 1963) publications listed under ‘anxiety’ in the Psychological
Abstracts had increased tenfold since 1930, to an average of about 130 entries each year. At the time
of writing, the latest completed index (1967) shows a further increase to over 200 entries for that year.
Yet, after all this labour, it must be confessed that there is still little agreement on the problem of the
measurement of anxiety, or even on its definition.
The Psychology of Anxiety begins with a commendable attempt to stem the confusion resulting
from the proliferation of undefined concepts by discussing and delimiting the use of terms such as
stress, tension, fear, phobia, state- and trait-anxiety. The author then proceeds to deal with thecretical
views of anxiety(confined to Freudian and ‘learning theory’viewpoints), its experimental measurement
using psychological and physiological techniques, effects on cognitive processes and the relationship
of anxiety with personality and the problems of everyday life. This may seem too much to discuss
comprehensively and adequately in a book of 250 pages, and it is. There is considerable evidence of
the necessity to compress discussion and select references, sometimes leading to oversimplification.
Notable omissions include any mention of pathological anxiety, apart from presenting the Freudian
model, and there is no discussion of the factor analytic studies of Cattell or Eysenck. Theoretical
ideas about anxiety are presented in a balanced and impartial way, and in as far as the author’s views
are apparent they would seem to resemble a synthesis of Freudian ideas and learning theory & la
Dollard and Miller:-sufficient acceptance of unsubstantiated analytic theory to annoy the behav-
ioural scientist; enough emphasis on the necessity of controlled laboratory investigation to irritate
the dynamic clinician. There is no attempt to put together all the experimental findings in one
conceptual framework, they are simply summarised at the end of each chapter, and briefly criticised
in a final discussion.
In the end, the usefulness of any book depends on the audience to whom it is addressed. The
experimentally sophisticated behavioural scientist or clinician may well be dissatisfied with the
occasional lack of depth and critical evaluation of experimental work, and by the omission of
experimental studies of pathological anxiety. On the other hand, as a short introduction to the vast
and growing field of research related to anxiety, it will perform a useful function for the psychologist
or psychiatrist finding it difficult to keep up with a mushrooming literature.
A. MATHEWS
REFERENCE
SPIELBERGER
C. Anxiety and Behavior, Academic Press, New York (1966).
J. CREMERIUS: Die Prognose funktioneller Syndrome. Ein Beitrag zu Ihrer Naturgeschichte. (The
Prognosis of Functional Syhdromes. A Contribution to Their Natural History.) Ferdinand Enke,
Stuttgart 1968. 134 pp., no price stated.
To EXAMINEthe prognosis of patients with functional syndromes, Dr. Cremerius and his collaborators
carried out a detailed and painstaking follow-up study after 9-11 yr of patients who had attended the
University Out-Patient Clinic in Munich in the three yrs from 1949 to 1951. Among them had been
2330 with functional syndromes of at least two yr duration.
At the time of the follow-up only 28 per cent of the original patients could be contacted by post.
This small percentage is not surprising as many of the original patients had been only temporary
residents in Munich during the unsettled post-war years in Germany. Of those contacted, only
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