HENNEPIN COUNTY

MEDICAL EXAMINER’S OFFICE

AUTOPSY REPORT

ME NO.: 20-3700
CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST COMPLICATING LAW ENFORCEMENT
CASE TITLE:
SUBDUAL, RESTRAINT, AND NECK COMPRESSION
DECEASED: George Floyd aka Floyd Perry SEX: M AGE: 46

DATE AND HOUR OF DEATH: 5-25-20; 9:25 p.m.

DATE AND HOUR OF AUTOPSY: 5-26-20; 9:25 a.m.

PATHOLOGIST: Andrew M. Baker, M.D.

FINAL DIAGNOSES:

46-year-old man who became unresponsive while being restrained by law

enforcement officers; he received emergency medical care in the field
and subsequently in the Hennepin HealthCare (HHC) Emergency
Department, but could not be resuscitated.

I. Blunt force injuries

A. Cutaneous blunt force injuries of the forehead, face, and

upper lip

B. Mucosal injuries of the lips

C. Cutaneous blunt force injuries of the shoulders, hands,

elbows, and legs

D. Patterned contusions (in some areas abraded) of the wrists,

consistent with restraints (handcuffs)

II. Natural diseases

A. Arteriosclerotic heart disease, multifocal, severe

B. Hypertensive heart disease

1. Cardiomegaly (540 g) with mild biventricular

dilatation

2. Clinical history of hypertension

C. Left pelvic tumor (incidental, see microscopic description)

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III. No life-threatening injuries identified

A. No facial, oral mucosal, or conjunctival petechiae

B. No injuries of anterior muscles of neck or laryngeal

structures

C. No scalp soft tissue, skull, or brain injuries

D. No chest wall soft tissue injuries, rib fractures (other

than a single rib fracture from CPR), vertebral column
injuries, or visceral injuries

E. Incision and subcutaneous dissection of posterior and

lateral neck, shoulders, back, flanks, and buttocks
negative for occult trauma

IV. Viral testing (Minnesota Department of Health, postmortem nasal

swab collected 5/26/2020): positive for 2019-nCoV RNA by PCR
(see ‘Comments,’ below)

V. Hemoglobin S quantitation (postmortem femoral blood, HHC

Laboratory): 38% (see ‘Comments,’ below)

VI. Toxicology (see attached report for full details; testing

performed on antemortem blood specimens collected 5/25/20 at
9:00 p.m. at HHC and on postmortem urine)

A. Blood drug and novel psychoactive substances screens:

1. Fentanyl 11 ng/mL

2. Norfentanyl 5.6 ng/mL

3. 4-ANPP 0.65 ng/mL

4. Methamphetamine 19 ng/mL

5. 11-Hydroxy Delta-9 THC 1.2 ng/mL;

Delta-9 Carboxy THC 42 ng/mL; Delta-9 THC 2.9 ng/mL

6. Cotinine positive

7. Caffeine positive

B. Blood volatiles: negative for ethanol, methanol,

isopropanol, or acetone

C. Urine drug screen: presumptive positive for cannabinoids,

amphetamines, and fentanyl/metabolite

D. Urine drug screen confirmation: morphine (free) 86 ng/mL

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Comments: The finding of sickled-appearing cells in many of the

autopsy tissue sections prompted the Hemoglobin S quantitation
reported above. This quantitative result is indicative of sickle
cell trait. Red blood cells in individuals with sickle cell trait
are known to sickle as a postmortem artifact. The decedent’s
antemortem peripheral blood smear (made from a complete blood count
collected 5/25/20 at 9:00 p.m.) was reviewed by an expert HHC
hematopathologist at the Medical Examiner’s request. This review
found no evidence of antemortem sickling.

The decedent was known to be positive for 2019-nCoV RNA on 4/3/2020.

Since PCR positivity for 2019-nCoV RNA can persist for weeks after
the onset and resolution of clinical disease, the autopsy result most
likely reflects asymptomatic but persistent PCR positivity from
previous infection.
6/1/2020

X
Andrew M. Baker, M.D.
Chief Medical Examiner
Signed by: Andrew M. Baker MD
In accordance with HCME policy, this report was
reviewed by another board-certified forensic
pathologist prior to release.
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IDENTIFICATION:

Positive identification is confirmed by comparison of antemortem

and postmortem fingerprints (Federal Bureau of Investigation).

EXTERNAL EXAMINATION:

When initially examined, the body is in a sealed/locked and

properly labeled body bag. Evidentiary paper bags are secured
over the hands.

The body is that of a normally developed, muscular and

adequately nourished appearing, 6 feet 4 inch long, 223 pound
male whose appearance is consistent with the reported age of 46
years. Unfixed lividity is present on the posterior dependent
surfaces of the body, except in areas exposed to pressure.
Rigor mortis is established in all of the major muscle groups,
relenting with modest pressure. The temperature is somewhat
cool following refrigeration.

The scalp is covered with closely cropped black hair in a normal

distribution, with some early vertex thinning. The irides are
brown, and the pupils are round and equal in diameter. The
conjunctivae are somewhat injected, but there are no bulbar or
palpebral conjunctival petechiae. There are no facial,
periorbital, or oral mucosal petechiae. The external auditory
canals are free of blood. The lobe of the left ear is remotely
pierced once; the ears are otherwise unremarkable. The nares
are patent. The nasal and facial bones are stable to palpation.
A faint, 2 cm maximum dimension V-shaped scar is near the
superior end of the left jawline. The teeth appear native and
in good repair. Very short black mustache and beard stubble is
in the usual distribution on the face, and a small patch of
slightly longer black beard hair is just inferior to the lower
lip.

The neck is straight, and the trachea is midline. A 0.6 cm

diameter circular gray-brown scar is over the middle of the left
clavicle. The chest is symmetric. The abdomen is flat. The
external genitalia are those of a normal adult male. The testes
are descended and free of masses. Pubic hair is present in a
normal distribution. The back, buttocks, and anus are
unremarkable.

The upper and lower extremities are symmetric and free of

clubbing, edema, or absence of digits. Six faint,
hypopigmented, haphazardly oriented linear scars ranging up to
1.2 cm long are scattered across the dorsum of the right
 George Floyd
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forearm. Approximately eight gray-tan foci of healing injuries

(scars) ranging up to 0.8 cm maximum dimension are scattered
across the dorsum of the right hand. Two similar appearing
healing injuries (scars), each 1 cm maximum dimension, are on
the anteromedial right wrist. A similar appearing, obliquely
oriented 2 cm long linear healing injury (scar) is on the medial
right wrist. The skin of the first dorsal webspace on the right
hand has a 4.5 cm maximum dimension area of brown
hyperpigmentation and gray-tan hyperkeratosis. An 8 cm maximum
dimension area of brown hyperpigmentation and gray-tan
hyperkeratosis spans the first dorsal webspace on the left hand,
and has five superimposed healing linear skin cracks ranging up
to 1.2 cm long. Similar gray-tan, scar-like areas are on the
dorsum of the left hand (over the left 2nd and 3rd
metacarpophalangeal joints and the webspaces between the
fingers) and wrist in areas ranging 0.2 to 2 cm maximum
dimension. A 4 cm maximum dimension flat tan scar is on the
dorsum of the left hand over the 5th metacarpal. The nails of
the hands are cut or chewed extremely short.

A 4 cm maximum dimension horizontally oriented linear brown scar

is over the anterior right hip. A 0.5 cm maximum dimension
macular brown nevus is over the anterior right hip. Two flat,
hyperpigmented patches, 1.2 and 2 cm maximum dimension, flank
the left side of the waistline. A 1.5 cm maximum dimension
hypopigmented oval scar is over the right knee. Approximately
nine haphazardly oriented linear hypopigmented scars ranging up
to 2 cm maximum dimension are scattered over and just inferior
to the right knee. Approximately nine hyper- and hypopigmented
linear and oval scars ranging up to 2 cm maximum dimension are
over the right shin. A faint, 1.5 cm maximum dimension hyper-
and hypopigmented scar is on the posterolateral left thigh.
Five hypopigmented linear scars ranging up to 5 cm maximum
dimension are over, just superior to, and just inferolateral to
the left knee. A 3 cm maximum dimension area of slight skin
darkening associated with hair follicle plugging is on the
distal left calf. The nails of the toes are somewhat elongated,
markedly thickened, and discolored yellow-brown. The soles of
the feet and the posterior heels are somewhat hyperkeratotic and
desiccated appearing, particularly on the right.
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TATTOOS:

 A 42 cm maximum dimension monochromatic blue tattoo of an

eagle holding a rifle spans the upper chest, from shoulder
to shoulder and from the inferior neck to the distal
sternum.
 An 11 cm maximum dimension monochromatic blue tattoo of a
pair of praying hands is on the epigastric abdomen.
 A 9 cm maximum dimension monochromatic blue tattoo of the
name “LAURA” is on the right upper abdomen.
 A 10 cm maximum dimension monochromatic blue tattoo of the
name “CISSY” is on the left upper abdomen.
 A 28 cm maximum dimension monochromatic blue tattoo of the
name “FLOYD” spans both sides of the abdomen just superior
to the umbilicus.
 A 10 cm maximum dimension monochromatic blue tattoo of what
appears to be a gravestone with some letters and numbers
and the letters “R.I.P.” is on the anterior right forearm.
 A 12 cm maximum dimension monochromatic blue tattoo of two
stars and what appears to be the name “Brittney” and the
letters “R.I.P.” is on the proximal anterior left forearm.
 A 20 cm maximum dimension patterned monochromatic blue
tattoo spans the anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects
of the left forearm.

CLOTHING AND PERSONAL EFFECTS:

The following clothing items are received with the body in the
body bag, in a hospital patient belongings bag, and examined
separate from the body at the start of the postmortem
examination:

 Size XXL “Nike” brand blue track pants, extensively cut

apart (presumably for medical intervention)
 A black ribbed sleeveless t-shirt (no tag), extensively cut
apart (presumably for medical intervention)
 Size 3XL “Starting 5” brand black and gray sweatpants,
extensively cut apart (presumably for medical intervention)
 A pair of black dress socks, one with a gray heel and gray
toe box
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MEDICAL INTERVENTION:

 Oral endotracheal tube, correctly positioned in the trachea

and held in place on the face with a white and tan plastic
and elastic band
 Thoracostomy incision (3.6 cm maximum dimension, somewhat
ragged and V-shaped), right lateral chest (approximately
six superficial punctures and cuts, ranging from pinpoint
to 1.5 cm long, are adjacent to the thoracostomy)
 Thoracostomy incision (3.9 cm long, somewhat ragged and
linear), left lateral chest (a pinpoint cut or puncture is
just inferior to the thoracostomy)
 Curvilinear orange abrasions centered over the sternum
(10 cm maximum dimension aggregate), consistent with
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
 Intravascular catheter with attached segment of tubing,
taped in place just proximal to the left antecubital fossa
(the tape associated with this catheter has created a
localized area of skin slippage in the left antecubital
fossa)
 Needle puncture, just distal to the left antecubital fossa
 Intraosseous catheter with attached tubing, right tibia
 Intraosseous catheter with attached tubing, left tibia
 Intravascular catheter with attached tubing, taped in place
on the right groin
 Hospital tag, right great toe
 Hospital bracelets (2), right wrist
 Needle puncture, left groin
 Minimally hemorrhagic horizontal fracture in the sternum,
consistent with cardiopulmonary resuscitation
 Non-hemorrhagic fracture of the anterior left 4th rib,
consistent with cardiopulmonary resuscitation

EVIDENCE OF INJURY:

Head and Neck

 4 cm maximum dimension abraded red-black-purple contusion,

lateral corner of left brow
 Pinpoint red abrasion, just left of the midline of the
forehead
 6.5 cm maximum dimension red-black abrasion, left cheek
 0.6 cm maximum dimension red abrasion, just inferior to
left corner of mouth
 0.8 cm maximum dimension curvilinear red avulsion, just
superior to right side of upper lip
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 Eight pinpoint to 0.2 cm maximum dimension red abrasions,

right side of nose
 Faint blue contusions on the body of the nose (3.5 cm),
right naris (1.5 cm), and left naris (1.0 cm)
 1.5 cm maximum dimension aggregate of pink-purple mucosal
abrasions and lacerations, upper lip
 2 cm maximum dimension aggregate of pink-orange mucosal
abrasions and lacerations, lower lip

Shoulders and Extremities

 8 cm maximum dimension purple contusion with 4.5 cm maximum

dimension aggregate of linear red abrasions, anterolateral
right shoulder
 2 cm maximum dimension red L-shaped scratch, superior right
shoulder
 14 cm maximum dimension pink-purple contusion with a
discontinuous 8 cm maximum dimension dried red-black
abrasion, left shoulder
 0.2 cm maximum dimension red abrasion, just medial to the
right elbow
 3 cm maximum dimension faint pink contusion, just medial to
the left elbow
 Pinpoint red abrasion, just medial and distal to the left
elbow
 1.5 cm maximum dimension purple contusion, proximal right
shin
 2.5 cm maximum dimension aggregate of red abrasions, distal
right shin
 0.3 cm maximum dimension red abrasion over the left calf

Wrists and Hands

 1.4 cm maximum dimension red and dried black abrasion,

dorsum of proximal interphalangeal joint, right index
finger
 Two 0.8 cm maximum dimension red and focally dried black
abrasions, dorsum of proximal interphalangeal joint, right
middle finger
 Circumferential, discontinuous, 3.5 cm maximum width,
roughly parallel pink-purple contusions encircling the
right wrist, with areas of superimposed abrasions up to 1.2
cm maximum dimension; a 0.9 cm long superficial red scratch
is on the lateral right wrist between the patterned
contusion and the hand
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 Circumferential, discontinuous, 2.5 cm maximum width,

roughly parallel pink-purple contusions encircling the left
wrist, with areas of superimposed abrasions up to 1.3 cm
maximum dimension
- On the anterolateral left wrist, in a 3.5 cm long
area, the injury transitions to a dried yellow-black
abraded furrow before blending into the anterior wrist
crease
 2.2 cm maximum dimension purple contusion, dorsum of left
hand

INTERNAL EXAMINATION:

HEAD: The soft tissues of the scalp are free of injury. The
calvarium is intact, as is the dura mater beneath it. Clear
cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the 1380 g brain, which has
unremarkable gyri and sulci. Coronal sections demonstrate sharp
demarcation between white and gray matter, without hemorrhage or
contusive injury. The ventricles are of normal size. The basal
ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, and arterial systems are free of
injury or other abnormalities. There are no skull fractures.
The atlanto-occipital joint is stable.

NECK: Layer by layer dissection of the anterior strap muscles of

the neck discloses no areas of contusion or hemorrhage within
the musculature. The thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone are
intact. The larynx is lined by intact mucosa. The thyroid is
symmetric and red-brown, without cystic or nodular change. The
tongue is free of bite marks, hemorrhage, or other injuries.
The cervical spinal column is palpably stable and free of
hemorrhage.

Except as previously noted, the ribs, sternum, and

BODY CAVITIES:
vertebral bodies are visibly and palpably intact. Stripping of
the parietal pleura reveals no occult rib fractures. No excess
fluid is in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal cavities.
The organs occupy their usual anatomic positions. Adjacent to
the left external iliac vessels and left psoas muscle (but not
apparently arising from them or attached to them) is a firm,
4 cm maximum dimension thinly encapsulated mass consisting of
red-brown and fleshy white-gray areas, admixed with centrally
scarred and calcified areas.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: The right and left lungs weigh 1085 and
1015 g, respectively. The external surfaces are pink only on the
most anterior aspects, and deep red-purple in all other areas.
The pulmonary parenchyma is diffusely congested and edematous.
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No mass lesions or areas of consolidation are present. The

pulmonary vascular tree is free of thromboemboli. The
tracheobronchial tree is free of blood, edema fluid, or foreign
material.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: The 540 g heart (upper limit of normal for

body length is 510 g; upper limit of normal for body weight is
521 g)1 is contained in an intact pericardial sac. The
epicardial surface is smooth, with modest fat investment. The
coronary arteries are present in a normal distribution, with a
right dominant pattern. Cross sections of the vessels show
multifocal atherosclerosis, with 75% proximal and 75% mid
narrowing of the left anterior descending coronary artery; 75%
proximal narrowing of the 1st diagonal branch of the left
anterior descending coronary artery; 25% proximal narrowing of
the circumflex coronary artery; and 90% proximal narrowing of
the right coronary artery. The myocardium is homogeneous, red-
brown, and firm. The valve leaflets are thin and mobile. The
walls of the left and right ventricles are 1.2 and 0.4 cm thick,
respectively. The endocardium is smooth and glistening. Both
ventricular cavities are mildly dilated. The minimally
atherosclerotic aorta gives rise to three intact and patent arch
vessels. The renal and mesenteric vessels are unremarkable.

The 2565 g liver has an intact, smooth

LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM:
capsule and a sharp anterior border. The parenchyma is tan-
brown and congested, with the usual lobular architecture. No
mass lesions or other abnormalities are seen. The gallbladder
contains a moderate amount of green-black bile and no stones.
The mucosal surface is green and velvety. The extrahepatic
biliary tree is patent.

SPLEEN: The 140 g spleen has a smooth, intact, red-purple

capsule. The parenchyma is maroon and congested.

PANCREAS: The pancreas is firm and yellow-tan, with the usual

lobular architecture. No mass lesions or other abnormalities
are seen.

ADRENALS: The right and left adrenal glands are symmetric, with
bright yellow cortices and gray medullae. No masses or areas of
hemorrhage are identified.

1 Kitzman DW, Scholz DG, Hagen PT, et al. Age-related changes in normal human
hearts during the first 10 decades of life. Part II (maturity): a
quantitative anatomic study of 765 specimens from subjects 20 to 99 years
old. Mayo Clin Proc. 1988; 63: 137-146.
 George Floyd
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The right and left kidneys weigh 205 and

GENITOURINARY SYSTEM:
225 g, respectively. The external surfaces are intact and
smooth. The cut surfaces are red-tan and congested, with
uniformly thick cortices and sharp corticomedullary junctions.
The pelves are unremarkable and the ureters are normal in course
and caliber. White bladder mucosa overlies an intact bladder
wall. The bladder contains approximately 80 mL of yellow urine.
The prostate is normal in size, with lobular, yellow-tan
parenchyma. The seminal vesicles are unremarkable. The testes
are free of mass lesions, contusions, or other abnormalities.

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: The esophagus is intact and lined by

smooth, gray-white mucosa. The stomach contains approximately
450 mL of dark brown fluid with innumerable soft fragments of
gray-white food particulate matter resembling bread. The
gastric wall is intact. The duodenum, loops of small bowel,
and colon are unremarkable. The appendix is present.

SPECIAL PROCEDURES:

Incision and subcutaneous dissection of the anterior and lateral

aspects of the wrists demonstrates no foci of contusion or
hemorrhage deep to the skin on the right. In the left wrist,
there is multifocal fascial hemorrhage, with approximately 3 mL
liquid blood accumulation, in the tissue surrounding the flexor
tendons. The exposed wrist musculature itself appears free of
injury.

An incision from the back of the head to the lower back,

extending onto both buttocks, is dissected subcutaneously to the
lateral aspects of the neck, the shoulders, and flanks. No
areas of subcutaneous hemorrhage, soft tissue contusion, or
other occult injury are found in the posterior neck, right and
left lateral neck, shoulders, back, flanks, or buttocks.

ADDITIONAL PROCEDURES:

 Documentary photographs are taken.

 Postmortem specimens collected and retained: vitreous
fluid, femoral blood, urine, liver, and gastric contents.
 Representative tissue biopsies are retained in formalin for
microscopic examination.
 The dissected organs are returned to the body.
 Pulled head hairs are placed in a labeled, sealed envelope.

AB/SB: 5/27/20
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MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION:

HEART (3-5): Cross sections of left ventricular, right

ventricular, and interventricular septal
myocardium are examined and show the expected
microscopic architecture, with readily visible
boxcar nuclear changes in the septal and left
ventricular sections. Cross sections of coronary
arteries, though not all ideally oriented,
confirm the gross impression of atherosclerotic
narrowing.

LUNGS (6): Sections of right and left lung show generally

normal overall architecture, without malignancy,
pneumonia, granulomatous inflammation, or
polarizable intravascular foreign material. Many
small vessels contain rounded clear vacuoles,
consistent with bone marrow embolism from
cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

LIVER (7): No significant pathologic abnormality (marked

congestion).

SPLEEN (7): No significant pathologic abnormality.

KIDNEY (8): No significant pathologic abnormality (marked

congestion).

PANCREAS (8): No significant pathologic abnormality.

ADRENAL (9): No significant pathologic abnormality (marked

congestion).

SPLEEN (9): No significant pathologic abnormality (marked

congestion).

BRAIN (10-12): Sections of hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral

cortex, and midbrain show the expected
microscopic architecture, without hypoxic-
ischemic, reactive, neoplastic, or inflammatory
changes.

LEFT PELVIC
MASS (1,2): Decalcified (1) and routinely fixed (2) sections
show a proliferation of generally bland appearing
cells with small to moderate amounts of
eosinophilic cytoplasm and generally uniform
nuclei with neuroendocrine features. Occasional
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nuclei show mild pleomorphism, but mitotic

activity is not seen. Much of the tumor is
composed of cells in sheets, cords, and nests in
a carcinoid-like pattern; other areas vary from
vascular to sclerosed and fibrotic. Taken
together, the gross and microscopic (H&E-stains)
features of the lesion are most suggestive of an
extraadrenal paraganglioma. AFB and GMS stains
are non-contributory.

NOTE: Many of the above tissue sections, particularly

those noted to have congestion, contain sickled-
appearing red blood cells.
 NMS Labs CONFIDENTIAL
200 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044-2208
Phone: (215) 657-4900 Fax: (215) 657-2972
e-mail: [email protected]
Robert A. Middleberg, PhD, F-ABFT, DABCC-TC, Laboratory

Toxicology Report Patient Name FLOYD, GEORGE

Patient ID 2020-3700
Report Issued 05/31/2020 18:44
Chain NMSCP59310
Age 46 Y DOB 10/14/1973
148889 Gender Male
To:
Hennepin County Medical Examiner Workorder 20159963
530 Chicago Avenue

Minneapolis, MN 55415 Page 1 of 7

Positive Findings:

Compound Result Units Matrix Source

Caffeine Positive mcg/mL 001 - Hospital Blood
Cotinine Positive ng/mL 001 - Hospital Blood
4-ANPP 0.65 ng/mL 003 - Hospital Blood
11-Hydroxy Delta-9 THC 1.2 ng/mL 001 - Hospital Blood
Delta-9 Carboxy THC 42 ng/mL 001 - Hospital Blood
Delta-9 THC 2.9 ng/mL 001 - Hospital Blood
Methamphetamine 19 ng/mL 001 - Hospital Blood
Fentanyl 11 ng/mL 001 - Hospital Blood
Norfentanyl 5.6 ng/mL 001 - Hospital Blood
Cannabinoids Presump Pos ng/mL 012 - Urine
Amphetamines Presump Pos ng/mL 012 - Urine
Fentanyl / Metabolite Presump Pos ng/mL 012 - Urine
Morphine - Free 86 ng/mL 012 - Urine

See Detailed Findings section for additional information

Testing Requested:
Analysis Code Description
8050U Postmortem, Urine Screen Add-on (6-MAM Quantification only)
9096B Alcohol Screen, Blood (Forensic)
8210B Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Screen 2, Blood
8052B Postmortem, Expanded, Blood (Forensic)
8756B Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Screen 1, Blood

Specimens Received:
ID Tube/Container Volume/ Collection Matrix Source Miscellaneous
Mass Date/Time Information
001 Lavender Vial 2.8 mL 05/25/2020 21:00 Hospital Blood
002 Gray Vial 0.6 mL 05/25/2020 21:00 Hospital Blood
003 Lavender Vial 5.75 mL 05/25/2020 21:00 Hospital Blood
004 Light Blue Vial 2.5 mL 05/25/2020 21:00 Hospital Blood
005 Green Vial 1.3 mL 05/25/2020 21:00 Hospital Blood
006 Red Vial 0.75 mL 05/25/2020 21:00 Hospital Serum or Plasma
007 Gray Top Tube 8.8 mL 05/26/2020 12:20 Femoral Blood
008 Gray Top Tube 8.8 mL 05/26/2020 12:20 Femoral Blood
009 Gray Top Tube 8.8 mL 05/26/2020 12:20 Femoral Blood
NMS v.18.0
 CONFIDENTIAL Workorder 20159963
Chain NMSCP59310
Patient ID 2020-3700

Page 2 of 7

ID Tube/Container Volume/ Collection Matrix Source Miscellaneous

Mass Date/Time Information
010 Gray Top Tube 8.8 mL 05/26/2020 12:20 Femoral Blood
011 Gray Vial 3.3 mL 05/26/2020 12:20 Femoral Blood
012 Yellow Vial 7.75 mL 05/26/2020 12:20 Urine
013 Yellow Vial 7.75 mL 05/26/2020 12:20 Urine

All sample volumes/weights are approximations.

Specimens received on 05/28/2020.

Detailed Findings:
Rpt.
Analysis and Comments Result Units Limit Specimen Source Analysis By

Caffeine Positive mcg/mL 0.20 001 - Hospital Blood LC/TOF-MS

Cotinine Positive ng/mL 200 001 - Hospital Blood LC/TOF-MS
4-ANPP 0.65 ng/mL 0.10 003 - Hospital Blood LC-MS/MS
11-Hydroxy Delta-9 THC 1.2 ng/mL 1.0 001 - Hospital Blood LC-MS/MS
Delta-9 Carboxy THC 42 ng/mL 5.0 001 - Hospital Blood LC-MS/MS
Delta-9 THC 2.9 ng/mL 0.50 001 - Hospital Blood LC-MS/MS
Methamphetamine 19 ng/mL 5.0 001 - Hospital Blood LC-MS/MS
Fentanyl 11 ng/mL 0.10 001 - Hospital Blood LC-MS/MS
Norfentanyl 5.6 ng/mL 0.20 001 - Hospital Blood LC-MS/MS
Cannabinoids Presump Pos ng/mL 50 012 - Urine EIA
This test is an unconfirmed screen. Confirmation by a more definitive technique such as GC/MS is recommended.
Amphetamines Presump Pos ng/mL 500 012 - Urine EIA
This test is an unconfirmed screen. Confirmation by a more definitive technique such as GC/MS is recommended.
Fentanyl / Metabolite Presump Pos ng/mL 2.0 012 - Urine EIA
This test is an unconfirmed screen. Confirmation by a more definitive technique such as GC/MS is recommended.
Morphine - Free 86 ng/mL 25 012 - Urine LC-MS/MS

Other than the above findings, examination of the specimen(s) submitted did not reveal any positive findings of
toxicological significance by procedures outlined in the accompanying Analysis Summary.

Reference Comments:
1. 11-Hydroxy Delta-9 THC (Active Metabolite) - Hospital Blood:
11-Hydroxy Delta-9 THC is an active intermediate metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) the active
component of marijuana. Usual peak levels: Less than 10% of THC levels after smoking.
2. 4-ANPP (Despropionyl fentanyl) - Hospital Blood:
4-ANPP (despropionylfentanyl) is a precursor chemical used in the production of fentanyl and is also a fentanyl
metabolite. It may be used in the production of other related compounds such as acetyl fentanyl, butyryl
fentanyl and furanyl fentanyl and may be a metabolite of these and other fentanyl-related compounds. It is
considered to be pharmacologically weak.
3. Amphetamines - Urine:
Amphetamines are a class of central nervous system stimulant drugs, with some therapeutic uses, and a high
potential for abuse.

This result derives from a presumptive test, which may be subject to cross-reactivity with non-amphetamine
related compounds. A second test is necessary to confirm the presence of amphetamine related compounds.

NMS v.18.0
 CONFIDENTIAL Workorder 20159963
Chain NMSCP59310
Patient ID 2020-3700

Page 3 of 7

Reference Comments:
4. Caffeine (No-Doz®) - Hospital Blood:
Caffeine is a xanthine-derived central nervous system stimulant. It also produces diuresis and cardiac and
respiratory stimulation. It can be readily found in such items as coffee, tea, soft drinks and chocolate. As a
reference, a typical cup of coffee or tea contains between 40 to 100 mg caffeine.

The reported qualitative result for this substance was based upon a single analysis only. If confirmation testing
is required please contact the laboratory.
5. Cannabinoids - Urine:
Cannabinoids are chemical compounds derived from the plant Cannabis sativa (marijuana), including active
components, chemical congeners and metabolites. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal active
component.

This result derives from a presumptive test, which may be subject to cross-reactivity with non-cannabinoid
related compounds. A second test is necessary to confirm the presence of cannabinoid related compounds.
6. Cotinine (Nicotine Metabolite) - Hospital Blood:
Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine and may be encountered in the fluids and tissues of an individual as a result
of tobacco exposure.

Anabasine is a natural product occurring in tobacco, but not in pharmaceutical nicotine and a separate test for
anabasine in urine can be used to distinguish tobacco from pharmaceutical nicotine use.

The reported qualitative result for this substance was based upon a single analysis only. If confirmation testing
is required please contact the laboratory.

7. Delta-9 Carboxy THC (Inactive Metabolite) - Hospital Blood:

Delta-9-THC is the principle psychoactive ingredient of marijuana/hashish. Delta-9-carboxy-THC (THCC) is the
inactive metabolite of THC. The usual peak concentrations in serum for 1.75% or 3.55% THC marijuana
cigarettes are 10 - 101 ng/mL attained 32 to 240 minutes after beginning smoking, with a slow decline
thereafter. The ratio of whole blood concentration to plasma concentration is unknown for this analyte. THCC
may be detected for up to one day or more in blood. Both delta-9-THC and THCC may be present substantially
longer in chronic users. THCC is usually not detectable after passive inhalation.
8. Delta-9 THC (Active Ingredient of Marijuana) - Hospital Blood:
Marijuana is a DEA Schedule I hallucinogen. Pharmacologically, it has depressant and reality distorting effects.
Collectively, the chemical compounds that comprise marijuana are known as Cannabinoids.

Delta-9-THC is the principle psychoactive ingredient of marijuana/hashish. It rapidly leaves the blood, even
during smoking, falling to below detectable levels within several hours. Delta-9-carboxy-THC (THCC) is the
inactive metabolite of THC and may be detected for up to one day or more in blood. Both delta-9-THC and
THCC may be present substantially longer in chronic users.
THC concentrations in blood are usually about one-half of serum/plasma concentrations. Usual peak levels in
serum for 1.75% or 3.55% THC marijuana cigarettes: 50 - 270 ng/mL at 6 to 9 minutes after beginning
smoking, decreasing to less than 5 ng/mL by 2 hrs.
9. Fentanyl (Duragesic®; Sublimaze®) - Hospital Blood:
Fentanyl is a DEA Schedule II synthetic morphine substitute anesthetic/analgesic. It is reported to be 80 to 200
times as potent as morphine and has a rapid onset of action as well as addictive properties.

It is reported that patients lost consciousness at mean plasma levels of fentanyl of 34 ng/mL when infused with
75 mcg/Kg over a 15 min period; peak plasma levels averaged 50 ng/mL.

After application of a fentanyl transdermal preparation (patch), serum fentanyl concentrations are reported to
be in the following ranges within 24 hours:
25 mcg/hour patch: 0.3 - 1.2 ng/mL
50 mcg/hour patch: 0.6 - 1.8 ng/mL
75 mcg/hour patch: 1.1 - 2.6 ng/mL
100 mcg/hour patch: 1.9 - 3.8 ng/mL

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Reference Comments:
Following removal of the patch, serum fentanyl concentrations are reported to decrease with a mean
elimination half-life of 17 hours (range, 13 to 22 hours).

The mean peak plasma serum fentanyl concentration in adults given an 800 mcg oral transmucosal fentanyl
preparation over 15 minutes is reported at 2.1 ng/mL (range, 1.4 - 3.0 ng/mL) at approximately 0.4 hours.

Signs associated with fentanyl toxicity include severe respiratory depression, seizures, hypotension, coma and
death. In fatalities from fentanyl, blood concentrations are variable and have been reported as low as 3 ng/mL.

Substance(s) known to interfere with the identity and/or quantity of the reported result: 4-methylphenethyl
acetyl fentanyl
10. Fentanyl / Metabolite - Urine:
Fentanyl is a DEA Schedule II synthetic morphine substitute anesthetic/analgesic. It is reported to be 80 to 200
times as potent as morphine and has a rapid onset of action as well as addictive properties.

This result derives from a presumptive test, which may be subject to cross-reactivity with non-fentanyl related
compounds. A second test is necessary to confirm the presence of fentanyl related compounds.
11. Methamphetamine - Hospital Blood:
d-Methamphetamine is a DEA schedule II stimulant drug capable of causing hallucinations, aggressive
behavior and irrational reactions. Chemically, there are two forms (isomers) of methamphetamine: l- and d-
methamphetamine. The l-isomer is used in non-prescription inhalers as a decongestant and has weak CNS-
stimulatory activity. The d-isomer has been used therapeutically as an anorexigenic agent in the treatment of
obesity and has potent CNS-, cardiac- and circulatory-stimulatory activity. Amphetamine and norephedrine
(phenylpropanolamine) are metabolites of methamphetamine. d-Methamphetamine is an abused substance
because of its stimulatory effects and is also addictive.

A peak blood concentration of methamphetamine of 20 ng/mL was reported at 2.5 hr after an oral dosage of
12.5 mg. Blood levels of 200 - 600 ng/mL have been reported in methamphetamine abusers who exhibited
violent and irrational behavior. High doses of methamphetamine can also elicit restlessness, confusion,
hallucinations, circulatory collapse and convulsions.

*In this case, the level of methamphetamine determined has not been differentiated according to its isomeric
forms. Differentiation of the isomers of methamphetamine is available upon request.
12. Morphine - Free (Codeine Metabolite) - Urine:
Morphine is a DEA Schedule II narcotic analgesic. In analgesic therapy, it is usually encountered as the parent
compound, however, it is also commonly found as the metabolite of codeine and heroin. In illicit preparations
from which morphine may arise, codeine may be present as a contaminant. A large portion of the morphine is
bound to the blood proteins or is conjugated; that which is not bound or conjugated is termed 'free morphine'.
Hydromorphone is a reported metabolite of morphine.

In general, free morphine is the active biologic agent. Morphine has diverse effects that may include analgesia,
drowsiness, nausea and respiratory depression. 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) is the 6-monoacetylated form
of morphine, which is pharmacologically active. It is commonly found as the result of heroin use.
13. Norfentanyl (Fentanyl Metabolite) - Hospital Blood:
Norfentanyl is the primary inactive metabolite of the synthetic narcotic analgesic fentanyl.
Substance(s) known to interfere with the identity and/or quantity of the reported result: Benzyl Fentanyl
Sample Comments:
001 Physician/Pathologist Name: Dr. Andrew Baker

Unless alternate arrangements are made by you, the remainder of the submitted specimens will be discarded one (1) year
from the date of this report; and generated data will be discarded five (5) years from the date the analyses were
performed.

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Workorder 20159963 was electronically

signed on 05/31/2020 18:27 by:

Daniel S. Isenschmid, Ph.D., F-ABFT

Forensic Toxicologist

Analysis Summary and Reporting Limits:

All of the following tests were performed for this case. For each test, the compounds listed were included in the scope. The
Reporting Limit listed for each compound represents the lowest concentration of the compound that will be reported as being
positive. If the compound is listed as None Detected, it is not present above the Reporting Limit. Please refer to the Positive
Findings section of the report for those compounds that were identified as being present.

Acode 50016U - Opiates - Free (Unconjugated) Confirmation, Urine

-Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit

6-Monoacetylmorphine - Free 5.0 ng/mL Hydromorphone - Free 5.0 ng/mL
Codeine - Free 25 ng/mL Morphine - Free 25 ng/mL
Dihydrocodeine / Hydrocodol - Free 25 ng/mL Oxycodone - Free 25 ng/mL
Hydrocodone - Free 25 ng/mL Oxymorphone - Free 5.0 ng/mL
Acode 52198B - Cannabinoids Confirmation, Blood - Hospital Blood

-Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit

11-Hydroxy Delta-9 THC 1.0 ng/mL Delta-9 THC 0.50 ng/mL
Delta-9 Carboxy THC 5.0 ng/mL
Acode 52483B - Amphetamines Confirmation, Blood - Hospital Blood

-Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit

Amphetamine 5.0 ng/mL Methamphetamine 5.0 ng/mL
Ephedrine 5.0 ng/mL Norpseudoephedrine 5.0 ng/mL
MDA 5.0 ng/mL Phentermine 5.0 ng/mL
MDEA 5.0 ng/mL Phenylpropanolamine 20 ng/mL
MDMA 5.0 ng/mL Pseudoephedrine 5.0 ng/mL
Acode 52484B - Fentanyl and Acetyl Fentanyl Confirmation, Blood - Hospital Blood

-Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit

Acetyl Fentanyl 0.10 ng/mL Norfentanyl 0.20 ng/mL
Fentanyl 0.10 ng/mL
Acode 52488B - Designer Opioids Confirmation (2019 Scope), Blood - Hospital Blood

-Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/ Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit

2-Furanylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL Butyrylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL
4-ANPP 0.10 ng/mL Carfentanil 0.050 ng/mL
Acryl Fentanyl 0.050 ng/mL Cyclopropylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL

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Analysis Summary and Reporting Limits:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit

Isobutyrylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL meta-Methylmethoxyacetylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL
Methoxyacetylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL ortho-Fluorofentanyl 0.050 ng/mL
THF-F 0.050 ng/mL para-Fluorobutyrylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL
U-47700 0.050 ng/mL para-Fluorofentanyl 0.050 ng/mL
U-49900 0.050 ng/mL para-Fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL
U-51754 0.050 ng/mL para-Methylmethoxyacetylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL
Valeryl Fentanyl 0.050 ng/mL trans-3-Methylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL
cis-3-Methylfentanyl 0.050 ng/mL
Acode 8050U - Postmortem, Urine Screen Add-on (6-MAM Quantification only)

-Analysis by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) for:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit

Amphetamines 500 ng/mL Fentanyl / Metabolite 2.0 ng/mL
Barbiturates 0.30 mcg/mL Methadone / Metabolite 300 ng/mL
Benzodiazepines 50 ng/mL Opiates 300 ng/mL
Cannabinoids 50 ng/mL Oxycodone / Oxymorphone 100 ng/mL
Cocaine / Metabolites 150 ng/mL Phencyclidine 25 ng/mL
Acode 8052B - Postmortem, Expanded, Blood (Forensic) - Hospital Blood

-Analysis by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit
Barbiturates 0.040 mcg/mL Gabapentin 5.0 mcg/mL
Cannabinoids 10 ng/mL Salicylates 120 mcg/mL

-Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) for: The
following is a general list of compound classes included in this screen. The detection of any specific analyte is
concentration-dependent. Note, not all known analytes in each specified compound class are included. Some
specific analytes outside these classes are also included. For a detailed list of all analytes and reporting limits,
please contact NMS Labs.
Amphetamines, Anticonvulsants, Antidepressants, Antihistamines, Antipsychotic Agents, Benzodiazepines, CNS
Stimulants, Cocaine and Metabolites, Hallucinogens, Hypnosedatives, Hypoglycemics, Muscle Relaxants, Non-
Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Opiates and Opioids.
Acode 8210B - Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Screen 2, Blood - Hospital Blood

-Analysis by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) for: The following is a general list of compound
classes considered to be Novel Psychoactive Substances included in the Gas Chromatographic screen. The
detection of any particular compound is concentration-dependent. Please note that not all known compounds
included in each specified class or heading are included. Some specific compounds outside these classes are
also included. For a detailed list of all compounds and reporting limits included in this screen, please contact
NMS Labs.
Substituted Phenethylamines, Opioid Analgesics, Substituted Cathinones, Pyrrolidinophenones, Piperazines,
Tryptamines, Aminoindanes, and Benzofurans.
Acode 8756B - Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Screen 1, Blood - Hospital Blood

-Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) for:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit

2-Furanylfentanyl 0.10 ng/mL 25B-NBOMe 1.0 ng/mL

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Analysis Summary and Reporting Limits:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit

25C-NBOMe 1.0 ng/mL Meclonazepam 5.0 ng/mL
25H-NBOMe 1.0 ng/mL Mephedrone 10 ng/mL
25I-NBOMe 1.0 ng/mL Methoxetamine 2.0 ng/mL
3-Fluorophenmetrazine 5.0 ng/mL Methoxphenidine 5.0 ng/mL
3-MeO-PCP 5.0 ng/mL Methoxyacetylfentanyl 0.50 ng/mL
4-ANPP 0.10 ng/mL Methylone 10 ng/mL
4-MeO-PCP 5.0 ng/mL Mitragynine 10 ng/mL
Acetyl Fentanyl 0.50 ng/mL N-Ethyl Pentylone 10 ng/mL
Acryl Fentanyl 0.10 ng/mL Pentedrone 2.0 ng/mL
BZP 10 ng/mL Pentylone 10 ng/mL
Bromazepam 10 ng/mL Phenazepam 10 ng/mL
Butylone 10 ng/mL Pyrazolam 5.0 ng/mL
Butyrylfentanyl 0.10 ng/mL TFMPP 10 ng/mL
Carfentanil 0.10 ng/mL THF-F 0.20 ng/mL
Clephedrone 50 ng/mL U-47700 1.0 ng/mL
Clonazolam 5.0 ng/mL U-49900 1.0 ng/mL
Cyclopropylfentanyl 0.50 ng/mL U-51754 1.0 ng/mL
Delorazepam 5.0 ng/mL Valeryl Fentanyl 0.50 ng/mL
Deschloroetizolam 2.0 ng/mL alpha-PVP 2.0 ng/mL
Dibutylone 10 ng/mL cis-3-Methylfentanyl 0.10 ng/mL
Diclazepam 20 ng/mL meta-Methylmethoxyacetylfentanyl 0.50 ng/mL
Ethylone 10 ng/mL ortho-Fluorofentanyl 0.10 ng/mL
Etizolam 10 ng/mL para-Fluorobutyrylfentanyl 0.10 ng/mL
Flubromazepam 20 ng/mL para-Fluorofentanyl 0.10 ng/mL
Flubromazolam 5.0 ng/mL para-Fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl 0.10 ng/mL
Isobutyrylfentanyl 0.10 ng/mL para-Methylmethoxyacetylfentanyl 0.50 ng/mL
MDPV 10 ng/mL trans-3-Methylfentanyl 0.10 ng/mL
MPHP 10 ng/mL
Acode 9096B - Alcohol Screen, Blood (Forensic) - Hospital Blood

-Analysis by Headspace Gas Chromatography (GC) for:

Compound Rpt. Limit Compound Rpt. Limit
Acetone 5.0 mg/dL Isopropanol 5.0 mg/dL
Ethanol 10 mg/dL Methanol 5.0 mg/dL

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