Energy auditing
&
Energy savings performance methods
Dr. Khoa Ta Dang
[email protected] Process System Department
References
• Exergy – energy, environment and sustainable
[1] development, Dincer I. & Rosen M.A., John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd, 2007
• Pinch analysis and process integration, Second Edition,
[2] Ian C. Kemp, Butterworth – Heinemann, 2007
• Chemical process design and integration, Second
[3] Edition, Smith R., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016
Assessment
20% • Assignment
30% • Project
50% • Final test
Outline
Lecture 1 • Introduction
Lecture 2 • Exergy concept and calculations
Lecture 3 • Exergy analysis and applications
Lecture 4 • Introduction to Pinch analysis
Lecture 5 • Pinch design method
Lecture 6 • Utility selection
Introduction
What is energy savings ?
Energy is always
Energy saving conserved
performance
The Value of Energy
The value of energy depends on
‒ Amount
‒ Potential
The Value of Energy
𝑣
𝑇 ℎ
𝑃 𝐶 𝜇
𝑈 𝜆
𝑓
What is Potential ?
Potential that makes things happen,
is also the driving force of a process
Hence, Potential represents the reason
and quality (speed) of a process
What is Amount ?
Amount gives the result
and quantity of a process
Standardization of energy evaluation
Energy is not enough
Amount Potential ???
ENERGY
(quantity meaning)
EXERGY
(quantity and quality meaning)
Definition of Exergy
In our everyday environment,
the maximum work that can
be obtained from any quantity
of energy is its EXERGY
Definition of Exergy
Energy
Exergy Entropy
Characteristics of Exergy
1 • A system in complete equilibrium with its environment
does not have any exergy
2 • The exergy of a system increases the more it deviates
from the environment
3 • When energy loses its quality, exergy is destroyed.
Exergy is the useful part of energy
4 • Exergy depends not just on the state of a system, but
also on the state of the environment
Characteristics of Exergy
5 • Exergy efficiency is a measure of approach to
reversibility
6 • Exergy can be considered a valuable resource (energy
and non–energy resources)
7 • Energy forms with high exergy contents are typically
more valued and useful than that with low exergy
8 • Exergy increases with the concentration of the mineral
Energy vs Exergy
Energy Exergy
Dependent on properties of only a
Dependent on properties of both a
system, independent of environment
system and the environment
properties
Has value different from zero when in Equal to zero when in the dead state
equilibrium with the environment by virtue of being in complete
(Einstein’s equation) equilibrium with the environment
Conserved for reversible processes
Conserved for all processes (1st law) only and not conserved for real
processes (2nd law)
Energy vs Exergy
Energy Exergy
Can be neither destroyed nor
produced in a reversible process, but
Can be neither destroyed or produced
is always consumed in an irreversible
process
Appears in many forms, and is
Appears in many forms, and is
measured on the basis of work or
measured in that form
ability to produce work
A measure of quantity only A measure of quantity and quality
“Energy analysis” vs “Exergy analysis”
Exergy output
PROCESS
PROCESS
Energy
Energy output Exergy
input input
due to due to due to
emission emission irreversibility
Exergy lost measures the The larger driving
degradation of quality of energy force is, the bigger
exergy losses
Normally 𝜼𝒆𝒏 > 𝜼𝒆𝒙
What is energy savings ?
Heat recovery from flue gas, cooling Heat lost reduction by isolation
water reduction…
It’s a right way, but it’s just the after–effect solutions
Energy saving performance should be
considered before than after use
How is energy saving performance ?
Energy savings performance is that they try to
reduce the degradation of energy while using
Evaluate the effects of design and operating variables
on the process to reduce energy consumption, then
emission decreases as consequence
The Role of Exergy
Research on Exergy
1st Law: The amount of energy in the universe is always constant
The quality of energy is always
degraded during transfer although
the quantity is still conserved
The quality of energy–input is always
higher than that of energy–output
The Big Bang 10100 years
by Goran Wall
Energy audit in the world
Exergy input Exergy output Exergy
Countries
𝑮𝑱Τ𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂 𝑮𝑱Τ𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂 efficiency %
Sweden (1920) 120 30 25
Sweden (1975) 300 55 18
Sweden (1980) 298 65 22
Sweden (1994) 301 48 16
USA (1970) 321 66 21
Ghana (1975) 38 11 29
Finland (1985) 246 33 13
Japan (1985) 148 29 19
Canada (1986) 322 78 24
Brazil (1987) 42 10 24
Italy (1990) 145 24 17
Norway (1995) 278 68 25
Turkey (1995) 44 6 14
Energy audit in the world
Exergy input Exergy output Exergy
Countries
𝑮𝑱Τ𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂 𝑮𝑱Τ𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂 efficiency %
OECD (1990) 192 23 12
Non–OECD (1990) 48 4 8
World (1990) 72 7 10
Energy audit in the world
Exergy efficiency %
Countries
Electricity Food Industry Transportation Resident Total society
Sweden (1980) 45 10 49 10 10 22
Sweden (1994) 40 12 36 13 13 16
USA (1970) 36 − 41 20 14 21
Finland (1985) 40 − 43 10 8 13
Japan (1985) 37 34 41 10 3 19
Canada (1986) 49 − 42 23 15 24
Brazil (1987) 63 − 43 10 12 24
Italy (1990) 40 16 42 10 2 17
Norway (1995) 80 17 46 16 11 25
Turkey (1995) 36 − 33 15 6 14
OECD (1990) 38 − 32 15 7 12
World (1990) 38 − 27 16 5 10
Energy audit in the world
Exergy fraction of input %
Countries
Wood Food Hydrogen Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Other
Sweden (1920) 38 27 0 31 1 0 0 2
Sweden (1980) 20 12 10 − 45 − 11 2
Sweden (1994) 16 10 9 4 25 2 32 2
USA (1970) 0 − 2 23 38 37 0 0
Ghana (1975) 64 21 5 0 8 0 0 0
Finland (1985) − − 4 − 73 − 21 1
Japan (1985) 3 5 2 17 50 9 10 3
Canada (1986) 0 − 14 13 37 28 9 0
Brazil (1987) 40 − 14 8 34 3 0 1
Italy (1990) 4 16 2 7 47 20 0 5
Norway (1995) 11 10 41 5 32 0 0 1
Turkey (1995) 12 − 6 28 46 9 0 0
Energy audit in the world
Exergy fraction of input %
Countries
Wood Food Hydrogen Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Other
OECD (1990) 4 − 2 23 42 19 10 0
Non–OECD (1990) 22 − 2 26 29 18 2 0
World (1990) 14 − 2 25 35 18 6 0
Energy audit in the world
Exergy fraction of electricity production %
Countries
Hydrogen Geothermal Biofuel Fossil Nuclear Import
Sweden (1920) 100 0 0 0 0 0
Sweden (1980) 61 0 − 11 27 1
Sweden (1994) 42 0 0 7 51 0
USA (1970) 17 0 0 81 2 0
Ghana (1975) 100 0 0 0 0 0
Finland (1985) 22 0 0 33 38 7
Japan (1985) 14 0 0 62 24 0
Canada (1986) 66 0 0 19 15 0
Brazil (1987) 85 0 0.4 6 0.5 8
Italy (1990) 14 1 0 71 0 14
Norway (1995) 100 0 0 0 0 0
Turkey (1995) 41 0.1 0.3 59 0 0
Energy audit in the world
Exergy fraction of electricity production %
Countries
Hydrogen Geothermal Biofuel Fossil Nuclear Import
OECD (1990) 16 0 2 60 23 0
Non–OECD (1990) 21 0 0 71 7 0
World (1990) 18 0 1 65 16 0
Energy audit in the world
Exergy fraction of input %
Areas Sweden Sweden Sweden Ghana Japan Italy Norway Turkey
(1920) (1980) (1994) (1975) (1985) (1990) (1995) (1995)
Forest industry 18 30 27 12 8 8 14 −
Food 32 17 16 16 11 11 16 −
Steel, metal 3 6 6 3 19 19 13 8
Chemical industry − 2 7 − 20 20 10 13
Transportation 0 12 16 7 20 20 18 23
Lighting, etc. 0 9 10 1 − − 14 −
Mechanical work − 1 2 − − − 1 −
Space heating 34 24 16 − − − 13 −
Other industry 13 − − − 3 3 3 14
Households − − − 60 − − 16 −
Service, etc. − 29 26 − 20 20 8 42
Energy audit in the world
Exergy efficiency %
Areas Sweden Sweden Sweden Japan Italy Norway
(1920) (1980) (1994) (1985) (1990) (1995)
Forest industry 60 55 34 62 42 51
Food 11 10 12 34 16 17
Steel, metal − 28 34 29 48 37
Chemical industry − 80 40 49 43 60
Transportation − 10 13 10 10 16
Lighting, etc. − 27 24 − − 17
Mechanical work − 50 50 − − 50
Space heating − 6 7 3 2 6
Other industry 14 − − 45 20 25
Households − − − − − 12
Service, etc. 3 10 13 3 2 10
Energy audit in the world
Results in Saudi Arabia
193.1
Product 205.6
51.1 Resident
Losses Losses 38.6
1000.18
101.1
Product 58.8
Public & Private
Losses 42.3
Electricity 96.2
Utility Product 3467
398.3 Industry
5412 Losses 2042
1398.48
Product 215.1
Fossil fuels & resources 6523.62 997 Transportation
7922.1 Losses 751.9
7.8
Product 27.6
93.5 Agriculture
Losses 73.7
Total energy inputs = 7922.1 Total energy products = 3973.7
Energy audit in the world
Results in Saudi Arabia
193.1
Product 22.8
51.1 Resident
Losses Losses 221.4
1000.18
101.1
Product 6.8
Public & Private
Losses 94.4
Electricity 96.2
Utility Product 2218
398.3 Industry
5412 Losses 3291
1398.48
Product 215.1
Fossil fuels & resources 6523.62 997 Transportation
7922.1 Losses 751.9
7.8
Product 20.9
93.5 Agriculture
Losses 80.4
Total exergy inputs = 7922.1 Total exergy products = 2483.3
Energy audit in the world
Results in South Africa (2003) Exergy efficiency (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Iron & Steel Chemical & Mining & Quarrying Non-ferrous Metals &
Petrochemical Non-Metallic Minerals
Energy Exergy
Energy audit in the world
Countries Year Exergy efficiency, % Countries Year Exergy efficiency, %
USA 1970 14.00 Norway 1995 11.00
Sweden 1980 10.00 Saudi Arabia 2000 8.68
Finland 1985 8.00 Saudi Arabia 2001 8.73
Japan 1985 3.00 Turkey 1999 8.02
Canada 1986 15.00 Turkey 2000 8.02
Brazil 1987 12.00 Turkey 2001 8.98
Italy 1990 2.00 Turkey 2020 10.07
World 1990 5.00
