FISIKA KUANTUM

CHAPTER 2
THE SCHRODINGER EQUATION

DOSEN PENGAMPU :

Prof. Dr. I Wayan Santyasa, M.Si

DISUSUN OLEH :

Luh Putu Linda Ary Noviani 1713021024/VI B

JURUSAN FISIKA DAN PENGAJARAN IPA

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA

SINGARAJA

2020
Problem 2.6 Consider the Gaussian distribution

ρ ( x )= A e− λ(x−a)2

Where A, ɑ and λ are contants.

a. Use Equation 2.16 to determine A

∞
1= ∫ A exp(−λ ( x−a )2 )dx
−∞

Pull out constant :

∞
1= A ∫ exp(−λ ( x−a )2 )dx
−∞

Let u=x−a , du=dx

∞
1= A ∫ exp(−λ u2) du
−∞

From integral table :

∞
π
√
2

∫ e−c x dx= c
−∞

Substitute :
π λ
1= A
√
λ
→ A=
So, Now we have :
π √
π
ρ ( x )=
√
λ
exp ⁡¿

b. Find ⟨ x ⟩, ⟨ x 2 ⟩ and σ
∞ ∞
⟨ x ⟩= ∫ xρ ( x ) dx= ∫ x π exp (−λ ( x−a )2 )= πa
−∞ −∞ √ λ λ

∞ ∞
⟨ x ⟩= ∫ x 2 ρ ( x ) dx= ∫ x 2 π exp (−λ ( x−a )2 )= πa + π 2
−∞ −∞ √ λ λ 2λ

π a2 π πa
2
√ 2
σ = √ σ ¿ ⟨ x ⟩ −⟨ x ⟩ ¿
2

√ +
λ 2 λ2
− ( )
λ
=√ π ¿ ¿2¿
 c. Sketch the graph of ρ( x )

ρ(x )

a−λ a a+ λ
x

Problem 2.7 At time t=0 a particle is represented by the wave function

A. Normalize Ψ (that is, find A, in terms of a and b).

a b
|A|2 |A|2
1= 2 ∫ λ 2 dx+ 2∫
(b−a )2 dx
a 0 ( b−a ) a

3
1 λ3 a 1
1=|A| 2 2
a 3 {
|0 + ( ) −
( b−a )3 3
( b−x ) b
( |a )}
a b−a
1=|A|2 +
3 3 [ ]
b
1=|A|2
3
3
A=
√
b
B. Sketch Ψ(x, 0) as a function of x.

1.6
Ψ(x, 0)
1.4
ρ(x, 0)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 a b
x

C. Where is the particle most likely to be found, at t = 0?

The particle’s most likely position is given by argmax ρ(x, 0). To the left of a, ρ is positive
x
and increasing, to the right of it, it is positive and decreasing, and outside the interval [0, b], it

is zero, therefore the most likely position is At ( x=a )

.

D. What is the probability of finding the particle to the left of a?

Check your result in the limiting cases

b = a and b = 2a.

a
P=∫|ψ|2 dx
0
a
|A|2
P= 2 ∫ x 2 dx
a 0
a a
P=|A|2 =
. 3 b

In the limiting case of b = a, this gives a probability of 1, which is to be

expected as the probability is 1 over the interval [0, b], which is now the same as [0,
a]. In the limiting case of b = 2a, the probability is 1/2, which is also expected, as P
(x, 0) is symmetric about a when both intervals have equal size, distributing half of
the probability on [0, a] and half on [a, b].

E. What is the expectation value of x?

x=∫ ζ|ψ|2 dx
a b
1
{
x=|A| 2 ∫ x 3 dx +
2
a 0
1
∫ λ ( b−x )2 dx
( b−a )2 a }
2
3 1 x a 1 2x x3 x 4 b
x=
{ ()| +
b a2 4 0 ( b−a )2 ( b
2
−2 b )}
+ |
3 4 a
3 4 3b
x=
4 b(b−a ) 2 [ 2 2 4 4
a (b−a ) +2 b −8 b +b −2 a b +8 a
3
2 2
3
−a
4
]
4
3 b 2
x=
4 b(b−a ) 2 3( )
−a2 b 2 + a3 b
3
1
x= 2
( b 4 −3 a2 b 2+2 a3 b )
4 (b−a )
( b−a )2 ( 2 a+b )
x=
4 (b−a )2
2 a+b
x=
4
Problem 2.8 Consider the wave function

Ψ(x, t) = Aexp(−λ|x|) exp(−ıωt)

Where A, λ, and ω are positive real constants.

(a) Normalize Ψ
(b) Determine the expectation values of x and x2
(c) Find the standard deviation of x. Sketch the graph of |Ψ 2 , as a function of x,
and mark the points ((x) + σ) and ((x) − σ), to illustrate the sense in which σ
represents the “spread” in x. What is the probability that the particle would be
found outside this range?

Solutions :

a. Normalize Ψ

ρ(x) = ⃒Ψ(x,t)2⃒ = Ψ* Ψ
Ψ = Aexp(−λ|x|) – ıωt
Ψ* = Aexp(−λ|x|) + ıωt
ρ(x) = A2exp(−2λ|x|)
+∞
1 = ∫ ρ ( x ) dx
−∞

+∞
-2 1
A = ∫ exp(−2λ|x|) dx = λ
−∞

A =√λ
ρ(x) = λexp (−2λ|x|)
Ψ(x, t) = √ λ exp(−λ|x|) – ıωt

b. Determine the expectation values of x and x2

+∞ +∞
(x) = ∫ x ρ ( x ) dx= ∫ x λexp ¿ ¿ ¿
−∞ −∞

+∞ +∞
2 2 2
(x ) = ∫ x ρ ( x ) dx=∫ x λexp ¿
−∞ −∞

c. Find the standard deviation of x. Sketch the graph of |Ψ 2 , as a function of x,

and mark the points ((x) + σ) and ((x) − σ), to illustrate the sense in which σ
represents the “spread” in x. What is the probability that the particle would be
found outside this range?
 1
2 2 2
σ =x −( x ) = 2 λ2

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

x− σ x x+σ

The probability of finding the particle outside this range is the complement of the
probability of finding the particle inside this range, which is given by

ρ[(x)- σ < x <(x) + σ)’ = 1 - ρ[(x)- σ < x <(x) + σ)

( x ) +σ

=1- ∫ ρ ( x ) dx
( X ) −σ

=1- ∫
−¿¿ ¿
¿

= 1 – (1 – exp(−λ−1 ¿ ¿=exp (−λ−1 ¿

Problem 2.9 Let Pab (t) be the probality of finding a particle in the range (a < x < b), at
time t.
d p ab
a. Show that = j ( a ,t )− j(b , t) where
dt

¿
∂ψ ∂ψ
J (x, t) =
iℏ
2m ( ψ
∂x
−ψ ¿
∂x )
What are the unit of J (x , t)? Conment: j is called the probability current, because it tells
you the rate at which probability is “flowing” past the point x. If P ab (t) is inceasing, then
more probability is flowing into the region at one end than fows out at the other.

Solutions:

b
2
Pab (t )=∫|ψ ( x ,t )| dx
a ,
b
dPab
=∫ ∂ |ψ|2 dx
dt a ∂t , but in the equation 2.25 :
¿
∂ |ψ|2=∂ i ℏ ψ ¿ ∂ψ −∂ψ ψ =−∂ J ( x,t )
∂t ∂ x 2m ∂ x ∂ x[ ( ∂x )]
b b
dPab
dt
=−∫ ∂ J ( x ,t )dx=
a ∂x
−(J ( x ,t ))| =J(a,t )−(b,t )
a

b. Find the probability current for the weve function in problem 1.9 (This is not a very
pithy example, I’m afraid; we’ll encounter more substantial ones in due course).
Jawaban:
 ψ ( x ,t )=f ( x)e−iωt , where f ( x)≡ √ x e−λ|x| ,
so :
¿
∂ψ dt df
ψ =fe−iωt e iωt =f
∂x dx dx
dan
¿ ∂ψ ∂f
ψ = , so J( x ,t )=0
∂x ∂x

Problem 2.10 Suppose you wanted to describe am unstable particle that spontaneously
disintegrates with a “lefetime” τ. In that case the total probability of finding the particle
somewhere should not be constnt, but should decrease at (say) an exponential rate :

+∞
P ( t ) =∫ |Ψ ( x , t )|2 dx = e−t / τ .
−∞

A crude way of achieving this result is as follow. In equation 2.24 we tacitly assumed tahat V
(the potential energy) is real. That is certainly reasonable, but it teads to the conservation of
probability enshrined in equation 2.27. What if we assign to V an imaginary part :

V =V o−iΓ ,

Where V0 is the true potential energy and F is a positive real contant ?

(a) Show that (in place of equation 2.27) we now get

dP −2 Γ
= P.
dt ћ
(b) Solve for P(t), and find the lifetime of the particle in term of Γ.

Solutions :
2
¿ ∂Ψ −iћ ∂2 Ψ 2 i
(a) Equation (2.24) now reads = + V Ψ¿
∂t 2 m ∂ x2 ћ

∂ i
and (2.25) pick up an extra term : |Ψ |2¿ …+ |Ψ |2( V 0 +iΓ−V 0+iΓ )
∂t ћ

2Γ
¿ …− |Ψ |2
ћ
∞
dP −2 Γ −2 Γ
And (2,27) be comes = ∫ |Ψ |2dx= P
dt ћ −∞ ћ
dP −2 Γ
= dt
P ћ

−2 Γ
ln P= t +C
ћ
−2 Γ
(b) P ( t ) =P ( 0 ) e ћ

ћ
So, τ =
2Γ

Problem 2.12

Calculate d(p)/dt. Answer :

d ( p) −ɗv
=( )
dt ɗx

This is known as Ehrenfest’s theorem, it tells us that expectation values obey Newton’s
second law.

d ( p) ɗ ɗψ
dt
=−ih ∫ ❑
ɗt
ψ
ɗx (
dx )
ɗ ɗψ ɗψ ɗψ ɗ ɗψ −i h ɗ 2 ψ i ɗψ ɗ i h ɗ 2ψ i
ɗt (
ψ
ɗx
= )
ɗt ɗx
+ψ
ɗx ɗt
=
2m ɗx2 h
+ ( )
vψ
ɗx [
+ψ
]
[ − vψ ]
ɗx 2m ɗx 2 h

ih ɗ 3 ψ ɗ 2 ψ ɗψ i ɗψ ɗ
2m
ψ
[
ɗx 3
− 2
ɗx ɗx h
+ (vψ
ɗx
−ψ
ɗx ]
( vψ ) )

ɗψ ɗψ ɗv ɗv
vψ −ψv −ψ ψ=−ψ 2
ɗx ɗx ɗx ɗx

So, the result obtained for :

d ( p)
dt
=−ih
i
h ( )∫ ψ ɗɗvx dx=(−ɗɗxv )
2

Problem 2.13 Suppose you add a constant V0 to the potential energy (by "constant" mean
independent of x as well as t). In classical mechanics this doesn't change anything, but what
about quantum mechanics? Show that the wave function picks up a timedependent phase
factor: exp(—i V0t/ħ). What effect does this have on the expectation value of a dynamical
variable?

Solutions :
2
əѰ ħ2 ə Ѱ
Suppose Ѱ satisfies the schodinger eqution V 0 = iħ =- + VѰ
ət 2m əx 2

əѰ 0 ℏ 2
∂2 Ψ 0
We wont to find the solution (Ѱ 0) with V 0 : iħ =- + ( V + V 0 ) Ψ 0.Claim
ət 2m ∂ x2
t
−i v 0
h
Ψ 0 =Ψ e

Proff :

t
−iV 0 −i v ℏt −ℏ2 ∂2 Ψ t t 2 2
∂Ψ0 ∂ Ψ −i v ℏ h −ℏ ∂ Ψ 0
iℏ
∂t
=i ℏ
∂t
e +i ℏΨ
ℏ
0
e ( = ) 0

2 m ∂ x2[+ VΨ e
−i v

]ℏ 0
+V 0 Ψ e
−i v 0
=
2 m ∂ x2
+ ( V +V 0 ) Ψ 0

This has no effect on the extation value of a dynamical variable, since the extra phase factor,
being independent of x, cancels out in equation (1.36)

Problem 2.14 A particle of mass m is in the state

a. Find A
1 π
1=2|A|2
2

πℏ
√ 2a
m
ℏ

1 =|A|2
√ 2am
1
2am
A= ( )
πℏ
4

b. For what potential energy function V (x ) does Ψ statisfy the Schrodinger

equation ?
∂Ψ
=−iaΨ
∂t
∂Ψ 2 amx
=− ℏ Ψ
∂x
∂2 Ψ 2 am ∂Ψ
∂x 2
=− ℏ Ψ +x
∂x ( )
 ∂2 Ψ 2 am 2amx 2
∂ x2
=− ℏ 1− ℏ Ψ ( )
...............................................................................................
(i)
2 2
∂Ψ ℏ ∂ Ψ
iℏ =− +VΨ
Enter equation (i) into Schrodinger equation : ∂t 2m ∂ x 2 ,
So obtained :
2 2
2 am 2 amx
VΨ =i ℏ(−ia)Ψ +−
ℏ
2m
− ℏ 1− ℏ Ψ ( )( )
2

[ (
2 amx
VΨ = ℏ a−ℏ a 1− ℏ )] Ψ
VΨ =2 a2 mx 2 Ψ
2 2
So V ( x) =2 a mx

c. Calculate the expectation values of x , x 2, p ,and p2

∞
x= ∫ x|Ψ|2 dx=0
−∞
∞ x2
2 2 2 −2 am ℏ
x =2|A| ∫ x e dx
0
1 πℏ

)√
ℏ
x 2=2|A|2 =
m 2 am 4 am
(
22 2 a ℏ

1 πℏ

)√
ℏ
2|A|2 =
m 2 am 4 am
(
22 2 a ℏ

d( x )
p=m =0
dt
2 2
2 ℏ ∂ ∂Ψ
P =∫ Ψ Ψ dx=−ℏ 2∫ Ψ ¿ 2 dx
¿
( )
i ∂x ∂x
∂2 Ψ 2 am 2amx 2
Because
∂ x2
=− ℏ 1− ℏ Ψ , So : ( )
P2 =2 amℏ {∫|Ψ| dx− 2 amℏ ∫ x |Ψ| dx}
2 2 2

2am
P2 =2 amℏ 1− ℏ ( x2 ) ( )
 ( 2 amℏ 4 ℏam )
P2 =2 amℏ 1−

1
P =2 amℏ ( )=am ℏ
2
2

d. Find σ x and σ p. Is their product consistent with the uncertainty principle ?

ℏ
σ 2 =x 2−( x )2 = and σ 2 =p 2 −( p)2 =am ℏ
x 4 am p
ℏ
σ x=
So :
√ 4 am
σ p= √ amℏ

ℏ ℏ
σ x σ p=
√ 4 am
√ amℏ =
2