Studi Vivaldiani 17 2017 PDF
Studi Vivaldiani 17 2017 PDF
Studi Vivaldiani 17 2017 PDF
studI VIValdIanI
17 – 2017
Direttore
Francesco Fanna
Condirettore
Michael talbot
Comitato scientifico
alessandro Borin
Paul everett
Karl Heller
Federico Maria sardelli
eleanor selfridge-Field
roger-Claude travers
Issn 1594-0012
Jóhannes Ágústsson
IntroduCtIon
–3–
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
3 It should be noted that the famous seventeenth-century music patron and prince-bishop of
olmütz (olomouc) in Moravia, Karl liechtenstein-Castelcorn, had no relationship to the princely
house of liechtenstein.
4
the Grand tours of several liechtenstein princes are discussed in detail in Gernot HeIss, Ihro
keiserlichen Mayestät zu Diensten... unserer ganzen fürstlichen Familie aber zur Glori: Erziehung und
Unterricht der Fürsten von Liechtenstein im Zeitalter des Absolutismus, in Der Ganzen Welt ein Lob und
Spiegel: das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der frühen Neuzeit, ed. evelin oberhammer, liechtenstein,
Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1990, pp. 155-181.
–4–
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
leopold recalled him to Vienna, where in his role as Grand Master, the prince
oversaw the education of archduke Charles during the years that followed. after
the archduke had been declared king of spain (as Charles III) in Vienna in
november 1703, anton Florian accompanied him to that country, remaining at
his side for the next eight years.5 When leopold died in 1705, his elder son Joseph
I was elected emperor in his place, but Joseph only lasted six years on the throne,
and in december 1711 his younger brother succeeded him as Charles VI. after
his return to Vienna with the newly crowned emperor anton Florian took over
the presidency of the austrian Privy Council and continued in his role as
Obersthofmeister. He held these powerful and influential positions up to his death.
Whether anton Florian played an instrument is not known, but not all of his
forefathers had encouraged male members of the family to study music. Prince
Charles eusebius (1611-1684), the second ruler of the house of liechtenstein,
recommended a thorough musical education for young princesses, but advised
his son, prince Johann adam andreas (1657-1712),6 that learning music was a
waste of time.7 However, at the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning
of the next century such opinions had become a thing of the past, and many
liechtenstein princes from that time studied music and learned to play an
instrument, usually the flute.8
5
JaCoB FalKe, Fürst Anton Florian von Liechtenstein in Spanien 1704-1711 (Nach den hinterlassenen
Papieren desselben im fürstlichen Archiv zu Butschowitz), “oesterreichische revue”, 3/6, 1865, pp. 1-79.
6
Johann adam andreas was the third ruler of the house of liechtenstein. He was a great patron
of the arts and laid the groundwork for the world-famous art collection of the liechtenstein family.
7
JaCoB Von FalKe, Geschichte des fürstlichen Hauses Liechtenstein, 3 vols, Vienna, Wilhelm
Braumüller, 1877, vol. 2, pp. 395-408.
8
Johann adam andreas certainly did not heed his father’s advice when it came to his children.
His sons Charles Joseph (1684-1704) and Franz dominic (1689-1711) studied the flute under the
imperial oboist Franz Glätzl; consider, for example, the following receipt from 1699: “dem Frantz
Glazel von Instruirung der zweÿ Prinzen, alß Fürst Carl Joseph und Fürst Frantz auf der flauten pr. 2.
Monath nembl: pro Julio et Augusto [1699], 26 f. 34 xr.”; HalW [Hausarchiv liechtenstein Wien], H
[Herrschaftsakten] 91 Hauptkassa 1695-1703, n. 10, Hof-zahlambts-rechnung [24 June-24 december,
1699], fol. 21a. Here, “flaute” probably refers to the transverse flute: while the term “Flauto/Flöte”
ordinarily meant the recorder at the turn of the century, Viennese sources around that time show
that this could refer to both instruments. archduke Joseph is recorded playing what is likely the
transverse flute in private concerts as early as 1699. His teacher Franz Glätzl was appointed flute
master of the “edelknaben” in 1708, and according to Fux, this musician was “ein gutter Virtuos in
dreyerley Instrumenten, alss Hautbois, Flutte traversiere, vnd Fagott”; HerBert seIFert, Die Bläser der
kaiserlichen Hofkapelle zur Zeit von J. J. Fux, in Johann Joseph Fux und die barocke Bläsertradition:
Kongressbericht Graz 1985, “alta Musica”, 9, ed. Bernhard Habla, tutzing, Hans schneider, 1987,
pp. 11-15. Johann adam andreas’s daughter Maria theresa (1694-1772) also studied the flute, almost
certainly the transverse instrument, under the imperial oboist roman Glätzl, brother of the mentioned
Franz: “dem 12. Januarÿ anno 1708 dem Roman Glazel, Kaÿ: Cammer Musico vor Informirung der
Princessin Theresiae auf der Flautten, von 9. Decembris 1707, bies 9. Janÿarÿ 1708, pr. 1. Monath, 8 fr.,
dann vor ein Pahr Flautten, 8 fr: zusammen lauth quittung und Approbation zahlt, 16 fr.”; HalW,
H 1761 Hauptkassa 1708-1728, n. 26, Hof-zahlambts-rechnung [24 June-24 december, 1707], fol. 29b.
It should be noted here that the currency abbreviations f., fl., fr., and fn., all refer to the Florin, and x, xr.,
–5–
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
the foundations for the liechtenstein music ensemble discussed in this article
were laid c. 1715 by anton Florian. a salary list from that year sees the late
addition of one leopold Passetsky von Passeka, who was to become the prince’s
music director.9 little is known of this musician except that in 1713 he published
a set of 12 violin sonatas dedicated to the emperor. according to J. G. Walther’s
Lexicon, he was listed as an imperial army officer on the title page of the now lost
set.10 In 1716 we learn that in addition to directing and composing the music
performed at the liechtenstein court he was called on to instruct two music
students who had been summoned to Vienna from Moravia.11 documents from
anton Florian’s Viennese Hofkanzlei show that from this period onwards a
systematic effort seems to have been made to nurture, and give financial support
to, promising young students from the family estates in Bohemia, Moravia and
austria, in the hope that they would soon be able to demonstrate their skills at
court and join the “Hof Music”, as the liechtenstein Kapelle was referred to at that
time.12
the two “Musicalische scholarn” of Passetsky, the sixteen-year-old Mathias
lauterbach and the seventeen-year-old Ferdinand Kurtzweill, are first mentioned
in the sources in august 1716 in connection with a complaint received, probably
or kr., to the Kreuzer. 1 Florin equalled 60 Kreuzer. Payments for the keyboard instruction of Maria
antonia (1687-1750), sister of the above, likewise appear in the accounts for the period 1695-1703; her
teachers were the musicians Frantz anton Candus, Ferdinand lindt and Johann Joseph legler, the
last of whom was at that time the parish organist in Feldsberg.
9 “Verzeichnus uber die sowohl Ihro durchl: der g[nä]digsten Fürstin alß s.r durchl. der
gnädigsten Fürstens ober- und unter officier was denenselben vor das quartal von 1.n Jenner bis 31.
Martÿ [1715] zubezahlen komet, alß: [...] leopold Paschecky”; HalW, K [Familienarchiv] 67
Allgemeines bis 1732, unfoliated.
10 “Passetsky (Leopold) von Passeka, ein Kayserl. Kriegs-Officier, hat an. 1713 zwölff Sonate da Camera,
à Violino solo e Cembalo, davon die lezte mit 2 Violinen gesezt ist, zu augspurg, bey andreas
Maschenbauer in breit folio drucken lassen, und solche sr. Kayserl. Majestät Carolo VI. dediciret”; JoHann
GottFrIed WaltHer, Musicalisches Lexicon oder musicalische Bibliothec, leipzig, deer, 1732, p. 465.
11 “Leopold Passezkÿ erstattet auf obiger zweÿ scholaren eingeraicht unterthanigstes Supliciren.
[reply] nachdeme wür den Sup[li]k[an]ten pro directore musicae und unßere Scholaren zu instruiren
g[nä]d[ig]st bestellet haben alß soll dem selben auch von aller seiths waß darzue gehöret die
gebührende parition geleistet werden, umb von ihme zu perfectionirung ged: scholaren gewisse stunden
des tags wobeÿ in unßern diensten sonst nichts zu werabsaumen aus gesezt auch fleissig beständig
und ordentlich gehalten werden, und dieß beÿ vermaidung unßerer ungnad, wie dan den Ferdinand
Kurzweil und Mathias lauterbach ex eo daß in ihren Musicalische exercitio nachlassig und
widerspenstig geweßen, abgeschaffet werden.”; HalW, Ha [Handschriftenarchiv] 595, Liechtenstein,
Hofkanzlei des Fürsten Anton Florian: Suppliken-Protokolle, 1716, Vienna, 29 august 1716, f. 135.
12
“Carl zagiyek schullmeister zu ostra Sup[lik]:et in nahmen zwaÿer armen unterth: Weÿßen
welche er in der Music unterrichtet e: d[urc]hl[auch]t: gerneheten dieselbe mit einer schlecthen
Klaÿdung zur begnaden. [reply] damit innermeldte zweÿ waÿsen nach erlehrnung der Music in
welcher sie der Sup: wohl und fleissig zu unterrichten, künftig Ihr Brod verdienen können werden
hiermit zu bekleÿdung derselben auf einer jeden 5. fr. aus unsern ostra rendt ambt vor dießmahl
g[nä]dig angeschafft, und solle Verwalter unß geh: berichten wie sie reussiren werden umb selbete
mittler zeit beÿ unserer Hof Music rasch befund Ihrer fähigkeit appliciren zu können.”; HalW, Ha 596
Liechtenstein, Hofkanzlei des Fürsten Anton Florian: Suppliken-Protokolle, 1717, Vienna, 7 october, f. 128.
–6–
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
from Passetsky, on account of their laziness and poor application to their musical
studies.13 Both had been born in Mährisch Kromau (Moravský Krumlov) in
Moravia, where anton Florian’s late brother Maximilian Jacob (1641-1709) had
employed a small musical ensemble. the brother’s Kapellmeister and court
organist Johann Frantz Gruppa (Kruppa), together with the Rector Scholae and
organist Philipp Heintz, must have been responsible for the education of the two
young musicians and the numerous others from the same town who later entered
the service of anton Florian and Joseph Johann adam. likewise, the estate of
rumburg (rumburk), which anton Florian had purchased in 1681, and the
neighbouring town of Warnsdorf (Varnsdorf) in the northern part of Bohemia
was a fertile breeding ground for musicians. In rumburg the composer and
organist Johann Christoph Kriedel oversaw the musical instruction of the local
youngsters, along with the cantor and Rector Chori samuel Franz salomon. the
earliest reference to their students appears in January 1717, when the “musical
lackeys” Joseph reinisch and Johann Frantz anton ehrenhardt are recorded as
receiving a pair of socks in the accounts of the tailor who clothed the
liechtenstein family and their servants.14 In addition, the numerous trumpeters
who came from rumburg were probably students of Johann Hübner, the court
trumpeter of anton Florian in that town.
By 1718 Passetsky was no longer a member of anton Florian’s Hofstaat, but
Johann otto rossetter, a violinist in the imperial orchestra, had taken his place
as a visiting teacher of the young students. the dutch-born rossetter had spent
some time in rome in the first decade of the eighteenth century, probably for the
purposes of study; on his return to Vienna he applied to, and was accepted into,
the Hofmusikkapelle.15 He must have brought back invaluable experience of the
13
“Ferd: Kurzweil und Mathias lauterbach beede Musicalische Scholarn. [reply] Weilen die
Supl[i]k[an]ten nach ein geholten bericht in ihren Musicalischen exercitio sich gar schlect angelassen
und mehr dem faulentzen und spillen abgewartet, alß seÿndt sie dessentweder hiemit in ungnaden
abgeschaft, und sollen beÿ erster auf Cromau gehenden gelegenheit sich wid[er] nacher hauß
begeben.”; HalW, Ha 595, loc. cit., Vienna, 29 august 1716, f. 134.
14
“26 [January, 1717] empf: die 2: Musical.e Laqueÿ Joseph reinisch und Franz ehrenhardt l[aut]:
zetl 2. par 1/4: Castor Mansch socken […] 4 [f.], 48 [xr]”; HalW, K 108 Anton Florian v. Liechtenstein:
Finanzielles VII., 1718-1723, undated document [1717-1720], unfoliated.
15
the marriage register of st stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna records the wedding of the dutch-
born rossetter on 26 January 1700; see: data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese,
st stephan, trauungsbuch, signatur 02-034, zeitraum 1698-1701, Bildnr: 03-trauung_0458 (f. 495).
(references to austrian, Bohemian and Moravian church registers in this article will be presented in
accordance with the online description of these records.) rossetter’s petition in 1717 for a journey to
rome to fetch his daughter, who had been born there but left in the hands of “guten leüthen”, reveals
that the violinist had sojourned in the eternal City from 1707, probably over a two-year period: “eß
seindt 10 Jahr verschlossen, daß ich sambt meiner familia mich in der statt rom befunden, und eine
zeit lang alda aufgehalten habe: alwo mir wehrender zeit von meiner ehr consortin ein Junges
töchterlein auf die welt gebohren worden”; A-Whh, obersthofmeisteramtsakten (oMea), Ältere reihe
(Är), 15, 1715-1717, f. 693a-b. after his return from rome rossetter applied for a position at the
imperial court: “referat die Musici betreffend Wien den 9 Jan 1710. [...] Johan otto rosetter bittet alß
Violinist in Kaÿ: dienste angenohmen zu werden, mit Monath: 60: thalern, er gibt vor, er hette die
–7–
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
gnad gehabt, daß ewer Kaÿ: Maÿtt: ihn geigen gehört, und ein allergnädigstes Wohlgefallen darob
gezeiget. der Vice Capelmaister depraedicirt den Supplicanten daß er ein Virtuoser Suonatore = und ein
Mensch von großer habilitet [...]”; A-Whh, oMea, Är, 12, 1701-1710, f. 639b. Köchel, however, gives
the date of rossetter’s entry into the Hofmusikkapelle as 1 January 1709: ludWIG rItter Van KÖCHel,
Die Kaiserliche Hof-Musikkapelle in Wien von 1543 bis 1867, Vienna, 1869, p. 70.
16
these receipts are preserved in: HalW, H 58 Zentrale Hauptkassa 1716-1748, unfoliated.
17
“Wentzl schumitzkÿ Fürst: trompeter suplk.t umb g: anschaffung des halbeten lehrgeldts
von dem trompeten Scholaren andreas Gall. [reply] dem suplk.ten solle hierauf des halbete lehrgeldt
von dem trompeter Scholaren andreas Gall auß unßeren ostrawen rendambt mit sie[be]ntzig fünf
gulden rein. bezahlt werden.”; HalW, Ha 599 Liechtenstein, Hofkanzlei des Fürsten Anton Florian:
Suppliken-Protokolle, 1721, Vienna, 17 January 1721, f. 4.
18 “Consignation. deren Hochfürst: Antoni Florian lichtensteinischen ober und unter officier,
auch anderen Bedienten, und was denen selbe Vermäge deß ausgeworpfenenen besoldungs quanti.
Vor ein quartal, alß von 1. Jenner bis lezten Martÿ instehenden 1718. Jahrs aus der Cassa zu bezahlen
kommet [...]”; HalW, K 67, loc. cit., Vienna, 29 June 1718, unfoliated.
19 see, for example, this petition from Feldsberg: “Franz schmid tromppeter bittet
untert[hänigst]: s:r durchlaucht geruheten, seinen sohn vor einen trompeter g[nä]d[ig]st
aufzunehmen. [reply] Wür seÿnd schon versehen, und haben keinen tromppeter mehr nöthig;
dahero des supplicanten petito nicht deferiret werden kann”; HalW, Ha 592 Liechtenstein, Hofkanzlei
des Fürsten Anton Florian: Suppliken-Protokoll August 1713 - 1714 (Carolinisches Majorat, Allodialherrschaft
Rumburg, Hofstaat, Extranei.), Vienna, 16 May 1714, unfoliated.
–8–
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
20
“Wenceslaus schomizgÿ, ein fürst. trompeter, gebürtig auß Mähren v. Gunowiz, alt 44 Jahr,
der Vatter Joannes, die Muetter elisabeth beede leben sein zu standt ist ihme ein flinthen zersprungen
und hat ihm die linckhe handt graußam laetiert, guette kleid, ohne gelt, Catholisch. | [room] no: 32.
Ist 15 Jan. [1725] gesund auß gangen”; CZ-Bsa, Fond e 79, Milosrdní bratř Valtice, Kniha inv. č. 27,
sgn. 26, Knihy nemocných, 1721 květen 1 – 1730 srpen 31 (Kranken Buch angefangen von 1. May ao
1721 bis ent august 1730. no: 8.), 23 december 1724. on account of the irregular pagination in the
Feldsberg hospital sources, only the date will be given in citations.
21
see, for example, the expenses for anton Florian’s journey to the baths in teplitz (teplice) in
Bohemia in the summer of 1717: “außgaab Geldt undt zwar auf die Besoldungen | denen 2. Fürst:
tromppetern als leopoldt Hellmann, undt Wentzel schumizkÿ verabfolgt | 211 [f.] | 52 [xr]”; HalW,
K 99 Anton Florian v. Liechtenstein: Biographica 1698-1724 – Obersthofmeister – Oberstallmeister – Alchemie,
1698-1724, unfoliated.
22
andreas lIndner, Die kaiserlichen Hoftrompeter und Hofpauker im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, “Wiener
Veröffentlichungen zur Musikwissenschaft”, 36, tutzing, Hans schneider, 1999, pp. 199-203.
23
“Frantz anton Küffel Kaÿ: ober trompetter Supp: umb gnadige anschaffung deß lehrgelds
undt anderer expensen den Johann Sigmundi seines gewesten Scholaren zusamben lauth specification
172 f. betragend, wie auch eines gnädig versprochenen heürath praesent”; HalW, Ha 595, loc. cit.,
Vienna, 22 december 1716, f. 210. see also andreas lIndner, Die kaiserlichen Hoftrompeter und
Hofpauker im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, cit., p. 783.
24
Ibid., pp. 166-171.
–9–
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
Interestingly, the 1718 list documents a salary and board payment to a certain
Max Hellmann, who can be none other than the sixteen-year-old student
timpanist who later found fame as imperial Pantalon-player and composer. Max
was the son of the timpanist Maximilian Hellmann,25 who had joined the service
of emperor leopold I c. 1697,26 and the grandson of Frantz Hellmann, the
principal trumpet-player of prince Maximilian Jacob in Mährisch Kromau.27
Young Hellmann, who initially studied with his father,28 must have continued
his education at the liechtenstein court under Maximilian’s nephew leopold,
while the decision to let him study the Pantalon in dresden was the result of
Pantaleon Hebenstreit’s presence in Vienna from september 1718 to January 1719.
Hebenstreit had been dispatched to the imperial capital, along with a select group
of virtuosi from the dresden Hofkapelle, to entertain the saxon Kurprinz Friedrich
august during his courtship of archduchess Maria Josepha.
at the invitation of anton Florian, the Kurprinz lodged in the liechtenstein
palace in the rossauer lande for most of his eighteen-month sojourn in 1717-
1719.29 the diaries, together with the correspondence of members of the
entourage of Friedrich august and the saxon envoys to austria, attest the strength
of the bond between the two courts, evidenced in the sharing of gifts, banquets
and frequent trips to the liechtenstein hunting grounds in ebergassing and
Feldsberg in lower austria.30 thanks to the letters sent back to dresden, we have
a description of the beautiful music played during the balls and dinners held at
the Viennese palaces of anton Florian – for example, on 9 december 1717:31
s.a.r. [Friedrich august] alla le matin vers le 10 1/2 heures au Manege du P.ce de
lichtenstein où il avoit ete prie. elle en sortit vers une heure apres my dy. et puis
retourna chez le Pce de lichtenstein où il fut regale d’un tres grand diner et d’une belle
musique aprés le repas vers les 8 heures du soir.
25 Max Hellmann junior was baptized on 7 July 1702: “Joannes adamus Maximilianus sub
pp. 203-206.
27
“Consignation. der von s.er Fürst. g[nä]d. Fürsten Maximilian von und zu liechtenstein undt
dero Fürst. Hof-statt abrichtenden Policeÿ tax. [...] Franz Hellman trompetter vor sich, nicht dessen
sohn Max [...]”; HalW, K 47, loc. cit., Mährisch Kromau, 26 september 1697, unfoliated.
28
andreas lIndner, Die kaiserlichen Hoftrompeter und Hofpauker im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, cit.,
pp. 207-212.
29
today the palace houses the private archives of the liechtenstein family.
30
Feldsberg became part of the newly established Czechoslovakia in 1919. after World War II
all the liechtenstein estates in the Czech lands were confiscated.
31
D-Dla, 10026 Geheimes Kabinett, loc. 3288/09, Journal de sejour du Prince Royal Frédéric de Saxe
[Sachsen] à Vienne [Wien], 1717-1718, Vienna, 9 december 1717, unfoliated.
– 10 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
nothing is known about the music performed on these occasions, but the
pride and joy of the liechtenstein ensemble must have been its two horn-players,
Johann leuttenberger (leittenberger, leutenberger) and the Prague-born tobias
Woschitka, who both joined c. 1716.32 they appear in the 1718 list transcribed
above with an annual salary of 250 florins, and this included full board and
accommodation. an extraordinary account of leuttenberger’s musical abilities
exists from this period. In 1721 he entered the service of Charles Frederick, duke
of Holstein-Gottorp. While on his way to Moscow the duke and his entourage
made a stopover in reval (tallinn, estonia), where leuttenberger’s playing was
witnessed by a young Holstein nobleman, Friedrich Wilhelm Bergholtz, on 5 June
1721:33
nach der Bestunde setzen sie sich an die tafel, und ich begab mich in ein
nebenzimmer, um mit rechter attention die beyden Waldhornisten, welche Ihro
Hoheit aus Wien mitgebracht hatten, zu hören, weil sie des Mittages allezeit über
haltung der tafel blasen mußten, welches aber bey meiner zeit noch nicht geschehen,
indem der eine in riga krank gewesen war. Mit wie viel Werwunderung ich nun die
beyden leute anhörete, solches ist nicht zu beschreiben; ich glaube auch nicht, daß
des premier gleichen in der Welt ist. es gestunden auch alle, die ihn hörten, daß sie
niemahlen seines gleichen auf dem Waldhorn gehöret, und delicatesse und schöne
Manieren. er accompagniret alle Instrumente mit seinem Horn, und hält bis 85 tacte
in einem othem darauf aus, welches etwas unvergleichliches anzuhören ist. sie gehen
auch in keiner Mundirung, und ein jeder hat jährlich 100 ducaten, ohne die
accidentien zu rechnen, welche sie noch hier und da machen können. es hat der
premier, welcher Johann leutenberger heißt [...].
this report of leuttenberger’s virtuosity reveals the quality and standard that
must have been required of the horn-players employed at the liechtenstein court.
It is unfortunate that the lack of sources does not allow us to determine with any
certainty whether the “liechtenstein horn school”, if one may use such a term,
was deliberately created with leuttenberger’s appointment in c. 1716, but there
are strong indications that the court had by then started to pay serious attention
to the employment in art music of this fashionable instrument, “which at that
time was undergoing transformation in Vienna from the cor de chasse to the
darker-toned Waldhorn”.34 Indeed, the newly accepted music student listed in
32
leuttenberger is first mentioned in the expenses for anton Florian’s journey to teplitz in 1717,
when he was paid his quarterly salary: “außgaab Geldt | auf unterschiedliche eingekaufte sächen,
undt andre notturften | [3 august] dem Johann leütenberger Fürst. Jäger Horniste auf Fürst. befehl
| 62 [fr.] | 30 [xr].”; HalW, K 99, loc. cit., unfoliated. another unnamed horn-player, almost certainly
Woschitka, is mentioned in this source.
33
FrIderICH WIlHelM Von BerGHolz, Tagebuch, welches er in Rusland von 1721 bis 1725 als
holsteinischer Kammerjunker geführet hat, “Magazin für die neue Historie und Geographie”, 19, 1785,
p. 21.
34
JanICe B. stoCKIGt, Jan Dismas Zelenka (1679-1745): A Bohemian Musician at the Court of Dresden,
oxford, oxford university Press, 2000, p. 48.
– 11 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
the tailor’s accounts of July 171935 could well have been the twelve-year-old
Joseph zenzinger from oskau (oskava) in Moravia, who later became one of the
principal horn-players of the court.
It is not clear exactly when leuttenberger left the service of anton Florian,
but in 1720 his colleague Woschitka asked to be allowed to join the
Hofmusikkapelle – not as a horn-player but as a bassoonist. Woschitka was
graciously granted permission by the prince and promised a letter of
recommendation, but was required to serve for three additional months.36
leuttenberger and Woschitka were replaced by two horn-playing lackeys from
the liechtenstein estates. anton Haman (Hamann, Homan) came from
Georgenthal (Jiřetín pod Jedlovou) in Bohemia. He went on to serve the
liechtenstein princes for well over 45 years. augustin Wattenbach was yet
another musician from rumburg,37 where his father was a tailor, judge and
member of the city council. It is not known who taught the two musicians, but
they may well have studied in Vienna with one or both of their predecessors.
More musicians were hired as lackeys by anton Florian in the late 1710s. they
included the silesian violinist Johann Frantz tilscher (tielscher), who arrived at
the beginning of 1718, and the 23-year-old Warnsdorf-born Joseph liebisch, who
was taken on in the summer of 1719.38 liebisch could well be the young Bohemian
of the same surname who played the organ in the Catholic church in dresden
from november 1717 to september 1718.39 the lackey-cum-bassoonist Gottfried
35
“empf. der neu aufgenohmen Musical:e Jung l[aut]. zetl | 1. schw[arze]. Knaben Huet 1 [f.]. 45
[xr]. | 2. lot Goldene treß 2 [f.]. 3 1/2 [xr]. | 1. par Hamb. Knaben str[ümpfe]. 1 [f.]. 45 [xr]”; HalW,
K 108, loc. cit., 11 July 1719, unfoliated.
36
“tobias Woschitka Fürst: Jägerhornist Suplicirt umb g[nädigste]: verhelfung in die Kaÿ. Capell
für einen Fagotisten. [reply] den Supl.ten wollen wür noch ein viertl Jahr in unßeren diensten g[nä]dig
behalten, wo inzwischen derselbe mit s[ein]:en Instrument sich ansuchenden orths hören zu lassen
und die accomodation zu suchen, als worzu wür Ihme recomendando in furst: g[nä]den verhülfflich
sein wollen”; HalW, Ha 598 Liechtenstein, Hofkanzlei des Fürsten Anton Florian: Suppliken-Protokolle,
1719-1720, Vienna, 28 February 1720, f. 146.
37
“Ist Cop: der Wohlgeachte Hr. augustin Wattenbach, des Hr. Casper Watenbach Burg:
schneiderm. in rumburg, und seiner ehefr: regina, beeden im leben, H[err]. erzeigten sohn [...]”;
<http://actapublica.eu/puvodci/lokality/92/>, signatura 3514, Valtice, oddaní [Marriages], 1700-1724,
28 december 1723, unfoliated. the Feldsberg (Valtice) baptismal, marriage and burial registers
mentioned in this article will be cited according to their online description and call numbers.
38 “Vor ein neuen laquey Joseph libisch l. zetl 1. par graue eng: Mansch str. 2 [f.]. 45 [xr].”;
HalW, K 108, loc. cit., 1 July 1719, unfoliated. When he married, on 6 november 1727, liebisch
described himself as a musician: “der ehrngeachte Joseph libisch Musicus beÿ Ihro Fürst: durch.
Fürsten v. liechtenstein gebürtig auß teutsch Böheimb, wonhaft in der Hrn Gassen, nimbt zu der
ehe die ehrn und tugentsame Jungfrau Magdalena theresiae stadlmanin gebürtig auß Österreich,
wonhaft in Fürst-liechtensteinischen garten in d. rossau des Michäel stadlman eines gewesten
Verwalters seel. und susanna deßen ehewirthin annoch in leeben, beeder ehelieb. tochter [...]”;
data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese, unsere liebe Frau zu den schotten,
trauungsbuch, 02-24, 1725-1731, 02-trauung_0182 (f. 91a).
39 “redivit ad vesperum P. Colendal cum organista liebisch. In templo Musici regii probaverunt
sacrum decantandam 29. hujus in honorem sanctae Caeciliae cum ipso die sancto sacrato propter
– 12 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
liebisch (possibly a relative of Joseph) from rumburg joined around this time,
but he died in Feldsberg on 5 october 1720 at the age of thirty-nine.40 the
rumburg-born ehrenhardt, who later became a respected composer and organist
at the church of Maria am Gestande in Vienna, likewise entered service during
this period. Finally, the two music students lauterbach and Kurtzweill were
formally taken on as lackeys in 1720.
despite all this new recruitment, seemingly undertaken to augment and
strengthen the “Hof-Music”, all was not well. a series of petitions from the
liechtenstein musicians in 1719 and 1720 document a growing dissatisfaction
with their situation. Many requests for salary increases or release from service
are recorded in the books of the Hofkanzlei from this period. When tilscher
asked to be released in March 1719, he was asked to serve for the remainder of
the year, during which he was supposed to “continue his musical exercises”. If
he could not be persuaded to stay on at the end of the year, he was free to leave.41
tilscher later took up a post as a violinist at the court of the prince-bishops of
Würzburg. In May 1720 ehrenhardt requested permission to leave, but this was
refused outright by anton Florian, who listed the many reasons behind his
decision.42
In February 1720 sigmundi and Glatte asked to be allowed to join the
orchestra of the prince-bishop of Würzburg, Johann Philipp Franz von
schönborn.43 anton Florian’s furious response to the two petitioners contains
some important insights, especially regarding the expectations and working
discordatum organum non potuerint. Interfuit probae aliquo tempore rex.”; entry 27.11.1717 in the
diary of the dresden Jesuits; see WolFGanG reICH, Das “Diarium Missionis Societatis Jesu Dresdae” als
Quelle für die kirchenmusikalische Praxis, in Zelenka-Studien II: Referate und Materialien der 2.
Internationalen Fachkonferenz Jan Dismas Zelenka, eds Wolfgang reich and Günter Gatterman,
“deutsche Musik im osten”, 12, sankt augustin, academia Verlag, 1997, p. 329. a new organist
arrived in september 1718. Most of the young choristers serving in dresden came from Bohemia.
40
“Ist Cond: H: Gottfrid liebisch, Hochfürstl: lageÿ und Fagotist, gebürtig von rumburg auß
Böhmen, alt 39. Jahr.”; <http://actapublica.eu/puvodci/lokality/92/>, signatura 3529, Valtice, zemřelí
(deaths), 5 october 1720, f. 278b.
41
“Johann Frantz tielscher Fürstl: Laggaÿ Suppl.t umb s.r dimission. [reply] dem Supplicanten
zum bescheid des, gleich wie es keinen bedienten gebühret, s:r g[nä]digen Herrsch: vor der zeit den
stuhl für die thür zu stellen, und nach seinen belieben dem dienst zu quitiren. also solle auch der
selbe, weil er die neue Livere angelegt hat seine Jahrs zeit vollendts auß stehen, und in zwischen sein
Musicalisches excecitium pro sequiren, nach der verlauf Wir ihme schon alß dann /: umb zu zeigen daß
uns an ihme nichts gelegen seÿe :/ seine abfertigung in gnaden anschaffen wollen.”; HalW, Ha 598,
loc. cit., Vienna, 24 March 1719, f. 34.
42 “Johann Frantz Antoni ehrnhart Fürst: laquaÿ und ein vorbehaltener unterthan von rumburg
Sup: demüthigst umb s:er g[nä]d[ig]ste entlassung. [reply] der Sup: hatt bereiths mehr g[nä]den von
uns empfangen, als er meritiret, und zu mahlen wir wissen, das er auß purer Hofarth sich unserer
Laquere schämen thut, und seinem dienst jederzeit schlecht genug, und träch abgewarttet hatt; alß er
auch kein anderen bescheid verdienet, dann daß er mit seinem gesuch abgewisen wirdt.”; loc. cit.,
Vienna, 28 May 1720, f. 187.
43 “Johann Joseph Sigmundi und Zacharias Glothe beede Fürst: trompetter Sup:en umb g:
entlassung in die dienste des Bischoffen zu Würtsburg.”; loc. cit. [Vienna, February 1720], f. 147.
– 13 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
– 14 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
on his death anton Florian left his son with considerable debts and an
unresolved family feud that had been simmering since the death of Johann adam
andreas in 1712.47 When taking over as ruling prince, Joseph Johann adam made
it a priority to settle both of these issues. Instead of following in the footsteps of
his father by entering the service of the emperor he concentrated on the
consolidation of the liechtenstein estates and soon managed to bring a difficult
financial and family situation under control. It is for these reasons that this prince
is fondly remembered in the annals of the princely house of liechtenstein.48
Joseph Johann adam was born in Vienna on 27 May 1690, a few months after
his father left for rome. We first encounter traces of the upbringing of the young
47
Johann adam andreas’s last will and testament was disputed by anton Florian and resulted
in years of legal wrangling; see eVelIn oBerHaMMer, Viel ansehnliche Stuck und Güeter: Die Entwicklung
des fürstlichen Herrschaftsbesitzes, in Der Ganzen Welt ein Lob und Spiegel: das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein
in der frühen Neuzeit, cit., pp. 33-45: 43-44. In 1718 anton Florian exchanged his estate of rumburg for
the Grafschaft of Vaduz and the Herrenschaft of schellenberg, both of which had been inherited by
prince Joseph Wenzel of liechtenstein (1696-1772). on 23 January 1719 these two territories were
united and elevated to a principality by Charles VI under the name of liechtenstein in gratitude to
his trusted and loyal servant, anton Florian, who now received a seat in the Reichsfürstenrat.
48
JaCoB Von FalKe, Geschichte des fürstlichen Hauses Liechtenstein, cit., vol. 3, 1882, pp. 83-90.
– 15 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
prince in the private accounts of anton Florian in 1702, when he was assigned a
Hofmeister and a chamber servant – both of whom would continue to serve Joseph
Johann adam for a long time.49 From this year onwards we can follow the
maintenance and education of the prince through payments for his clothes, wigs,
regular horse riding and dancing instruction – the latter initially from a certain
Johann la notte (Motte)50 and subsequently from the imperial court dancer Franz
Joseph selliers,51 who taught the prince and his younger sister Maria Karolina
anna (1694-1735) for many years.
a notable change can be seen in the accounts following anton Florian’s
departure for spain in 1703. over the next five years a burst of musical activity
becomes evident from payments for various musical services and the regular
tuning of instruments in the princely chambers. during this period Joseph Johann
adam’s mother eleonore Barbara held regular concerts in her palace, but it is not
known who participated in these. the princess played the lute and as late as 1702,
at the age of 41, was taking lessons from the imperial lutenist andreas Bohr (Boor,
later von Bohrenfels).52 Perhaps these were concerts where she and other
members of the nobility practised their skills, or where musicians from the
Hofmusikapelle appeared as guests. during the long absence of her husband the
princess maintained a small and modest court, and while it is possible that some
of her servants played music in these concerts, no mentions of their musical
activities appear in the sources.
up to 1707 Joseph Johann adam’s name does not appear in connection with
any of the music-related payments, but he must have witnessed the regular
music-making of his mother and her guests. and, like many other noble princes
in Vienna, he took up an instrument: almost certainly the newly fashionable
transverse flute, the “Cavalierinstrument” played by emperor Joseph I and taught
to the Edlknaben at the imperial court at that time.53 on 2 February 1707 Joseph
49 the Hofmeister Joseph raab, who was later ennobled, and the valet Johannes umbscheÿden
served Joseph Johann adam until c. 1720, when they were pensioned off.
50 “no. 153. tanzmaister. Johann la notte. dem 13.t d. besag inhalt quittung, wegen von 1.t aug.
1701 biß 1.t meÿ 1702. dem Fürst Joseph geleÿster instruction, bezalt | 24 f.”; HalW, Ha 924
Liechtenstein, Fürst Anton Florian; Finanzen: Rayttung über die fürstlich (Anton Florianischen) Cassagelder,
1702, unfoliated.
51 “Franz Joseph de Gellier (sellier) den 25.ten Febr: besag inhalt seiner quittung, wegen dem Fürst
Joseph [...]”; HalW, Ha 925 Liechtenstein, Fürst Anton Florian; Finanzen: Rayttung über die fürstlich
(Anton Florianischen) Cassagelder, 1703 [January-June], unfoliated.
52 “denen handtwercks leüthen und Künstlern. nr. 263 lauthenisten. andreaß Bohrr. den 2.t julÿ
laut inhalt zetls, wegen von 14.t Jan. biß diesen dato Martÿ [...] der g[nä]d[ig]sten Fürstin geleister
instruction bezelt | 14. f.”; HalW, Ha 924, loc. cit., unfoliated. another payment was made to Bohr in
1705: “Ihro Hochfürst: Gnaden der g[nä]digsten Fürstin zu aigenen handen und auf dero g[nä]digsten
befelch. | dem andreas Bohr lautenisten vor Martÿ, april, und Maÿ | 24 f.”; HalW, Ha 928
Liechtenstein, Fürst Anton Florian; Finanzen: Rayttung über die fürstlich (Anton Florianischen) Cassagelder,
1705, unfoliated. at that time two lutes were also stringed, possibly by Bohr: “extraordinari außgaaben
| den 3. Martÿ vor beziehung 2.er lauthen mit saithen | 6 f.”; loc. cit., unfoliated.
53 HerBert seIFert, Die Bläser der kaiserlichen Hofkapelle zur Zeit von J. J. Fux, in Johann Joseph Fux
und die barocke Bläsertradition: Kongressbericht Graz 1985, cit., pp. 11-14. the term “Flauto traverso”
– 16 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
appears for the first time in Vienna in 1707, in two works of antonio Bononcini: ernst KuBItsCHeK,
Block- und Querflöte im Umkreis von Johann Joseph Fux – Versuch einer Übersicht, Ibid., p. 105.
54
“Ihro Fürst: Gnaden dem Fürst Joseph. [lauth Monath: zettel] no. 2. den 2. Febr: vor erkauffte
flautten | 9 f.”; HalW, Ha 930 Liechtenstein, Fürst Anton Florian; Finanzen: Rayttung über die fürstlich
(Anton Florianischen) Cassagelder, 1707, unfoliated. For the price of “ein Pahr Flautten”, see earlier
note 8.
55
“Gezahlte Besoldung | tallmann | Flautenisten. Vor seine beÿ den Fürst Joseph geleiste 3.
Monathliche Instruction | 36 f.”; HalW, Ha 930, loc. cit., unfoliated.
56
“deß Fürst Josephs Instructori auf der flautten seine völlige contentirung 18 f.”; HalW, Ha
930, loc. cit. [10 april, 1707], unfoliated.
57 Joseph Johann adam’s sister Maria Carolina (1694-1735), who entered an ursuline convent in
1705, continued to study the keyboard for the next few years. Payments for the tuning of her rented
instrument appear in the accounts between 1706 and 1707. Her teacher is first mentioned in the 1711
accounts: “dem Cassiano Cassiani Manona welcher denen Jungen Fürstinen die Music lehrnet in 2 mahl,
als untern 18.ten augu. undt 18.ten Xber 1711, bezahlt 48 f.”; HalW, Ha 934 Liechtenstein, Fürst Anton
Florian; Finanzen: Rayttung über die fürstlich (Anton Florianischen) Cassagelder, 1711., unfoliated. the teacher
must be the “Musicus unnd accompagnatore di Camera Cassiano Cassiani” who served Joseph I “mit allem
fleiß so wohl die Cammer-tafl- alß Theatral dienst Verrichtet habe”, and whose 1713 petition to be
readmitted to the Hofmusikkapelle appears in A-Whh, oMea, Är, 13, 1711-1713, f. 571a-b.
58 JaCoB Von FalKe, Geschichte des fürstlichen Hauses Liechtenstein, cit., vol. 3, 1882, p. 83.
– 17 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
60
Count Jakob Heinrich Flemming, Generalfeldmarschall of the saxon army and special envoy to
austria, provides a priceless description of the liechtenstein princess and her cheerful character in
his Viennese diary: “le C. Flemming dina chés le Pr. royal, il y eut une compagnie de 22. Personnes,
le repas fut fort magnifique, tous les lichtenstein en etoient, comme aussi les Comtesses de schlick,
d’althan, de Fels, l’ambassadeur de Venise &. le C. Flemming fut le dernier à prendre place, et par
ordre du Prince il se mit entre les deux Princesses de lichtenstein, sçavoir celle de toeplitz, et l’autre,
une Comtesse d’Öttingen, qui est blanche et pottelée, et quoiqu’elle ait le nez un peu camus et tourné
à la tartare, est une princesse très-joilie, et fort enjoueé, et le C. Flemming ne manqua pas de rire
bravement avec elle, pendant que l’autre gardoit un silence morgue. À la fin la princesse au nez tartare
demanda au Comte Flemming, s’il ne s’etoit pas mepris, et s’il n’avoit pas voulu entretenir l’autre à
sa place? Il repondit: que non, et que c’etoit bien à elle, qu’il avoit addressé la parole. le C. de
stahremberg, entra dans leur conversation et il fut engagé bien avant; on entendit en meme tems une
Musique, qui contribua fort à la satisfaction des conviés”; D-Dla, 10026 Geheimes Kabinett, loc.
3301/01, Journal de Vienne, 1718-1719, entry for 3 november 1718, ff. 31b-32a. the music heard during
the banquet was performed by members of the dresden Hofkapelle.
61 “rang-ordnung. nach welichem sich unssere Hof officiren zu Reguliren haben”; HalW, K 47,
musician: “Par: alexander neümann, ein Musicus. ux: Catharina | Inf: Johann Carl”; data.matricula-
online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese, unsere liebe Frau zu den schotten, taufbuch, 01-29,
1725-1729, 02-taufe_0384 (f. 180a).
63 an inventory taken shortly after radler’s death on 3 september 1746, lists: “an Musicalische
Instrumenten: ein stuck Geÿgen mit Indianischen bogen pr. | 8 fr. | eine lauten pr. | 6 fr. | 3 st. Flauten
| 1 fr. | ein altes Glavicordium | 30 xr.”; HalW, H 69 Verwaltung – Personale in genere O-R, radler,
albert, f. 288a.
– 18 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
was promoted to a position within the accounting department early in the 1720s
and later became one of the head bookkeepers of the liechtenstein family. an
Instrumentist named Philipp is almost certainly the horn-player Philipp Waber,
who is listed in another document from 1720 alongside a horn-player named
stremer.64 the latter’s name does not appear in any other source, but he could
have been Waber’s colleague during this period.
Following anton Florian’s death Joseph Johann adam set about forming his
own Hofstaat. a series of lists from 1722 document the planning for the changes
made to the staff and their wages. In general, salaries seem to have been reduced
considerably. some servants were dismissed or pensioned off, but most
remained, including all the music-playing lackeys. others were added. the five
trumpet students – Vitzthum, Bull, Baldermann, zierow and Gall – entered full-
time employment with the now eight-strong trumpet section. However, their
new annual salary of 300 florins – which represented a decrease of just under
10% – was lowered even more in the second half of 1722, so in the end their wages
amounted to only 250 florins.65 true, times were hard, but perhaps this reduction
reflected the new musical reality at court. In addition, there remained problems
with discipline, as a letter from 1723 evidences.66 By 1731 all the trumpeters seem
to have departed,67 leaving Christian Kuchelmeister as the only salaried player
of the instrument on the books, while Joseph Johann adam concurrently had at
least six horn-players in his service.
the most important revelation in the 1722 salary lists is the inclusion of
Johann Melchior Pichler as Compositor of Joseph Johann adam.68 the identity
of this long since forgotten Viennese violinist, lutenist, singer, musical director
and composer, whose numerous instrumental and sacred works are held by
libraries all over europe, has remained a mystery for a long time, not least
because of the absence of a given name and the many different forms of his
surname in manuscript sources. as a result, Pichler’s works have sometimes
been attributed to other composers. this article constitutes the first attempt to
re-introduce the composer into music literature, while putting forward ample
auch and. bedienten, und waß denenselben vermög des außgeworfenen besoldtungs quanti von ersten
Julÿ: bies letzten Xbris 1722 zubezahlen kommet”; loc. cit., unfoliated.
66 HalW, K 53 Kultur/Kunst: Silberkammer bis Wäsche, trompeter, letter to Joseph Johann adam,
followed by andreas Gall: andreas lIndner, Die kaiserlichen Hoftrompeter und Hofpauker im 18. und
19. Jahrhundert, cit., p. 731. the timpanist anton Müller joined the service of archduchess Maria
elisabetha, governor of the austrian-netherlands, in July 1725: ibid., p. 774.
68 “Specification. deren Hochfürst. Joseph Johann adam, liechtensteinsichen ober- undt unter
Officiren, auch and. bedienten, und waß denenselben vermög des außgeworfenen besoldtungs quanti
von ersten Janu: bies letzten Junÿ 1722 zubezahlen kommet; alß [...] Johann Melchior Bichler
Compositor”; HalW, K 47, loc. cit., unfoliated.
– 19 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
the catalogue lists many works by composers, both prominent and obscure [...]. the
most interesting among them is perhaps Büchler (the umlaut is omitted in the
catalogue), whose name, unhelpfully, appears in the original sources in a multitude
of forms (Buchler, Büchler, Bichler, Püchler, Pückler, Pichler, Pickler). several of his
works, most featuring the transverse flute and obviously dating, on the basis of their
style, from the period 1720–40, are preserved in the landesbibliothek Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern, schwerin, and the universitätsbibliothek, rostock. unfortunately, no
source gives a forename, which makes it more difficult to establish whether only one
composer is involved.
today, we can safely state that this composer is none other than Johann
Melchior. the works referred to above, and indeed the majority of his existing
solo and chamber compositions, share common characteristics: first, they are
composed in a moderately galant style; second, many of them include a Tournée,
a movement type (presumably related to the dance figure of the same name)
hardly ever cultivated by other composers,70 but which serves almost as a
“signature” of Pichler, as astutely noted in a rIsM entry for a sonata now held
in the “schrank II” collection in the sächsische landesbibliothek – staats- und
universitätsbibliothek dresden (sluB).71 Finally, it will be argued that most of
his music was composed for the liechtenstein court musicians, who will be
introduced below.
69
Jens HenrIK Koudal – MICHael talBot, Stephan Kenckel’s Collection of Music and Musical
Instruments: A Glimpse of Danish Musical Life in the Early Eighteenth Century, “royal Musical association
research Chronicle”, 43, 2010, pp. 39-83: 51-52, 73.
70
rIsM currently lists only three works by other composers that include a Tournée. First, a
“sonata a 4” for two violins, cello and violone by Georg Joseph Werner is held in Brussels (B-Bc, 7184).
this work is also listed in the inventory of instrumental music in the esterházy collection, where
Werner was Kapellmeister; second, an “ouvertur” attributed to a certain “Boste” for two oboes, two
violins, viola, bassoon and bass is held by the sluB (D-Dl, Mus. 2688-n-1). this composer could
possibly be the Bohemian Christian Gottlieb Postel, a member of the court orchestra of count Wenzel
Morzin. a now lost work by Postel for a similar combination is listed in the 1743 Concert-Stube
inventory of the music collection in zerbst; it is included in the appendix of Václav Kapsa’s thematic
catalogue of works by this composer as Pk, ap. 1. the third composer is Fux, but the relevant partita,
today held by the landesbibliothek Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Günther uecker (D-SWl, Mus. 1938a
and Mus. 1938b), is almost certainly not from his pen but by Pichler, as will be argued below. Finally,
the sluB possesses an anonymous sonata for two violins, two oboes, bassoon and bass, shelfmark
D-Dl, Mus. 2-n-19,1. this Viennese copy, c. 1719, also features a Tournée movement.
71 D-Dl, Mus. 2-Q-2,5. this sonata for flute, violin and bass, copied by “Copyist B” of the dresden
court but with headings supplied by Johann Georg Pisendel, has two concordances: first, an
– 20 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
anonymous sonata in a large volume of flute and violin music from the sing-akademie collection in
Berlin, D-Bsa, sa 3888 (7), which includes further works by Pichler; second, a now lost sonata
attributed to Pichler, which is listed as no. 10 under the rubric “sonatae et Marche antiquae” in the
inventory of the rajhrad monastery in Moravia: CZ-Bm, G 6, Consignatio Musicalium 1771, f. 208. the
same inventory lists four other sonatas by Pichler, two of which are discussed below, and another
two works in its “Concerto” section: ff. 222-223.
72
“Joannes Conradus Melchior | [parents] Joannes Pichler | Maria Catharina uxor | [godparents]
Joannes Conradus Herrenleben | Maria renata uxor | [witnesses] Joannes aulanger | Maria uxor”;
data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese, st stephan, taufbuch, 01-044b, 1694-1695,
03-taufe_0366 (f. 394).
73 the score and the libretto (in both printed and handwritten forms) are preserved in the
Vergnügung bezeiget / und hatte / unter andern die mit besonderer Geschicklichkeit / durch (tit.)
Hr. Johann Veit trauthson / Grafen zu Falckenstein / der Volredener-Kunst Geflissenen / vertrettene
Person der H. amalia / wie dann auch die höchst fürtreffliche Music / welche Hr. Ferdinand richter
/ Käys. Hoff-organist / angeordnet / ihr gebührendes lob sowol von den Käyserl. Majestäten als
denen häuffig darbey sich befundenen hohen und niedern stands-Personen davon getragen /
nachdeme hatte man die Käys. Praemia der schul-Jugend jährl. gewönlicher massen ausgeteilet”;
Wiennerisches Diarium (hereafter WD), Num. 730. Wienn / vom 30. Julii biß 1 august. 1710, donnerstag
/ den 31. Jul.
– 21 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
75 other future members of the imperial music establishment who participated in this
performance included the bass Johann otto Ponhaimer, who sang three roles; he later became the
musical director of the private Kapelle of dowager empress Wilhelmina amalia. the bass andreas
Boog was hired as an imperial trombonist in 1720; Carolus (Karl) Pernember, son of the trumpet-
player tobias andreas, was employed as a violinist by Charles VI in 1727; Christian Payer (Peyer)
joined the Hofmusikkapelle as a tenor in 1720. like Pichler and Praun, the two last-named musicians
were trebles.
76 the marriage took place on 24 november 1680: data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk.
erzdiözese, unsere liebe Frau zu den schotten, trauungsbuch, 02-12, 1680-1682, 02-trauung_0230
(f. 115b).
77 see the burial record, from 3 september 1683, of Pichler’s five-year-old son Johann ullrich from
for his brother Johann Melchior, who stood godfather to Carolus Melchior Joannes, son of the
musician Joannes thomas Hanauer: data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese, st
stephan, taufbuch, 01-062, 1723-1724, 03-taufe_0074 (f. 37b). Pichler’s elder brother was baptized as
laurentius Franciscus on 10 august 1683: data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese,
st stephan, taufbuch, 01-038, 1683-1684, 03-taufe_0025 (f. 25). at that time Vienna was under siege
from the turks, and Johann Pichler lost two of his children shortly before the decisive battle began
on 12 september 1683.
79 A-GÖ, Ms 2873, Parthie. the five-movement partita has received attention in the literature
because of its somewhat unusual scoring: erIC HoePrICH, The Clarinet, Yale, Yale university Press,
2008, pp. 50-51.
80 A-GÖ, Ms lautentabulatur nr. 1 (or A-GÖ 1, as it is known in the lute literature). In addition
to single pieces with concordances in other collections, a certain “Intrada M. Pichler” bears all the
hallmarks of a work by Johann Melchior, since it includes a Tournée.
81 a copy of the second work is preserved in the Modra branch of the state archive in Bratislava,
slovakia, where it is incorrectly attributed to Karel Kumpošt, a composer born in 1738: SK-J, H-784.
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JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
and an oratorio copied in 1740, which is discussed below.82 this, and the fact that
four of the Göttweig works are correctly attributed to “Melchiore Pichler”,
suggests that the composer had close connections with the abbey.
Whether Pichler supplied the liechtenstein court with music before his
engagement in 1722 remains to be seen, but the prince must have had a very good
reason to hire the composer. at first, Pichler drew a salary of 500 florins, but this
had been raised to 600 by the second half of the year – making him one of the
best paid members of the court.83 this sum came with a full officer’s board and
accommodation in the liechtenstein palace in the Herrengasse, where Pichler
lived while he served his prince.84
of the three chamber musici who were hired in the second half of 1722,85 the
Italian cellist Vincenzo Paganelli was the earliest to arrive.86 He was a musician
in the service of Joseph Johann adam’s father-in-law Franz albrecht, count of
Öttingen-spielberg, before being summoned to Vienna.87 Whether he was related
to the composer Giuseppe antonio Paganelli has not yet been established. next,
a certain Johann Jacob steÿer was engaged. nothing is known about this
musician, and it is not recorded how long his employment lasted. However, it
seems clear that he played the transverse flute, since his annual salary, reflecting
his role as a soloist, was higher than that awarded to his two colleagues. the
bassoonist ludwig streiber completed Joseph Johann adam’s small group of
82
these copies are shelfmarked as: A-GÖ, Ms 2320, Salve Regina (1726); Ms 2321, Salve Regina
(1741); Ms 1777, Oratorium ad sepulchrum Christi Domini (1740).
83
HalW, K 47, loc. cit., unfoliated.
84
the record of Pichler’s marriage in 1731 identifies his living quarters: “Post Pascha 1731. der
Wohl edle Herr Melchior Pichler ledigen standß gebürtig allhier, wonhaft in Fürst: lichtensteinischen
Hauß in d. H[erre]n gassen, nimbt zu d. ehe die Wohl edle Jungfrau Marian Chunegundan.
Christiänin gebürtig allhier wonhaft in schotten Hof, des Wohl edlen H[err]n Johann Georg
Christiäni, seel: und elisabeth Catharina dessen ehefrauen annoch in leeben beed ehelieb. tochter
zum. testes. H. Franz Joseph Christiäni. H. Ignatius Hörl Kaÿ. Fechtmeister adjunct. V. z. von n.
Michäel. Copulavit r P sobprior die 2 aprilis 1731”; data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk.
erzdiözese, unsere liebe Frau zu den schotten, trauungsbuch, 02-24, 1725-1731, 02-trauung_0488
(f. 243a).
85
“Vincenzo Bagello [Paganelli]” was engaged on 1 september 1722 with the stated salary of 250
florins; however, a figure of 100 florins representing his salary for six months has been pencilled in
before his name, which suggests that he then or later received in total merely 200 florins, as is indeed
confirmed by salary lists dating from c. 1730; “Johann Jacob steÿer” arrived on 16 september 1722,
with an annual salary of 300 florins; “ludwig shreiber [streiber]” began work on 16 november 1722,
with an annual salary of 200 florins; loc. cit., unfoliated.
86
In april 1723, the “Bassetist Baganelli” asked Joseph Johann adam to become the godfather of
his unborn child; HalW K. 421 Joseph Johann Adam v. Liechtenstein: Biographica, 1690-1732, ostra, 4
april 1723, unfoliated. on 23 July of that year Paganelli’s wife Maria ludovina antonia gave birth to
a son, who was baptized Joseph Maria, with the prince acting as godfather by proxy: “Joseph Maria.
Vat: der edle Kunstreiche Herr Vincenzo Josephe Maria Paganelli, Hochfürst: Cammer Musicus: Mat:
Maria ludovina antonia [...]”; <http://actapublica.eu/puvodci/lokality/92/>, 3481, Valtice, narození
(Baptisms), 1700-1731, 23 July 1723, f. 601.
87
HalW, H 69, loc. cit., Paganelli, Vincenzo, undated petition of Paganelli, c. 1733, unfoliated.
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JÓHannes ÁGústsson
88 streiber’s name is given in multiple versions in the sources: ströber, streÿber, steuber,
f. 681.
90 “Specification. denen jenigen schuldt- und anderen posten welche auß der Hochfürst. Joseph
Johan adam liechtenstein. Haupt Cassa [...] von der ersten bies inclusive den letzten 7bris, [1]728
bezahlet worden seÿnd, alß: [...] no. 1169 | [8 september] | dem Max: Geldner, und Antonio tassi
Mahlern a Conto ihres Contracts | 500 [f.] | no. 1169 | [dito] | Item denenselben von Malung der Hof
Capeln zu Feldsperg | 1000 [f.]”; HalW, H 1761, loc. cit., unfoliated.
91 JIří seHnal, Zwei Meisterwerke Österreichischer Orgelbauer in Feldsberg (Valtice, CSFR),
“Österreichisches orgelforum”, 1, 1992, pp. 303-307. see also JIří seHnal, Barokní varhanářství na
Moravě. Díl 2. Varhany, Brno, Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, 2004, pp. 174-175. the organ
was reconstructed in 1998 after having been vandalized during and after World War II. I am grateful
to robert Hugo for his information on the Feldsberg palace chapel and parish church organs.
92 A-Wava, Familienarchive (Fa), Harrach Fam. in spec 532.7, Harrach, Gräfin Maria eleonore,
Gemahlin, Korrespondenz mit Friedrich august Harrach, 1731-1737, Maria eleonore to Friedrich
august Harrach, Feldsberg, 3 september 1731, unfoliated.
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JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
93 VÁClaV KaPsa, Account Books, Names and Music: Count Wenzel von Morzin’s Virtuoissima
gebirtig v. augspurg. [...]”; CZ-Bsa, Fond e 79, Milosrdní bratř Valtice, Kniha inv. č. 27, sgn. 26, loc.
cit., 29 september 1722.
96 “Johannes Holzmeister, ein Fierst. Knaben bedienter [...]”; loc. cit., 24 March 1723.
97 “Joannes Holtzmeister, ein Instrumentist gebürtig von außpurg, alt 42 Jahr, der Vatter Michael
die Mutter ursula beÿde gestorben, zein zu standt hectirus, ist den 29 8bris umb 2 uhr dem Herrn
enschlafen.”; loc. cit., 26 october 1726.
– 25 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
admitted with a fever, wearing the black livery uniform of the liechtenstein
prince. He was treated in room no. 31, and discharged in good health one week
later.98 this entry identifies for the first time the correct birthplace of Hampel as
the town of Bährn (Moravský Beroun) in Moravia rather than Prague, the city
sometimes given in the literature as his place of birth. according to the church
registers for this town, anton Joseph was baptized there on 5 december 1710.99
an elder brother of his, Johann Michael Hampel, baptized on 22 July 1695,100
likewise appears in the Feldsberg church and hospital records in the 1720s, where
he consistently states his profession as that of a horn-player in the service of
Joseph Johann adam.101 When Johann Michael died after a long illness on 30
March 1732, he held the position of Futterschreiber.102
It is not known with whom or where Johann Michael studied the horn, but
he must have been accompanied by his younger brother when he entered the
service of Joseph Johann adam in 1722. later on, anton Joseph is recorded
making only two additional visits to the hospital for minor treatments,103 while
98 “antoni Hämpel ein lehr Jung beÿ den Jägerhornern, des Fiersten, gebiertig aus Mähren, v.
Peern, alt 12. Jahr, der Vatter Mäthias Muetter rosalia, leben beedte hat ein fieber hat beÿ die schwarze
libereÿ des Fiersten ohne gelt Catholisch: | Monath. no. 31. Ist den 9ten Meÿ 1722. gesund hierauf
geg[angen].”; loc. cit., 2 May 1722. Here, the name of Hampel’s mother is incorrectly given: it is anna
elisabeth, as seen in the following entries and also in the Bährn church books.
99 “Vatter Ma[thias]: Hampel | Mutter anna elisabet | Kindt anton Joseph | die gefattern adam
Mader, et elisabet Chr[istina]:”; státní oblastní archiv zámrsk, sbírka matrik Východoceschého kraje,
Farní úrad rímskokatolické církve České Meziříčí, okr. rychnov nad Kněžnou, sign. 22.-2, Book of
Baptisms, Marriages, Burials, for Bährn (Moravský Beroun), 1713-1744, 5 december 1710, f. 38. scans
of the baptismal records are accessible at: <https://familysearch.org/>.
100 Loc. cit., f. 7.
101 “H. Joann Michael dominicus Hampel, Hochfürst. Jägerhornist, des H. Math: Hampel, gastgeb,
in Beergstätt. Bahren in Mähren und seine ehw. anna elisabeth beeden in leben e[helichen]: sohn,
mit Jungf: anna Barbara Parstin, des H. Mathias Barst gewesten Haubtmann in Bernstein, und seiner
ehw: Veronica [...]”; <http://actapublica.eu/puvodci/lokality/92/>, 3514, Valtice, oddaní, 1700-1724,
23 June 1726, unfoliated.
102 “eüer durch. solle hiemit gehöchst hinterbringen, daß der Fürst. Futerschr. Hanß Michl Hampl
heüth fruhe umb 9. uhr das zeitl. mit dem ewigen verwechslet hatt”; HalW, H 65 Verwaltung –
Personale in genere H-J, Hampel, Hans Michael, Hof-Kanzlei report to Joseph Johann adam, Vienna,
30 March 1732, unfoliated. Hampel’s long standing illness was discussed in a letter written few days
later: “es ist bekant, daß der seelige lange zeith unpässlich gewesen, den haaber- und heü boden
andern leüthe an vertrauern müsste [...]”; HalW, K 53, loc. cit., stallmeister, letter from Wentzel von
Wanczura, Vienna, 4 april 1732, unfoliated. letters from 1734 concerning a debt that was left by the
deceased but disputed by his widow are found in this file.
103 “antonius Hampl, ein scholaris, geburtig auß Mahren, von Beern alt 16 Jahr, die Vatter Mathias
die Mutter elisabetha beÿde sein leben sein zu standt prurigo ohne gelt gutte Kleider Kathol. | ist
den 1 8bris gesund auß gangen”; CZ-Bsa, Fond e 79, Milosrdní bratř Valtice, Kniha inv. č. 27, sgn. 26,
loc. cit., 16 september 1726; “antonius Hampel, ein laqeÿ, beÿ Ihro Fürst: durch. alhier, gebürtig aus
Mahren, von Beren, alt 22 Jahr, sein Vetter Mathias die Mutter elisabetha beyde leben sein zu standt
obstructio ohne gelt gute Kleid Cath: Ist den 23 106dito gut aus gangen”; CZ-Bsa, Fond e 79, Milosrdní
bratř Valtice, Kniha inv. č. 28, sgn. 27, Knihy nemocných, 1730 září 1 – 1738 září 19 (23) (Krancken
Bug angefangen von 1. septembr a. 1730 bis 30 septembr. a. 1738. no: 9), 10 november 1732.
– 26 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
his fellow student Joseph zenzinger was a regular patient, suffering from a
myriad illnesses ranging from chest pains and scurvy to peristalsis. up to 1730
the two were always referred to as horn scholars in the liechtenstein sources, and
this description gives an indication of the length of their musical studies, which
seem to have lasted at least eight years, and in zenzinger’s case even longer. By
1728 they had been joined by the 22-year-old horn student Wenceslaus Waczlavet
from triesch (třešť) in Moravia.104 In 1731 all three were promoted to the rank of
lackeys. a horn-player from Melnik (Mělník) in Bohemia by the name of
Ferdinand rispler was said by dlabacž to be a “Kompagnion des berühmten
anton Hampels, und sekundarius Waldhornist bei dem Fürsten von lichtenstein
in Wien” in 1730,105 but no information about this musician has been found in
sources relating to Joseph Johann adam.
Further names of young music students appear in these sources in the mid-
1720s; two of them later rose to positions of responsibility at the liechtenstein
court. on 29 March 1726 the eighteen-year-old violin student Martin Frantz
Heÿssig from schrattenberg in lower austria entered the Feldsberg hospital for
a three-week-long treatment for scabies.106 Pichler must have been his main
teacher, and he may also have taken lessons from the violinists who were based
in Feldsberg and had studied with rossetter. two days later the oboe student
Ignatius tochauer (tachauer, dachauer) from sternberg in Moravia was admitted
to the hospital, likewise suffering from scabies.107 tochauer continued to study
this instrument, and very likely the flute as well, for the next few years. While
we do not know when, where, or with whom he first studied the oboe, the names
of one or possibly even two of his later teachers are found in a rare archival source
that lists the private expenditure of Joseph Johann adam for the periods June-
october and december 1728:108
104
“Wenceslaus Watzlaweck, ein lageÿ beÿ Ihro Fürst: durch: alhier, gebürtig aus Mahren von
trisch, alt 26 Jahr, sein Vatter tobias die Mutter elisabeth bede tott, sein zu standt scabies ohne gelt,
gute kleid Cath. | ist den 27 dito gut ausgangen”; loc. cit., 10 november 1732.
105 JoHann GottFrIed dlaBaCž, Allgemeines historisches Künstler-Lexikon für Böhmen und zum Theil
auch für Mähren und Schlesien, 3 vols, Prague, Haase, 1815, vol. 1, col. 270.
106 “Martinus Heißick, ein Violin scholar, gebirtig von schrätenberg auß Österreich, alt 18 Jahr.
der Vatter andreas ist gestorben, die mutter Magdalena ist beÿ leben, sein zu standt die krötzen, ohne
geldt, gute kleider, Cathol. | ist 22 april gesund auß gangen”; CZ-Bsa, Fond e 79, Milosrdní bratř
Valtice, Kniha inv. č. 27, sgn. 26, loc. cit., 29 March 1726.
107 “Ignatius tachauer, ein Huboist scolar, gebirtig von stäyenberg auß Mahren, gehörig dem
First. lichtenstein, alt 20 Jahr. der Vatter Joannes ist gestorben, die Mutter elisabeth ist beÿ leben,
sein zu standt die kretzen, ohne geldt gute kleider Cathol. | ist 14 april gesund außgangen”; loc. cit.,
31 March 1726. tochauer first appeared in the hospital records in June 1725.
108 HalW, H 1761, loc. cit., unfoliated.
– 27 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
these few but important entries give us an idea of the money and effort Joseph
Johann adam was expending on his musical establishment and the musical
education of his young protégés. First, the payment to the lute and violin maker
daniel achatius stadlmann for an unspecified quantity of instruments is only
one of several made to various instrument makers in Vienna. In March 1724
Joseph Johann adam showed great kindness towards the flute and oboe maker
thomas stubenvoll, who had suffered an unknown misfortune and had sought
the assistance of the prince in his dire need. a generous payment of 300 florins –
possibly in the form of a deposit – was handed over to stubenvoll, who must
have approached Joseph Johann adam because the prince was a regular
– 28 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
customer.109 the amount in question would have bought a lot of instruments, and
these might have been delivered to order over a period of time after stubenvoll
recovered from his disaster. second, the large sum paid to the imperial tenor
Joseph timmer for six months of instruction and full board for Paganelli’s
daughter antonia is noteworthy when set against the annual wages of the
liechtenstein court musici, but the prince had high hopes for this young singer.
noteworthy, too, are the two payments to Joseph timmer’s younger brother Carl,
the violinist who one year later was engaged for the chamber orchestra of Francis
stephen, duke of lorraine.110 Perhaps Carl was standing in for Pichler, who may
have been absent during this period, or perhaps these were payments for teaching
or copying music. third, the two chamber musicians who are first mentioned in
these accounts were probably responsible for giving lessons to tochauer and
other young music students at the liechtenstein court. little is known about the
movements of the Venetian oboist Giordano Cavallari before he was hired by
Johann Joseph adam, but the “Music officier Birvel” is none other than the flautist
and composer Johann Franz Piarelli (Biarelli, Bierelle, Biarel). Perhaps this liège-
born (c. 1698) musician is the oboist Biarelle who is listed in the Kurkölnischer
court calendars of the city of Bonn in 1717-1722 but around 1723-1724 took up a
position as a flautist in the previously mentioned orchestra of the prince-bishop
of Würzburg. When that orchestra was disbanded in 1724 Piarelli travelled to
Vienna, where he was at some point hired by Joseph Johann adam in place of
steÿer. Piarelli’s presence in the imperial city was first noted in the literature on
the violinist and flautist Jiří Cart
̌ (Georg Czarth), who studied with him in 1726;
perhaps Piarelli is the “extraordinary flute-player” who performed for Francis
stephen in Vienna that year.111
With the exception of Paganelli and streiber, the chamber musicians and some
of the music-playing lackeys seem to have had their main residence in Vienna,
travelling to Feldsberg only when called upon. this might have enabled the fairly
low-paid musici to supplement their income with teaching and performances in
the imperial capital – conditions possibly allowed for in their employment
contracts in order to spare them from sitting idle for too long periods. Cavallari
109
“Decret. auf des flauten und Hautbois Machers stuben Woll | Wegen eines debiti pr. 300 f.
welches ihme termin wird auß der Fürst. Cassa bezahlt werden solle. | obschon Wir keines weegs zu
ersetzung des dem Vorgeben nach erlittenen schaden gehalten wären, so wollen Wir dannoch auß
Fürst Mildester Commiseration und in anschehung des Supp[likan]ten dringenden noth Ihme
dreÿhundert f. hiemit g[nä]digst ertheilen [...]”; HalW, K 423 Joseph Johann Adam v. Liechtenstein:
Finanzielles I., 1690-1724, Vienna, 29 March 1724, unfoliated.
110
JÓHannes ÁGústsson, “La perfetta cognitione”: Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Patron of Vivaldi, cit.,
pp. 119-182. like his brothers leopold and Joseph Ferdinand, Carl timmer played in the
Hofmusikkapelle without receiving a salary. this is confirmed by his role as a witness to the baptism
of a son of the imperial oboist Joseph lorber on 19 october 1724: “H: Carolus timer Kaÿ: Kamer
Musicus”; data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese, unsere liebe Frau zu den
schotten, taufbuch, 01-28, 1721-1725, 02-taufe_0521 (f. 258b).
111 JÓHannes ÁGústsson, “La perfetta cognitione”: Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Patron of Vivaldi, cit.,
p. 125.
– 29 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
and Piarelli are never mentioned as witnesses or patients in the local registers in
Feldsberg, and Pichler only once – in august 1723, when he received a lengthy
treatment after suffering from severe headaches while travelling to Prague.112
like every member of the austrian nobility, Joseph Johann adam was present in
the city to witness the coronation of Charles VI as king of Bohemia, and he must
have taken his musicians along to perform at the dinners and balls given in the
old liechtenstein palace in Malá strana.113
reports of the music played in the Viennese palaces of the prince appeared
in the local newspaper in the 1720s. a masked ball in the liechtenstein palace in
Vordere schenkenstraße (today, Bankgasse) on 5 February 1725 was attended by
“gesamten hohen adels”, and was accompanied “bey einer fürtreflichen zahl-
reichen Music bis folgenden tags Morgens frühe.”114 It was festive events such
as this that called for a contribution from all the chamber musicians and music-
playing servants of the court. another grand occasion that required an unusually
large ensemble was the illumination held in the liechtenstein palace in the
rossauer lande on 3 september 1727 by the spanish ambassador Michael Joseph,
duke of Bournonville, to celebrate the successful delivery by the spanish queen
of a young prince and the spanish king’s return to full health after a long illness.
the Wienerisches Diarium described the arrival of the noble guests, including the
imperial couple Charles VI and elisabeth, who were welcomed by two choirs of
trumpets and timpani, while the entertainments were provided by seventy
musicians placed on a stage adjoining a large hall on the first floor.115 doubtless,
the liechtenstein ensemble was on this occasion augmented by musicians from
the Hofmusikkapelle and other private Kapellen.
Visiting virtuosi also appeared in the liechtenstein palaces in Vienna as guests
of Joseph Johann adam. the imperial poet and librettist apostolo zeno described
the moment when Faustina Bordoni sang for the prince and the nobility on 1
december 1725:116
112 “Johann Melliher Pichler, ein Fierstlich, Componist, alt 28. Jahr, Gebirtig v. Wien auß
Österreich, leit einer schwacheit, des Haubts, hat beÿ sich guete Cleid, ohne gelt, Catholisch. | no:
extra. Ist den 30. aug. 1723 gesunder hierauf geg.”; CZ-Bsa, Fond e 79, Milosrdní bratř Valtice, Kniha
inv. č. 27, sgn. 26, loc. cit., 3 august 1723. the “extra” (in the sense of “special”) room was normally
reserved for nobles or members of the clergy.
113 Count Flemming noted his many visits to the liechtenstein palace in his diary of the Prague
celebrations; D-Dla, 10026 Geheimes Kabinett, loc. 2871/09 Journal, so von dem Generalfeldmarschall
Herrn Grafen von Flemming bei seiner Verschickung nach Prag gehalten worden, 1723.
114 WD, (Num. 11.) 7. Februarii. Anno 1725. unpaginated.
115 WD, (Num. 75.) 17. September. Anno 1727. (anhang zu Num. 75). “Beschreibung deren jüngst-
vermeldeten Illumination [...]; den 3ten september 1727. auf des prächtigste gehalten worden. [...] auf
einer seite dieses saals sahe man eine grosse mit gleichfals Carmesin-rothen damast-bedeckte Bühne
/ auf welcher eine sehr annemliche in siebenzig Personen bestehende Music unabläßlich sich hören
liesse.” unpaginated.
116 aPostolo zeno, Lettere di Apostolo Zeno, Cittadino Veneziano, 2nd edn., vol. 4, Venice, 1785, p. 68.
– 30 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
la Faustina continua a farsi un grande onore, e non senza suo profitto, mentre martedì
sera avendo molto cantato in una numerosa assemblea di Principi e gran signori in
casa del sig. Principe di lichtenstein, vi fu da questo signore regalata di una bellissima
borsa con entro cento ungheri ruspi.
one member of the nobility who witnessed many of these gatherings was
anton ulrich, duke of sachsen-Meiningen, whose Viennese journals and account
books remain a rich source of information about courtly and private music-
making in the imperial capital in the mid-1720s. His diaries include detailed
architectural descriptions of the liechtenstein palaces, the many balls held there
and the hospitality of princess Maria anna Katharina. an avid music enthusiast
and collector who acquired hundreds of instrumental and vocal works during
his sojourn in Vienna from 1725 to 1728, the duke had many opportunities to
listen to the musicians of Joseph Johann adam, and he actively sought to add
works by Pichler to his collection. on 28 october 1726 he purchased two violin
concertos “von Piechel und deichel” from one of the imperial copyists who
supplied him with music.117 these match the following entry in the inventory of
works bought by the duke in Vienna:118
18. Concerto a III. 3. Violini, Viola e Basso continuo. del Sig.r Pichler.
19. Concerto a IV. 3. Violini, 2. Viola e Basso continuo. del Sig.r Deichl.
the fact that a copyist in the service of the emperor was responsible for selling
the two pieces suggests that anton ulrich had heard them performed in the
imperial chambers. the same may possibly apply to the Concerto a V. Fagotto
concertante, Violino, Oboé, Viola e Violone del Sig.r Pichler,119 a work quite possibly
played by a bassoon virtuoso in the Hofmusikkapelle, Johann Jacob Friedrich, who
was a regular guest at the duke’s Vienna residence and supplied him with his
own compositions and works heard at the imperial court. on 2 august 1727 the
duke paid six florins to a musician who delivered copies of six partitas composed
by Pichler;120 most likely, these were some of the works that had been performed
for the duke four days earlier.121 the six partitas were listed as follows in the
duke’s inventory:122
117
“den Kaÿs. Copisten vor 2. Concerte, von Piechel und deichel. 2 duc. 8 f. 18 xr.”; Meiningen,
staatsarchiv, Geh. archiv, XV t 54/3, [anton ulrich’s account book, 13.9.1726-26.3.1727], payment of
28 october 1726, f. 50b.
118
JÓHannes ÁGústsson, “La perfetta cognitione”: Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Patron of Vivaldi, cit.,
appendix 1, p. 177. a concerto for flute, violin and bass by “del sig.r Bichler” is listed no. 27; Ibid.
119
the work is listed as no. 61 in the inventory; Ibid., p. 179.
120
“einen Musicum vor 6. Parthien von Pichlern, 6 f.”; Meiningen, staatsarchiv, Geh. archiv, XV t
54/4 [anton ulrich’s account book, 27.3.1727 – 29.4.1728], payment of 2 august 1727, f. 58a.
121
“einen Fleute travernisten so Ihro d[urc]hl. einen Music gemacht u. eine Parthie geben. 4 duc.
| 16 f. | 36 x; einen Violinisten pres. 2. d. | 8. [f.] | 18 [f.].; ein andern so dem Bass gespielet 8. f. | 18
f.”; loc. cit., f. 55b.
122
JÓHannes ÁGústsson, “La perfetta cognitione”: Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Patron of Vivaldi, cit.,
appendix 1, p. 180.
– 31 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
107. Parthie a III. Violino, Flauto Traversiere e Basso. del Sig.r Pichler.
108. Parthie a III. Violino, Flauto Traversiere e Basso. del Sig.r Pichler.
109. Parthie a III. Violino, Flauto Traversiere e Basso. del Sig.r Pichler.
110. Parthie a IV. Violino, Flauto Traversiere, Corno e Basso. del Sig.r Pichler.
111. Parthie a IV. Viola d’Amore, Flauto Traversiere, Corno e Basso. del Sig.r Pichler.
112. Parthie a IV. Violino, Flauto Traversiere, Corno e Basso. del Sig.r Pichler.
the horn parts in the three Parthien could have been played by one of the
duke’s own accomplished horn-players, but all of the above-listed works by
Pichler were doubtless originally composed with the liechtenstein musicians in
mind.
anton ulrich returned to Meiningen in 1728 laden with artworks, paintings,
precious manuscripts, books, musical instruments and a collection of scores that
laid the foundation for what must have been an impressive music library. the
vocal music, both sacred and secular, numbered around 280 items and has
survived relatively intact,123 but the same cannot be said of the instrumental
music, which has disappeared without a trace.124 By the early 1730s the duke was
back in Vienna, where he continued to add to his collections. Further copies of
Pichler’s works, including another set of six partitas, were probably purchased
at that time. today an incomplete set of parts for the partitas, numbered I-VI, is
the sole remnant of anton ulrich’s collection of instrumental music to be
preserved in Meiningen, along with fragments of a similar set of six partitas by
Giuseppe Porsile, numbered VII-XII, and an incomplete set of twelve sonatas by
andrea zani.125
anton ulrich was only one among many collectors who acquired copies of
Pichler’s music in the 1720s and early 1730s. In addition to the sonata owned by
the dane stephan Kenckel, the inventory of the sonsfeld collection (c. 1728), today
123
laWrenCe Bennett, A Little-Known Collection of Early-Eighteenth-Century Vocal Music at Schloss
Elisabethenburg, Meiningen, “Fontes artis musicae”, 48, 2001, pp. 250-302.
124
the fate of anton ulrich’s music collection is discussed in Maren Goltz, Das Schicksal der
Musikaliensammlung von Herzog Anton Ulrich von Sachsen-Meiningen, in Anton Ulrich, Herzog von
Sachsen-Meiningen (1687–1763) – Ein Leben zwischen Eigensinn und Leidenschaft (“südthüringer
Forschungen”, 34), eds andrea Jakob, Johannes Mötsch and andreas seifert, Meiningen, Meininger
Museen, 2015, pp. 317-339.
125
Pichler: D-MEIr, F 558; Porsile: D-MEIr, F 559; zani: D-MEIr, F 576. Four of the Pichler works
possess concordances in other collections. a copy of the first partita is preserved as an anonymous
Sonata in parts for two violins, flute and bass in the Badische landesbibliothek in Karlsruhe (D-KA,
Mus. Hs. 1102), where it has been attributed to sebastian Bodinus according to rIsM. However, the
inclusion of a Tournée as the second movement of this work confirms the author as Pichler. a copy of
the third Meiningen partita is attributed to “sigr: Bichler” in a set of parts for oboe, two violins and
bass today held by the Fürstlich zu Bentheim-tecklenburgische library in rheda (D-RH, Ms 633),
where it is titled Simphonia. the sixth incomplete partita exists as an anonymous Intrada in a set of
parts for two violins, flute and violone, today held by the Carolina rediviva university library in
uppsala, sweden (S-Uu, Instr. mus. i hs. 64:6.); this is another work that includes a Tournée. to date,
I have not been able to find concordances for the fourth and fifth Meiningen partitas, but the incipit
of the second work matches a Pichler sonata (no. 5) once held by the monastery in rajhrad: CZ-Bm,
G 6, loc. cit., f. 208.
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JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
126
Des Herren General Major Frey Herrn von SonsFeldt Musicalisches Cathallogium, D-HRD, Fü 3720a,
no. 33, f. 4a.
127
D-RH, Ms. 632. another work held by this library, and one that can almost certainly be credited
to Pichler, is an Intrada for flute, violin or “viola concortanz”, horn and bass, shelfmark D-RH, Ms.
169, currently attributed to Johann Martin doemming in rIsM. the same work is preserved in the
Carolina rediviva university library under the shelfmark S-Uu, Instr. mus. i hs. 57:8; the title page
includes the words “de singr [sic] Pichler”, clearly referring to Johann Melchior. Moreover, this work
is attributed to “Puchler” in the catalogue of the now lost music collection of the Collegium
Wilhelminatum in strasbourg, where it is listed as no. 120; see Catalogue de la musique instrumentale
du Collegium Wilhelmitanum de Strasbourg, 1742-1783, eds eugene K. Wolf and Christian Meyer, Paris,
société Française de Musicologie, 2008, p. 58. I am grateful to Burkhard rosenberger, the music
librarian of the rheda library, who in private correspondence has cast further doubt on the attribution
to doemming. the “director musices” doemming was the custodian of the music collection of the
court of Hohenlimburg/rheda in the middle of the eighteenth century and also the compiler of the
“Catalogus musicus” (1750), which lists four works by Pichler, two of which are lost, and one by
Piarelli, a no longer extant work for flute, viola di gamba and bass.
128
D-HRD, Fü 3700a.
129
D-Dl, Mus. 2-Q-2,4. In addition to the sonata discussed above (Mus. 2-Q-2,5, see note 71), the
sluB holds two further anonymous copies attributed to Pichler in rIsM, both for flute, violin and
bass: Mus. 2-Q-2,8 – the second work contained in Pichler’s op. 1; and Mus. 2-Q-2-9, whose attribution
is based on its having the same copyist as the previous work and being stylistically similar to it.
130
D-ROu, Mus.saec.XVIII:53|6.
131
eKKeHard KrüGer, Die Musikaliensammlungen des Erbprinzen Friedrich Ludwig von Württemberg-
Stuttgart und der Herzogin Luise-Friederike von Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 2 vols, Beeskow, ortus, 2006, vol. 1,
p. 125. the author of this extensive study, who was mystified by the person and presence of our
composer, lists twenty-five works by Pichler; it is now possible to add at least three other
compositions to the tally – all for flute, violin and bass, currently listed as anonymous and including
a Tournée: D-ROu, Mus.saec.XVII:51|33b; Mus.saec.XVII:51|68; Mus.saec.XVIII:64|1. the last work
is the second sonata in Pichler’s op. 1. three works by Piarelli for the flute are also found in this
library: D-ROu, Mus.saec.XVIII:53|13, Solo for flute and bass “del sig. Piorelli”; Mus.saec.XVIII:66|10,
Trio for two flutes and bass, anonymous copy attributed to “Piorelli” on account of employing the
same copyist as the previous work; the third work is found in three different copies, as:
Mus.saec.XVIII:53|4, Trio for two flutes and bass “del sig. Piorelli”; Mus.saec.XVIII:7|8, Concertino
– 33 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
this noble family, since louise Frederica began playing the lute only some time
after the death of her father in 1731. Pichler’s lute music was also readily available
in Vienna. In 1731 the local newspaper advertised for sale two of his chamber
works featuring this instrument:132
Num. 2. Sonata del Sig. a Pichler, un Leuto, Violino, Flauto Traversiere, Basso
Num. 7. Sonata del Sig. Pichler, un Liuto I., II. Violini I., II., Flauti I., II., e Basso.
Pichler was a prolific composer for the lute, and many of his works are
preserved in anthologies in libraries all over the world. It has been suggested that
Pichler was himself a player of the lute – a supposition that carries credibility,
considering that he had such a thorough understanding of the instrument and
its capabilities.133 the chamber sonata for two lutes and other instruments listed
above may well have been composed as a duo for Pichler and the valet-musician
radler, and it is a real tragedy that a work with such an exciting scoring is now
lost. If not for himself, Pichler’s lute pieces might have been composed with
radler in mind, if not also the lute-playing mother of Joseph Johann adam,
princess eleonore Barbara, who died in 1723, or other members of the lute-
playing nobility in Vienna. the scholar Markus lutz informs me that the music
is on a very high level.
for two flutes and bass, by “Bierel”; and Mus.saec.XVIII:66|13, Trio for flute, violin and harpsichord,
anonymous copy. despite the two unambiguous attributions to Piarelli, Krüger attributes this copied
work to Johann Gottlieb Graun (as GraunWV d:XV:155 in the work list for that composer), an action
founded solely on its listing in the 1762 Breitkopf catalogue under Trii a Violino. VI. sonate a due
Violini et Basso, di G. a. Graun. M. di Con. di Ré di Pr. Racc. IV., [number] VI, in Catalogo dei Soli,
Duetti, Trii e Concerti per il Violino, Parte IIda. 1762, p. 16. the case for Piarelli’s authorship is
strengthened, however, by the fact that a copy of this work is also preserved in the Fonds Blancheton
collection in Paris, as op. III. – 134: Concertino Del Signor Biarello a Tre Stromenti, for two violins and
bass; see lIonel de la laurenCIe, Inventaire critique du Fonds Blancheton de la bibliothèque du
Conservatoire de Paris, 2 vols, Paris, Publications de la société Française de Musicologie, 1930-1931,
vol. 1: Biarello, pp. 38-39. another work by this composer appears in this collection: op. III. – 114:
Concertino Del Signor Biarello a 4o Stromenti, for two violins, flute and bass, ibid. I wish to thank
dominique thomas at the French national library, Music department, who informs me that these
two works are contained in the manuscript res-F-443. the only work by Piarelli currently listed in
rIsM is a concerto for flute, two violins, viola and bass preserved in Karlsruhe under the name
“Piarello”, with the shelfmark D-KA, Mus.Hs. 735. this attractive composition featuring a demanding
solo part for the flute is written very much in a mainstream, Vivaldian style, according to Michael
talbot, who examined the music at my request. to date, the copies listed here remain the only
compositions by Piarelli I have been able to track down.
132 WD, Anno 1731. (anhang zu Num. 5.) 17. Januarius. “nachfolgender Musicalischer sachen halber
hat sich ein kaufender liebhaber bey dem Verleger des Wieneris. Diarii zu erkundigen.”, unpaginated.
133 “Pichler (Bigler, Bichler ?) (?-?), composer and probably lutenist in the first part of the 18th
century. Could Pichler, Bigler, and Bichler be the same person? Many works are ascribed to these
persons (cf. appendix II). From the many works, it seems that ‘Pichler’ was a lute player himself, or,
at least, was in touch with lutenists of the time.” see Per KJetIl Farstad, German Galant Lute Music in
the 18th Century, Göteborg, Göteborg university, 2000, p. 342.
– 34 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
Pichler also composed music for the private services held in the new chapel
erected for the liechtenstein prince and his court.134 Many of the sacred works
that can now be tentatively attributed to this composer are scored for the simple
forces of either satB, two violins, two trumpets or two trombones, timpani, bass
(bassoon, cello, double bass) and organ, or satB, two violins, viola, bass and
organ – which roughly corresponds to the number of people who can
comfortably be accommodated on the balcony.135 When serving in Feldsberg,
Pichler would have directed the music from the first violin desk (or even as a
singer), whereas the organ was probably played by one of the two lackeys Joseph
liebisch and Jacob richter. the latter came from Kornitz (Chornice) in Moravia;
in 1729 he became the aspirant for the organist’s position at the Feldsberg parish
church – a post he eventually acquired in 1741.136 the vocal parts were doubtless
supplied by some of the lackey-musicians and the young music students of the
court.
While it has been relatively straightforward to assign the authorship of the
instrumental music by “Pichler” (and variants of that name) to Johann Melchior,
some caution is needed with regard to manuscripts of sacred music ascribed to
“Pichler” because of composers with the same surname who were active in the
late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. nevertheless, the religious works
that can be safely dated to the first half of the eighteenth century are very likely
his. the background of Pichler’s Göttweig oratorio with the latin title Oratorium
ad sepulchrum Christi Domini is especially interesting: this is in fact a German-
language work based on a libretto that was circulating in the 1720s, under two
separate titles: first, as Desperati peccatori a moriente Jesu restituta vita, das ist: Das
durch den Todt Jesu dem verzweifflenden Sünder wider beygebrachte Leben, it was set
to music in 1721 by the imperial organist and composer Johann Georg reinhardt,
becoming the earliest oratorio performed in Brünn (Brno).137 second, as Reumütige
Bekehrung Deß Sünders Bey den Füssen deß für ihn am Stammen deß Heilgen Creuzes
sterbenden JESU CHRISTI, the libretto of which was printed in Prague for a
performance at the st nicholas Jesuit church on Good Friday 1727.138 no
composer is given there, but the title page notes that this was a work previously
134 little is known about the original court chapel in Feldsberg, where private services for the
136 “Bescheid deß Jacob richter fürst. laqueÿ d[e]:d[ato]: neüschloss den 27 Maÿ [1]729. umb die
Feldsperger organisten stelle. | Fiat, wie unterth[änigst]. gebetten, und threu Wier dem
suppl[ikan]ten die expectanz auf die Feldsperger organisten stelle beÿ [...] Pfarkirche hiemit
g[nä]d[i]g[st]. ertheillen”; HalW, H 2335 Feldsberg, Pfarre und Schule Feldsberg 1705-1732, f. 170a. this
position opened up when the 63-year-old leonard Hagen died on 18 February 1741. Hagen had been
playing the organ from at least 1709 as the successor to Johann Joseph legler, who also served as
Stadtschreiber. Jacob richter served as organist until his death in 1759.
137 Jana sPÁČIloVÁ, Unbekannte Brünner Oratorien neapolitanischer Komponisten vor 1740,
– 35 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
heard in the imperial court chapel, so reinhardt could again be the author,
although no work with that name by the composer is known. Pichler, in contrast,
set only the first part of the same libretto and shortened the text considerably –
unless, of course, a second part for the work is lost. soprano, alto and tenor take
the main roles, the bass performing only in the final chorus. If the work was in
fact composed for the liechtenstein musicians, in all probability following the
productions in Vienna and Prague, we gain a small insight into performance
conditions in Feldsberg.
an inventory of the church music in the esterházy collection, prepared in
1737-1738 by the Kapellmeister Georg Joseph Werner – who was doubtless familiar
with Pichler from his time in Vienna in the 1720s – lists under his name an
untitled Mass, the offertory O angenehme Zeitung, the vesper psalms Lauda Jesu:
[Jerusalem] and Nisi Dominus, one litany, and two advent and Christmas songs
for soprano: O Maria Himmelsfreude and Ihr hürten [Hirten] in feldern.139 a copy of
the last-mentioned work was listed as Pastorella De Nativitate Dom. nostri Jesu
Christi in the 1751 inventory of the music collection of the Herzogenburg
monastery in austria, alongside another Christmas pastorella, a setting of the
Litaniae Lauretanae, a Mottetto De Virgine and a copy of the Göttweig oratorio.140
the Benedictine abbey in ottobeuren in Germany possesses a Missa S:cti Placidi
Martyris for four voices, two violins, violone and organ by “sign. Pichler Musico
austriaco Vienn.”;141 another copy of the same Mass is attributed to Pichler in the
music collection of the lambach abbey in austria.142 a third copy of the same
Mass in the hand of the composer, violinist and collector Joseph anton sehling
is held under the title of Missa Magnus Dominus et laudabilis nimis by the music
archive of the Metropolitan Cathedral of st Vitus housed in Prague castle.143
It does not come as a surprise to find many listings of works by Pichler in
Bohemian and Moravian collections and inventories. the liechtenstein princes
had strong connections with many of the religious orders in these lands, as can
be seen from the monthly and annual payments made to the various monasteries
and churches. Pichler very likely maintained contacts with some of the regentes
chori and music directors in these centres and supplied them with copies of the
sacred music he composed for the liechtenstein court and later for other noble
princes. leaving aside sehling, Pichler’s sacred works were possessed by other
important musical personalities in Bohemia at that time. For example, the music
139
Janos HarICH, Inventare der Esterházy-Hofmusikkapelle in Eisenstadt, “Haydn-Jahrbuch”, 9, 1975,
pp. 22-31.
140
Catalogus Selectiorum Musicalium chori Ducumburgensis quibus accedunt: Instrumenta musica
Diarium Cantus Figuralis aliarumque functionum Musicae totius Anni. Index Generalis Catalogi conscripti
Anno 1751; A-Wn, Mus.Hs.9026 [typewritten copy]. the five Pichler works once held at this monastery
are now missing. I wish to thank the music archivist, H. ulrich Mauterer, for replying to my queries.
141 D-OB, Mo 695. this copy is incorrectly attributed to Placidus Maria Pichler in rIsM; see below.
– 36 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
150 A-KR, C 1/602. this Mass is listed in raymond Hug’s thematic catalogue of works by this
composer as HugV I, 40. donberger would have been aged only twenty-two at the time, but he had
already initiated his compositional career. I wish to thank alistair Kidd for this information.
151 A-GÖ, Ms 738. I wish to thank Bernhard rameder at the Göttweig abbey for this information.
152 H-P, z 17, “Missa ex d#”. Between 1759 and 1781 this Mass received eleven performances in Pécs.
154 WolFGanG Horn, Die Dresdner Hofkirchenmusik 1720-1745: Studien zu ihren Voraussetzungen und
– 37 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
156
A-WIL, 744.
157
A-WIL, 742. Copies of this litany are preserved in Pécs: H-P, P 29; and in lambach, as A-LA, 1684.
158
A-WIL, 743.
159
A-LA, M 94. the abbey also holds a partita for two violins and bass attributed to antonio
Padovani, shelfmark A-LA, 163. the same work is listed as the third item in a set of six sonatas
composed by Pichler offered for sale in the Breitkopf catalogue of 1762: Trii a Violino. VI. sonate a
due Violini et Basso, di PICHler. in Vienna. [number] III; Catalogo dei Soli, Duetti, Trii e Concerti per
il Violino, cit., p. 23.
160 this copy is currently held by the Czech Museum of Music, as CZ-Pnm, VM 412. Its former
studium des Lautenspiels in Böhmen), “Miscellanea Musicologica”, 21-23, 1970, pp. 153-170; eMIl VoGl,
Eine Kirchenmusik mit Lautenbegleitung in Böhmen, “Hudební věda”, 9/1, 1972, pp. 42-48. Vogl includes
a table showing the bars used and the manner of their combination.
162 D-ROu, Mus.saec.XVIII:65|6,d8; Mus.saec.XVIII:65|6,y1.
165 I am indebted to Markus lutz, who kindly made me aware of this composition and supplied
copies of both articles and the music. the concordances can be seen in the online database of lute
music, a remarkable research tool maintained by lutz and Peter steur: <http://mss.slweiss.de/>.
– 38 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
Johann Melchior’s compositional activities in both the secular and the sacred
domains, it seems reasonable to propose that he is the author of the Aria tempore
adventus producenda.
Finally, the inventory of the Cistercian monastery in osek, compiled by
Florian Burian in 1720-1733, lists six further works of Pichler, both sacred and
secular,166 that were doubtless composed with the liechtenstein musicians in
mind, plus a work for solo bass singer by Piarelli. It is especially interesting to
see that two of Pichler’s instrumental works are listed on separate pages of the
inventory alongside two works by Vivaldi. this might be mere coincidence, but
it could also suggest in addition that the pieces arrived in the collection at the
same time, most likely from Vienna or Feldsberg.
Works by Pichler and Piarelli in the inventory of the osek monastery, 1720-1733
on 20 July 1731 a privilege was granted in Paris to a s[ieu]r Girard for 6 years
from 19 July for “plusieurs sonates pour la flûte traversière, le violon seul et la
basse, par le s[ieu]r Piclaire”.167 nothing seems to have become of this publication
at the time, but if it did, it has left no trace. nevertheless, this is an example of
the attention the music of Pichler was receiving during this period, and this
esteem must have reflected well on his employer, Joseph Johann adam. In fact,
the prince was so pleased with his music director that he raised his annual salary
to 700 florins in 1731 – at a time when he was seeking ways to cut costs by
lowering the wages of, or dismissing, some of his servants.168
166
the catalogue of Florian Burian, choirmaster of the Cistercian monastery at osek, is held by
the Czech Museum of Music: CZ-Pnm, 65/52.2, Index Musicaliorum Vetera, et Nova, or Catalogus
Musicaliorum / Anno 1720, in Ordinem / digestus ab eodem, / à quo / et Anno 1733 est renovatus.
167
MICHel Brenet, La Librairie Musicale en France de 1653 à 1790 d’après les Registres de privilèges,
“sammelbande der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft”, 8, 1906-1907, p. 433.
168
several salary lists from c. 1730 and 1731 document the supplement of 100 florins to Pichler’s
salary and contain advice on how the court could save money; HalW, H 58, loc. cit., unfoliated.
– 39 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
the one important domain to which Pichler evidently did not contribute was
secular vocal music, for to date no arias or cantatas have been found bearing his
name. Indeed, this might be one of the reasons why Joseph Johann adam
approached Vivaldi during the sojourn of the Italian composer in Vienna in late
1729 and early 1730: he was looking for an external maestro di cappella who could
supply him with secular vocal music for the chamber and the stage.
the earliest sources alluding to a theatre in Feldsberg date from the late
seventeenth-century.169 today, there seems to be a consensus that the theatre was
renovated or even rebuilt in the mid-to-late 1720s, possibly by antonio Beduzzi,
who is perhaps best known for having designed the Kärntnertortheater in Vienna
in 1708. Preparations made for the performance of a comedy emerge from the
1728 accounts tabulated above, and letters from Feldsberg in the early 1730s
mention comedies performed there, almost certainly in the “Hoff theatre”, as
this building was referred to in the late 1740s (see below). a new theatre was built
in 1790 by prince alois I of liechtenstein, but it is unclear whether this was a
renovated or entirely new building. In 2015-2016 the theatre was reconstructed,
having been demolished in the years following the second World War.
Joseph Johann adam was certainly interested in opera and comedy, as
confirmed by a contract he signed with the company of the singer and impresario
baron Francesco Ballerini in 1726 for the lease of a box in the Kärntnertortheater.170
In 1728, and possibly even earlier, the prince appears to have actualized a long-
term plan to establish his own group of singers, when he sent antonia Paganelli,
the daughter of his cellist Vincenzo, to study with Joseph timmer. another young
singer whose education was very likely sponsored by Joseph Johann adam was
the alto Barbara Bongardin (Boungardin), the daughter of Carl Joseph Bongard,
an old and trusted accountant of the liechtenstein family. It is possible that other
vocal students were being taught at the expense of the liechtenstein court at the
time, and some of the lackey-musicians must have carried out singing duties as
well.171
through his appointment as imperial principal-commissary for the Fürstentag
held in Breslau Joseph Johann adam established a relationship with the opera
company in that city, which included in its ranks some fine musicians. In 1729
the impresario santo Burigotti dedicated antonio Bioni’s carnival opera La Fede
tradita e vendicata to the prince at a time when Burigotti was desperately seeking
169
Payments to “Matthias opus vor Mahlung des theatrium zur Comedia im schloß / Feldsberg
[...]” and for “zusammenähung 93 ellen rohe leinwand zum Comedia theatrio” were made on 3
december 1696; these are cited in an unpublished study of the theatre in Feldsberg: HalW, K 70
Kunst: Archivalien zur Geschichte der Sammlungen, theater, “Haustheater, unpubliz. aufsatz von H. Bohatta
[typewritten copy]”, p. 2.
170 “Contratto della loggia del Primo ordine n.o 28. venduta da me Privilegiatario, e Compagni
à s: a: il sig:re Prencipe Giuseppe di liecttistein Cavaliere dell’Insigne ordine del toson d’oro & &
questo di 28. Febr.o 1726. con le seguenti condizioni”; loc. cit., Vienna, 28 February 1726, unfoliated.
171 the prince also employed a comedian named renaldus ludovicus Paltraner during this period,
and this man may also have doubled as a singer. He died in Feldsberg on 24 december 1730.
– 40 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
a new sponsor for his financially troubled group. the begging tone of the
libretto’s dedication suggests as much: “[...] mit der gehorsamsten zuversicht,
eure durchl. werden diejenigen Bemühungen mit angestambter Milde und
Güttigkeit anzusehen geruhen, so die allhiesigen aus Italien mit großer Mühe
und Kosten hereingebrachte Virtuosen und Virtuosinnen hervorzubringen
bemühet sein werden”.172 While Joseph Johann adam did not take the opera
company under his wing, he did reward impresario, composer and singers alike
with a large one-time payment of 400 florins.173 Further contact followed, and
when it was time for young Paganelli to continue her music education the prince
sent her to Breslau, where the Florentine soprano castrato Giovanni dreyer
became her teacher.
a letter dated 6 March 1730 sent by dreyer from Breslau, which informs
Joseph Johann adam of the progress of his student, has great contextual
importance for the present study, since it reveals that the prince planned to make
antonia sing in his “operas and serenatas”. through his agent in Breslau, count
Proskau, the prince had requested that she be sent back to Feldsberg, probably
in order for her to arrive there by mid-March. according to dreyer, however, she
was not yet ready, and the teacher asked whether the young singer could remain
with him until the end of July.174 an accompanying invoice from dreyer, listing
172 Hans HeInrICH BorCHerdt, Geschichte der italienischen Oper in Breslau, “zeitschrift des Vereins
Breßlau. [...] Ihr werdet gleich nach erhallt dieses Vier Hundert Gulden rein: zu dem H. Grafen von
Berg tragen und solche Ihme behänding, nebst deme aber von unß ein Höfl:es Comp.t außrichten, mit
dem beÿhang daß weillen er es also Verlanget hätte, wir Ihme sothanes regale vor die sammentl.n
Operisten umb damit derselbte die repartition hernach machen könte [...]”; HalW, H 58, loc. cit., Groß-
Glogau, 15 February 1729, unfoliated. another instruction acknowledges the prince’s appreciation
of the musicians in Breslau: “Wir haben wegen der unß von den Operisten dedicirt worden Opera undt
Music, beÿ unserer daselbstigen Cassa vor den Impressario, Compositore und gesambten Operisten Vier
Hundert gulden pro regali assigniret, und diese auf verlangen dem H. Graffen v. Berg zu machen
können repartition behändig lassen; Ihnen demnach euch dieses zu dem ende notificren, auf daß Ihro
ein solches nicht nur unseren H. von schwager dem Graffen Proskau melden sondern es auch zugleich
datu occasione dene Operisten bekandt machen sollet melden”; loc. cit., letter to Stallmeister Wenzel
Wanczura, Groß-Glogau, 15 February 1729, unfoliated.
174 “altezza. nel approssimarsi il Giorno festivo del Patriarca s: Giuseppe Giorno Glorioso del
nome di V: alt: non manco come uno de suoi più infimi servitori, di augurarle dal cielo tutto quel
che merita la benignità e clemenza sua, sò che e troppa temerità la mia di scrivere direttamente ad
un sig:re si Grande, mà fidatomi della sua Gentilezza, prendo ardire di attediarla con questo miei
Importuni caratteri, e nel Istesso tempo supplicarla à dar ordine, che mi siano qui Pagati li contanti,
che in questa Inclusa carta troverà. Io non averei ardito questo mà avendo, inteso dal sig: Conte di
Proscao, che V:a altezza farà in poco tempo Prender la sig:ra antonia p[er] farla alle sue opere &
serenate cantare, io anticipo, p[er] potere prima della sua partenza sadisfare quello che p[er]
comando di V: alt:e deve la sudd:a sig:ra p[er] le mie deboli fatiche non ardisco parlare rimettendomi
In tutto alla sua Gran Generosità, e à quelle Grazie che tante volte si degnò promettermi. e se Vostr’
altezza volesse comandare che la sud:a s: antonia restasse ancora à studiare sino alla fine di luglio,
io stesso mi prenderei p[er] un onore, di ricondurla ove, Vostr’altezza mi comandasse, e nel medemo
– 41 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
the cost of her education, a harpsichord master, a harpsichord tuner, a box at the
opera and librettos for the Breslau operas, is another informative document:175
When, exactly, antonia returned is not known, but a large payment for her
board was made in Breslau on behalf of the liechtenstein treasury in May.176
Perhaps she had travelled to Feldsberg in March, only to return shortly
afterwards to the tutelage of dreyer. It is certainly no coincidence that Joseph
Johann adam requested her presence in Feldsberg in the middle of March 1730,
since he seems to have been planning an imminent musical event, most likely to
be held on his name-day, 19 March. six days earlier, albert radler had informed
the accountant Bongard, then in Vienna, that the prince wished his daughter
Barbara to travel immediately to Feldsberg, and that “she should not forget to
bring along her arias”.177 Moreover, on 8 January a pass was issued to the oboist
Cavallari for a trip to Venice, but he was obliged to return by March on expiry of
the pass.178
tempo sarei fortunato in poter faciar la reste à Vostr’altezza et alla sig:ra Principessa sua degnissima
Consorte. attenderò frà tanto li suoi stimatissimi comandi, e col desiderio di viver sempre qual mi
sott:o con farle Profond:a reverenza resto”; HalW, K 52 Kultur/Kunst: Livrée bis Seidenzeug (u. a. Musik),
Musik, letter of Giovanni dreyer to Joseph Johann adam, Breslau, 6 March 1730, unfoliated.
175
Loc. cit.
176
“eur. Hochfürst: durch., gnädig ertheilten Ordre zu folge, habe so gleich, wegen der in der
Kost dahier beÿ dem Kaÿser: saltz ambts Contralor Herrn Klose, gewesene sängerin Antonia
Paganellin laut eingesanten Berechnungen, an die Interessenten mit siebenhundert und zweÿ Gulden
55 xr. bezahlt, und solche berechnungen unterschreibener an H. Johan Jacob Hautzenberg nach Wien
übersandt, da er aus der Haupt Cassa es sich bonificiren laßen wird”; HalW, K 52, loc. cit., letter of
andreas von Wehner to Joseph Johann adam, Breslau, 1 May 1730, unfoliated. antonia Paganelli is
referred to as “unserer Hof singerin antonia” in the accompanying documents, dated neuschloß,
26 Juny 1730.
177
“auf Ihro durch. gnädigstem befehl solte dem selben hiemit vermelden, wie daß sie die
Jungfrau tochter gleich nach empfang dieses sollen herauß schicken, damit sie auf Josephi allhier ist,
Ihren aufenthalt wird sie beÿ Ihro gnaden der Freule v: Geÿerin haben, sie soll auch nicht Vergessen
Ihre Arien mit zu bringen, empfehle mich in behasliche gewogenheit vor welche ich stets verbleiben
werde”; HalW, H 62 Verwaltung – Personale in genere A-D, Bongard, Karl Joseph, letter of radler to
Bongard, Feldsberg, 13 March 1730.
178
“Giordano Cavallari lateÿnisch Passport [...] latori harum Jordano Cavallari Veneto aulae
nostrae musicis in Patriam reditum, ibidemus usque ad kalendas Martÿ [...]”; HalW, K 52, loc. cit.,
Vienna, 8 January 1730, unfoliated.
– 42 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
the movements of Joseph Johann adam back and forth between Vienna and
Feldsberg around this time can be tracked through the circular letters and orders
he signed for the running of his estates. He left Feldsberg for Vienna in the second
half of december 1729 and stayed in the imperial capital during most of carnival
1730: he must have been present many times in his box in the Kärntnertortheater
for Vivaldi’s Argippo. By 20 February the prince had returned to Feldsberg – but
only for a short visit – and he came back to Vienna two days later. on 4 March
he was once again back in Feldsberg, where he remained until 27 March. Given
that at some point during this period Joseph Johann adam appointed Vivaldi his
maestro di cappella, the most obvious scenario is that the composer travelled with
the prince to Feldsberg after the carnival to meet the musicians in his service,
both singers and instrumentalists, in order to be able to supply him with
appropriately customized works. While there, and/or in Vienna, Vivaldi could
have established a working relationship with Pichler for this purpose.
It is entirely possible that some of the works Vivaldi copied out on Bohemian
paper were composed and performed during this conjectural visit to Feldsberg.179
and what about the concertos for two horns, rV 538,180 and its somewhat unusual
counterpart rV 539, with its cello solo in the Largo movement? Both works are
estimated by ryom to date from c. 1730-1731. Was this music written with young
Hampel and zenzinger – plus Paganelli – in mind?181 In any case, after he had
arrived back in Venice in June 1730, Vivaldi must have sent some music to his
new patron, which Pichler would then have prepared for performance.
admittedly, in view of the paucity of sources linking the Prete Rosso to the
liechtenstein prince, this is only speculation. the sole concrete evidence of their
connection remains the 1731 Farnace libretto, which declares the composer to be
the maestro di cappella of Joseph Johann adam.
In april 1729 the prince suffered another personal tragedy when princess
Maria anna Katharina passed away in the silesian city of Groß-Glogau (Głogów,
Poland). Five months later he had remarried: to the 22-year-old countess Maria
anna Kottulinsky, whom he described as a “damme douè d’une grande beauté
et merite tout particular” in a letter to his brother-in-law, count Friedrich august
Harrach.182 Count Harrach’s consort Maria eleonore, who was a guest, together
with their daughter rosa, in Feldsberg in the autumn of 1731, left many anecdotes
179 Paul eVerett, Vivaldi’s Bohemian Manuscripts, “Journal of the society for Musicology in Ireland”,
anton von sporck have been questioned; see rasHId-s. PeGaH, Musikalische Unterhaltung in Porto
Mantovano und ein Böhmischer Lautenspieler in Berlin: Notizen zu Interpreten Vivaldis Argippo-Pasticcio,
“studi vivaldiani”, 12, 2012, pp. 42-43.
182 A-Wava, Harrach in spec. 550.36 liechtenstein, Prinz Josef Johann adam, Korrespondenz mit
Friedrich august Harrach, 1728-1731, letter of Joseph Johann adam to Friedrich august Harrach,
Groß-Glogau, 6 august 1729, unfoliated.
– 43 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
concerning her brother and his consort in her regular letters to her husband.
according to Maria eleonore, who often sang with her sister-in-law while in
Feldsberg, Maria anna accompanied herself on the keyboard and had “une tres
petite voix, mais une fort jolie metodes”.183 We also learn from her letters that
musicians from the Hofmusikkapelle were invited to Feldsberg to perform as
guests: “l’on dits que la pisani chantera a la music qui se fait toujour l’apres diner
[...]”.184 this is a reference to the soprano Barbara Pisani, who was engaged by
the emperor that year.
some time during the summer of 1731 Joseph Johann adam fell seriously ill,
and it seems he never fully recovered. the Munich newspaper reported that the
emperor had sent two of his personal physicians to Feldsberg to care for the
prince,185 who regained his health but, it seems, only temporarily. Maria eleonore
described the frail health of her brother when she arrived in Feldsberg in the
beginning of september: “Je suis arrivé hier au soir tres heuresement, jaÿ trouvé
mon frere beaucoup engraissé und kleinmütig, comme vous le connoisse dans
ses maladie”.186 despite his illness, Joseph Johann adam put on a brave face
during the visit of Francis louis of neuburg, archbishop-elector of Mainz and
prince-bishop of Breslau, in october 1731. thanks to his sister, we are well
informed about the visit of the noble guest and the great welcome he received,
displayed in the magnificent banquets and fine music played by the liechtenstein
court musicians:187
ce 8 du matins je suis a la toilette pour me depecher tant que je puis car à onze heure
nous aurons la messe, pour pouvoir diner dabord apres pour raport a la chasse, je
trouve l’electeur bien cassé, on le mene dun coté et de lautre ils sapui sur sa cane, c’est
un seigneur fort gratieux, jaÿ jouë avec lui aux piquet, et lui aÿ gagné 5 f[lorins]. ils
loge dans les apartement de ma belle soeur que vous connoissez, le soupé estoit
magnifique et la musique tres bonnes […].
a document listing the servants who were provided with ‘drinking money’
(gratuities) during that year, names the following musicians, who very likely
played in Feldsberg on this occasion:188
183 A-Wava, Harrach in spec 532.7 Harrach, loc. cit., Maria eleonore to Friedrich august Harrach,
185 “der regierende Fürst Joseph von liechtenstein ist ganz kürzlich sehr unpäßlich gewesen / so
daß 2. Kayserl. leib Medici nach Feldsperg zu ihme abgehollet worde seynd / dermahlen aber solle
er sich wider besser befinden”; Mercurii relation. oder Wochentliche ordinari-zeitungen. num. 42.
anno 1731. littera s s 20. october, sambstägige extra-zeitungen auß Wienn / Madritt / rom [...].
Wienn / den 16. october 1731, unpaginated.
186 A-Wava, Harrach in spec 532.7, loc. cit, letter of Maria eleonore to Friedrich august Harrach,
unfoliated.
188 “Repartition. uber in anno 1731 eingekommenes trinckhgelder pr eintausendt sechs-Hundert-
Funfftzig gulden, als [...]”; HalW, K 50 Kultur/Kunst: Bildhauer bis Kammerdiener (u. a. Guardarobainventare),
– 44 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
Pichler 30
albert radler 30
Maliar [Malliard] 16
Bagganeli [Paganelli] 16
Kuchlmeister trompetter 11
ludwig [streiber] fagotist 11
reinisch 11
Changes made to the chamber music personnel in 1731 are reflected in the
same document. earlier that year Piarelli left for salzburg, where he took up a
position as a valet and flautist at the court of the count and prince-archbishop
leopold anton Firmian. He served there until his death on 30 october 1743.189
Cavallari also left some time during 1731.190 He surfaces again in 1745 as the
music director at the court of Charles august, prince of nassau-Weilburg.191
Guarderobe, unfoliated. of the seventeen lackeys mentioned in this document, we know that at least
thirteen, if not all, were musicians; these men, too, could have taken some part in the Feldsberg
concerts.
189
“Biarelle, Johann Franz”, in ernst HInterMaIer, Die Salzburger Hofkapelle von 1700 bis 1806:
Organisation und Personal (dissertation, university of salzburg), salzburg, 1972, pp. 17-18. the
marriage record of Piarelli from the parish church of st Jakob in Innsbruck, dated 16 september 1731,
lists the flautist as “salzburgischer Kammerdiener und Hofmusiccompositor”; ibid, p. 18, note 9.
Hintermaier expresses doubt about Piarelli’s compositional activities during his service in salzburg,
since no works by him are preserved there, but as we have already seen, he did indeed compose both
sacred and secular music. Piarelli was the only flute-player listed in the official court calendars of the
salzburg prince-bishops during the entire eighteenth century. an anonymous painting of a flute-
player, believed to be Piarelli, framed by a flower and fruit wreath, is owned by the superiorat Maria
Plain in salzburg; see Heinrich Franz Biber. Musik und Kultur im hochbarocken Salzburg. Studien und
Quellen, eds Petrus eder and ernst Hinermaier, salzburg, selke Verlag, 1994, Katalogteil, pp. 251-252
(a reproduction of the painting appears as tafel VIII). Piarelli’s approximate year of birth, 1698, is
given in Johann Michael Haydn und Salzburg, 1763-1806: ein Vademecum durch die Johann-Michael-
Haydn-Gedenkstätte, ed. Petrus eder, salzburg, Johann-Michael-Haydn-Gesellschaft salzburg,
Konsistorialarchiv salzburg, 1995, p. 17.
190 a salary document, dated Vienna, 18 July 1731, lists “Cavallari, ietzt ein ander | 200 [f.]”;
HalW, H 58, loc. cit., unfoliated. an undated (late 1730?) “Besoldungs lista. deren sament. ober und
unter officiren auch frauen zimmer”, lists the liechtenstein musicians before Cavallari and Piarelli
left service: “Compositor Büchler | 600 [f.] | Trompeter | Christian Kuchlmeister | 150 [f.] | Paul Gripl
| 150 [f.] | Musici | Beiarel [Piarelli] | 200 [f.] | Jordan Cavalari | 200 [f.] | ludwig streiber Fagotist 200
[f.]”; loc. cit., unfoliated.
191 the very curious tale of Cavallari as a treasure hunter is found in many publications of the
time: late in 1745, he asked the prince to allow him to dig under the walls of a former monastery in
rothenkirchen, rheinland-Pfalz, because of an apparition that had appeared many times at that
location. there, “M. Cavallari, first musician of my serene master, and by birth a Venetian”, found
“some little earthen pots full of gold pieces, all these pieces finer than the ducats of the fourteenth
and fifteenth century generally are”. the story is recounted by Cavallari’s unnamed fellow digger
(who had for his share 666 gold pieces), in a letter written on 1 January 1747 to “M. schopfflein,
Professor of History and eloquence at strasburg” (of whom we will hear more of later in this article),
cited in: auGustIne CalMet, The Phantom World: The History and Philosophy of Spirits, &c., &c.,
Philadelphia, Hart, 1850, pp. 154-155.
– 45 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
Whether Piarelli and Cavallari left of their own accord or were ‘let go’ is not clear,
but since the beginning of 1730 Joseph Johann adam had been trying to curb the
rising costs of his Hofstaat. one new musician was hired in their place: Johann
Maillard, the youngest son of the imperial bassoonist Carl Maillard. Which
instrument he played is not recorded in the sources, but he most probably played
the bassoon like his brother anton, who succeeded his father in the
Hofmusikkapelle in 1733. Johann soon was promoted to the position of a valet
alongside radler, who now acted in addition as the steward of the Feldsberg
palace.
a document prepared early in 1733, listing those who were to be dismissed
and the money saved in the process, shows that at the time of his death in
december 1732 Joseph Johann adam had seven music students on his books.192
unfortunately, no court record exists of their names, but we may make a fair
guess who they were by examining the Feldsberg hospital registers. one of these
might be the sixteen-year-old Franciscus Janner (Janer), “ein Musicus undt Fürstl.
renner jung”, from Groß-Glogau who was treated for leg cramps in august and
september 1728: because of his young age, he was probably still learning his
trade. Perhaps this young musician performed for Joseph Johann adam during
one of his visits to Groß-Glogau and was considered promising enough to be sent
to Feldsberg to continue his musical studies. Franciscus Kühn (Kün, Kien),
“scolar beÿ den allhiesigen Fürsten”, from eisenberg (ruda nad Moravou) in
Moravia might be another one: as an eighteen-year-old, he was admitted for
treatment for scabies on 15 october 1730. Franciscus derch, “ein scholar alhier
beÿ dem Hr. Büchler, alt 16 Jahr”, was registered in the hospital records on 22
august 1732. as a student of the music director, he must have played the violin.
the sixteen-year-old Christian roller, brother of the lackey, instrument tuner and
Vice-Bauschreiber anton roller from Meedl (Medlov) in Moravia (listed in the 1728
accounts; see above),193 is first mentioned in the hospital records on 7 november
1732 as yet another youngster suffering from the dreaded scabies. He is also
named in liechtenstein accounts in 1733 as a “Music scollar”,194 and again in the
hospital registers on 5 January 1734, now simply as Musicus. the seventeen-year-
old “Capellenjung” Joannes Mahr who was admitted on 12 september 1732 is
192
“Besoldungs lista. deren sambentlichen Hochfürstlichen ober und unter officiren auch
andern bedienten, alß [...] | soll erspahret werden | Musici | ludwig streiber | 200 [f.] | 7 Music
Schollaren zu der kleinen Mundur einer Jährlich 16 fr. st. | 112 [f.]”; HalW, H 58, loc. cit., unfoliated.
193
anton roller later served as an “einnehmer” at the liechtenstein estate of Plumenau (Plumlov)
in Moravia. He died there in 1747. the student Franciscus Khün is also listed in the church registers
of this town.
194
“Kostgeld d. off: und Bedienten. [...] | nr. 525 | Cassa nro 78 | den 25.ten Jan dem Music Scollar
Christian roller von 29ten Xbr [1]732. bis 25ten dießes [January 1733] a 17 xr | 5 [f.] | 48 [xr]”; HalW
K 453 Joseph Wenzel v. Liechtenstein: Vormundschaft über Johann Nepomuk Karl, Rechnungen I., 1733-1740,
Hochfürstlich Johann Carl lichtensteinische Vormundschaffts Haubt Cassa rechnung von 1.ten Jan.
bis letzten Xbr. ao 1733, f. 19.
– 46 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
surely one of the young boys sent to Feldsberg for musical studies. Finally, a
young “scholar beÿ I.d.F.”, who must have possessed some talent, was Joseph
Moßer (Moser), who suffered from chest ailments when first admitted to the
hospital on 18 november 1732. Born on 18 december 1713 in ebergassing, as the
son of anton Florian’s Hofgartner Michael and his wife Maria,195 young Moßer
went on to have a long career at the liechtenstein court. He almost certainly
played an instrument, but which one is not known.
employing so many musicians and music students shows that Joseph Johann
adam harboured great ambitions for his ever growing musical establishment.
Instruments were being purchased and maintained. at some point in 1732 the
prince received another delivery from stadlmann, who was one of the finest
luthiers in Vienna. an invoice of 113 florins, awaiting Pichler’s approval,
remained unpaid at the end of the year.196 a new horn was bought from Johann
leichamschneider,197 and oboe reeds were supplied by the imperial oboist
andreas Wittmann (Widmann).198 Payments were still being made for the
maintenance and education of antonia Paganelli,199 and Christian roller received
money for travel and board probably relating to a journey from Feldsberg to
Vienna for further studies. the prince also made his annual payment for
membership of the Viennese Cecilian congregation, founded in 1725 by musicians
of the Hofmusikkapelle and other lovers and patrons of music.200
all this musical activity sadly came to an end between 10 and 11 in the
morning of 17 december 1732, when Joseph Johann adam passed away in
Feldsberg after a long illness.201 exequies for the prince were held from 14 to 17
geigenmacher unter approbation des Music Directoris – 113 [f.] | 9. [xr].”; HalW K 427 Joseph Johann
Adam v. Liechtenstein: Vormundschaftsrechnung Johann N. Karl, 1690-1732, unfoliated. only 8 florins of
this debt were paid back in 1733: “denen Handtwergs leuthen, als [...] Geÿgen Machern. nr. 920 |
Cassa nro 307 | dem daniel stadlmann Geÿgenmachern einen außzügl pro [1]732. nach gemachten
8 f. 9 xr. abb: | 105 [f.]”; HalW K 453, loc. cit., unfoliated.
197 “extra und untterschiedliche außgaaben. [...] nr. 1040 | dem Johann leichnamb schneider
vor gelieferte Jäger Horn und anderes einen außzugl pro [1]732 nach gemachten 4. f. 28 xr abbruch
bezahlt | 29 [f.]”; HalW K 453, loc. cit., unfoliated.
198 “nr. 1050 | Cassa nro 323 | dem andres Wittmann vor gelieferte Huboÿ röhr 2 [f]. | 48 [xr]”;
Geld und außlag vor die Junge Paganellin von 26 9br [1]732. bis 26 Maÿ [1]733. 50 [f.] | 19 [xr]”;
HalW K 453, loc. cit., Hochfürstlich Johann Carl lichtensteinische Vormundschaffts Haubt Cassa
rechnung von 1.ten Jan. bis letzten Xbr. ao 1733, f. 19. the identity of the person who received payment
for antonia’s living expenses is unknown. at all events, it was not the famous Italian singer and
composer anna Bon, who was born only in 1743.
200 “extra und untterschiedliche außgaaben. [...] nr. 1033 | Cassa nro 323 | der Musicalischen
Congregation pro ao [1]732 zahlt | 2 [f.]”; HalW K 453, loc. cit., unfoliated.
201 an emotional letter written on 15 december by princess Maria anna to her brother-in-law,
count Harrach, describes the violent fever that had led to the death of the prince: “Mon cher marÿ
– 47 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
January 1733, for which the musicians were paid 150 florins.202 a solemn
requiem, doubtless a composition by Pichler, was performed on that occasion.
the body of Joseph Johann adam was later interred in the liechtenstein family
crypt in Wranau (Vranov u Brna) in Moravia.
vous embrasse; il a prit la fievre hier, qui étoit méme assés violante, aujourd huÿ c’est le bon jours,
mais il ne fait que dormir et est extrement abatuë, il faut voir comment le jour de demain serat, j’espere
avec la grace du bon dieu, que puisque sa maladie c’est enfin determiné; qu’il serat tant plus aisée
aux docteurs de le geurir car la premiere fois quand sutner étoit ici; il n’avoit que ces assoupissement
extreme; et point d’apetit, il luÿ avoit ordonné des medecines pour 40 jours, et a present qu’il a pris
30 jours exactement voila la fievre decla[...] vous pouvé juger dans quelle peine et ambarat je me
trouve, surtout craignant que sutner ne pourat venir étant malade luÿ méme jaÿ sependant envoÿe
querir M. le docteur tam, qui connoit aussi la complexion de mon marÿ depuis plusieurs année”;
A-Wava, Harrach in spec 551.3 liechtenstein, Prinzessin Maria anna, Korrespondenz mit Friedrich
august Harrach, 1728-1745, letter of Maria anna to Friedrich august Harrach, Feldsberg, 15 december
1732, unfoliated.
202 “Funeral-unkosten vor die Musicanten | 150 f.”; HalW, K 425 Joseph Johann Adam v.
– 48 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
Plans for the new and much-reduced court of Johann nepomuk Charles, the
eight-year-old son of Joseph Johann adam and heir of the house of liechtenstein,
were put in place by his cousin Joseph Wenzel,203 who acted as guardian of the
young prince and his estates until he reached his majority. Many of Joseph
203 Joseph Wenzel was one of the great generals of the eighteenth century: his decisive victory
against the Franco-spanish armies at Piacenza in 1746 during the War of austrian succession was
legendary. the prince later reformed the artillery division of the austrian army, partly out of his own
pocket. Charles VI, Maria theresa and Francis stephen all entrusted him with important diplomatic
missions. during Joseph Wenzel’s visit to naples in 1725 music was performed in his honour, as
reported by Johann Joachim Quantz: “dem Fürsten von lichtenstein, welcher sich, nebst seiner
Gemahlin, zu dieser zeit in neapolis aufhielt, zu ehren, wurden von den größten des landes, einige
Concerte angestellet: zu welchen, nebst Hassen, dem Farinello, der tesi, und den Francischello, auch
ich hatte gezogen zu werden”; JoHann JoaCHIM Quantz, “Herrn Johann Joachim Quantzens
lebenslauf von ihm selbst entworfen”, in FrIedrICH WIlHelM MarPurG, Historisch-kritische Beyträge
zur Aufnahme der Musik, 8 vols, Berlin, lange, 1754-1778, vol. 1, pp. 229-230. the archival sources
relating to Joseph Wenzel’s court and finances are fragmentary and await further study, but salary
lists of his Hofstaat from c. 1750 and later do not specifically mention any musicians. However, some
of his servants, such as the valet Joseph Moßer, very probably played music.
– 49 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
Johann adam’s servants were dismissed or relocated. the music director Pichler
was released from service: his future activities are discussed below. the chamber
musicians streiber and Paganelli also lost their positions. the former passed away
in Feldsberg on 1 october 1744, and the latter’s petition for a pension seems to
have fallen on deaf ears.204 He died a widower in Feldsberg on 27 september 1734.
His two orphaned sons, Joseph and Francesco, were still living in the town in the
late 1730s and early 1740s, as recorded in the hospital registers. Funding for the
music education of their sister antonia dried up, and in 1733 she became a
chamber servant of the young prince. two years later, on 19 July 1735, supported
by a generous donation from the liechtenstein court, she married an imperial
army trumpet-player.205 the alto Barbara Bongardin left for Würzburg, where
she served as a court singer until at least 1746.
of the seventeen lackeys, only five remained in the service of Johann
nepomuk Charles: the violinists Kurtzweill and Heÿssig, the oboist tochauer,
the horn-player Haman and alexander neumann, who may have played a bass
or keyboard instrument. I suspect that these men were retained simply because
they were the best musicians; at the same time, some form of musical continuity
was ensured. two new lackeys were taken on in 1734: the student Moßer and
one anton lilienthal, who served only for three years. the valet-musician
Maillard appears to have joined the staff of Joseph Wenzel.
In June 1733 the two young horn-playing lackeys Hampel and zenzinger
lodged a written request to be relieved of their duties.206 the latter was released
204 HalW, H 69, loc. cit., Paganelli, Vincenzo, undated petition, c. 1733, unfoliated.
205 “d. Joannes adamus Graff, Caes. agens Bellicus, cum nobili Virgine antonia de Paganelli
d. Vincentii, quondam Musici apud Celsissimi P[rinc]pem Josephum de liechtenstein, et rosae, piè
defunctorum conjugum filia. d. Joannes de Ponti, Profectus dominus apud viduam P[rinci]pem
de liechtenstein, d. Josephus Hauer”; data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese,
st stephan, trauungsbuch, signatur 02-048, zeitraum 1735-1737, Bildnr: 03-trauung_0067 (f. 67). the
honorary payment to Paganelli is recorded in “außgaab. der Hochfürstl. Johann Carl
lichtensteinischen Vormundtschaffts Haubt Cassa rechnung von ersten bis lezten Junÿ 1735 alß, [...]
30 Junÿ der Antonia Baganelli als ein Adjatum zu Ihrer bevorstehenden heürath, hingegen sollen der
jährl. genossenen 50 f. hiermit aufgehoben seÿn, zahlt 150 f.”; HalW, K 427, loc. cit., unfoliated.
206 “laquaÿen. anton Hampel. Wentzl zentzinger. Commissons Prothocoll in Gratialibus Wienn
den 10.ten Julÿ 1733. Vorträge – Conclusa | 10. anton Hampel, Joseph zenzinger beÿde Waldthornisten
geweste fürstl:e laquaÿen bitten umb g[nä]d[ig]ste abfertigung in g[nä]d[ig]ster erwegung Ihrer
vieljahrig diensten. | ad 10.en dependet ab arbitrio ser.mi denenselben etwan ein viertl Jähriges
Monathgeldt g[nä]d[ig]st auszuwerffen, jedoch hatt man wegen des Joseph zenzingers von seithen
der unt[erthäni]gs[ten]. Cantzleÿ so viel zu erinnen, daß wegen deßen ohnlengst erst 42. f. dem
Voitelsbrunner Baader haben bezahlt werden müßen wegen an Ihn verwendter salivations Cur,
mithin erachtete man daß dießer in totum abzuweißen wäre. der andere aber mit einem Viertljährigen
Monathgeldt consoliert werden könte. | nB. Herr Baron v. Gillern nebst denen anderen zweÿ
secretarÿs, ist der meinung, daß weÿlen beÿ lebzeithen ser.mi p.d. niemahls Jemandten einige
Medicamenten oder Cur Von dem salario decourtirt worden, dießer zenzinger in hoc casu respectio
der abfertigung, denen anderen gleich zu halten, mithin Ihme ein viertljähriges Monathgeldt zu geben
wäre, bleibt also die decision deßen, von ser.mi gut befundt.”; HalW, K 325 Hofstaat und Haushalt: in
genere, [1733] 1739-1796, unfoliated. the added comments of Joseph Wenzel on the above are illegible.
– 50 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
because of his frail health, while anton seems to have been transferred to the
court of Joseph Wenzel.207 on 31 January 1735 zenzinger was back in the
Feldsberg hospital suffering from chest ailments, and that is the last we hear of
him in the liechtenstein sources. He turns up in 1742 in the church books of Groß-
ullersdorf (Velké losiny) in Moravia as a chamber-lackey and later valet (and,
presumably, horn-player) of count Johann ludwig zierotin.208
In 1735 Joseph Wenzel was appointed imperial ambassador to Prussia, but
Hampel did not travel with him to Berlin. Instead, the horn-player appears to
have remained in Feldsberg, where he married in november of that year.209 at
some point in the next eighteen months Hampel travelled to saxony. andreas
schindler, the second horn of the dresden Hofkapelle, had passed away at the
beginning of december 1736, but whether Hampel was already in the city by then
or was summoned as a replacement is not known. on 3 May 1737 Hampel
formally became a member of the Hofkapelle. during his tenure in dresden, which
spanned over three decades, he composed, taught and made important
contributions to the development of his instrument through new inventions and
playing techniques. He remains one of the most influential horn-players of the
era and is a fine testimony to the musical education he had received at the
“liechtenstein horn school” in the 1720s.
Whether the above-mentioned musicians and lackeys took part in the
performance of Francesco Peli’s opera Coronide in Feldsberg in 1734 is not
known,210 nor whether this opera was performed by a visiting troupe. no sources
referring to this performance have been found in the liechtenstein archive.
207
the private accounts of Joseph Wenzel from January 1735 list the monthly salary of two horn-
players named anton and Joseph (no surnames given) and at least sixteen different payments towards
the same two musicians for various services and errands performed during that month: for example,
“außgaab in Monath Januario [1]735 | den. 1.ten Januarÿ dener sämentlichen Hochfürst.r libereÿ
Bedienten, daß monathgeld | [2] denen 2. Waldhornisten ebenfalls | 24 f. | [...] den 7.en Januarÿ dem
Waldthornist Joseph 2. seßel sambt warth geldt, so er vor Ihro durch: zahlt hat, mit | 48 [x]. | [...]
den 13.ten Januarÿ dem Waldthornist antoni hat den 12.ten dito abents einen seßel, so Ihro durch: 4.
gang bedient hat, undt 14. x. warth geldt zusammen zahlt | 1 [f.]. | 22 [x].”; HalW, K 433 Joseph
Wenzel v. Liechtenstein: Finanzielles I., 1735-1754, unfoliated. However, the horn-player named Joseph
who was serving Joseph Wenzel in Vienna on 30 January cannot be Joseph zenzinger, who was
admitted to the Feldsberg hospital on 31 January.
208
the church registers of Velké losiny are accessible at <https://familysearch.org>.
209 “Ist cop. H. antonius Josephus Hambl des Mathias Hambl von Bern auß Mahren und seiner
ehew. elisabeth ehe[lich]. erzeigter sohn mit Jung. Maria Catharina Frantzin des seel. H: Johan
Christoph Frantz gewesten Fürst. Buchhalters und seiner ehew. elisabeth ehe: erzeigten tochter.
testes: H: Ferdinandus romanÿ Wirthschafts Haubtman und H: Johann Hüebel Burgermaister cop.
ant. sobiharth”; <http://actapublica.eu/puvodci/lokality/92/>, signatura 3515, Valtice, oddaní,
1725-1784, 3 november 1735, fol. 213a.
210 Hana studenIČoVÁ, Harmonie knížat z Lichtenštejna ve Valticích na přelomu 18. a 19. století,
dissertation, Brno, 2013, p. 22. the author, in note 98, cites a libretto printed for the occasion: Coronide
favola pastorale per musica da representarsi in Feldberg nell’estate anno 1734. La poesia è di un Pastore arcade.
La musica e del Sign. Francesco Peli Modenese e compositore del Serenissimo di Modena (for greater clarity,
I have tacitly rectified some particularly blatant orthographic irregularities in the title as
– 51 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
Following his return to Vienna from Berlin in 1736, Joseph Wenzel was
appointed imperial ambassador to France. not since anton Florian’s
ambassadorship in rome had a liechtenstein prince held such a prestigious
diplomatic position within the empire, and the family decided to make the most
of the occasion by travelling to Paris in force. Joseph Wenzel’s consort anna
Maria, Joseph Johann adam’s sister, left ahead of her husband in october 1737
with her thirteen-year-old nephew Johann nepomuk Charles, his 15-year-old
sister Maria theresa and their stepmother Maria anna. Joseph Wenzel followed
two months later. Maria eleonore came with her sons and daughters from their
home in Brussels, where count Harrach was chief minister of the emperor and
second-in-command to archduchess Maria elisabeth, governor of the austrian
netherlands, whom he succeeded temporarily in 1741. one of the young Harrach
daughters who travelled to Paris was the eleven-year-old Maria Josepha, who in the
French capital met for the first time her future consort: her first cousin, Johann
nepomuk Charles.
the family reunion in Paris is well documented in the many letters received
by count Harrach from his consort, his brother-in-law and the dowager princess
of liechtenstein. the one recurring theme in this correspondence is the planning
of a proper education for Johann nepomuk Charles. For this project, the advice
of count Harrach was sought by all parties, and he in turn relied on the wisdom
of the strasbourg-based abbé Jean-François Marcy, a secular priest and man of
letters who had been closely connected to the Harrach family since the mid-
1720s.211 Marcy likewise travelled to Paris in 1738.
even before the death of emperor Charles VI on 20 october 1740 and the
outbreak of the silesian war, which forced Joseph Wenzel to return to Vienna, it
had been decided that the young liechtenstein prince would study at leiden in
the austrian netherlands. on the recommendation of the history professor
Johann daniel schöpflin at the university of strasbourg, abbé Marcy managed to
convince Johann nepomuk Charles’s sceptical stepmother that the education of
the prince would be best served by a 21-year-old lutheran named Jacob Bion,
whom the priest had first met when he had accompanied ernst Guido and Johann
Joseph, the musically gifted young sons of count Harrach and Maria eleonore,
on the viola during a private concert in strasbourg in october 1740. the qualities
of Bion were impressive for his young age. He studied history with schöpflin
(who later taught Goethe), and was well versed in philosophy, architecture,
engineering, artillery, civil law, mathematics and foreign languages, in addition
communicated by studeničová that possibly go back to the original). Jana spáčilová advises that this
libretto is now probably lost. Peli’s opera was performed in the summer of 1731 at the Kremsier
(Kroměříž, Moravia) theatre of Wolfgang Hannibal schrattenbach, bishop of olmütz.
211 In the mid-1740s abbé Marcy was engaged as a mathematician at the Viennese court; in 1748 he
became director of the scientific collections of emperor Francis stephen, to whom he became a trusted
adviser. He also served as a teacher of the archdukes and later held a chair in physics at the university
in Vienna.
– 52 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
to being a skilled musician who played a number of instruments. Bion was also
a highly approved teacher of the keyboard and partly earned his living by
tutoring young noblemen.212 In addition, Bion probably composed music, as the
catalogue of the instrumental collection of the Collegium Wilhelmitanum in
strasbourg indicates.213
Johann nepomuk Charles commenced his science and music lessons with
Bion and four other teachers in leiden late in 1741 after spending a month with
the Harrachs in Brussels. Abbé Marcy also travelled to leiden with ernst Guido
and Johann Joseph, who continued their studies there under the supervision of
the priest. a none-too-flattering picture emerges of the young liechtenstein
prince and his lack of discipline through the regular updates of abbé Marcy to
count Harrach: “Je n’ay jamais vû de jeune homme avoir moins de jugement et
promettre moins que ce Jeune Prince à l’age où il est”.214 the dowager princess,
who had long since returned to Vienna, tried to get rid of Bion after only six
months of tutoring, possibly only because of his religion and appearance.
212 “[...] enfin pendant le concert de M.rs les Comtes Je la priay de bien consider un jeune homme
agé de 21 ans, qui accompagnoit de la bratsche; il a le visage tellement defiguré de la petitte verolle,
qu’il en a perdu un oeil; il est si pauvre qu’il a commencé à s’introduire chez nous par enseigner
l’arithmetique aux laquais; et cependant que c’etoit celui la que je proposerois pour le jeune Prince; Il
a etudié l’Histoire tant universelle que particuliere sous M.r schöepfflin pendant prés de 3 ans, il a
etudié la Philosophie de Wolfins, qui sont 12 vol. 4° Il a appris, et enseigne touttes les parties des
Mathematiques, de sorte que c’est lui qui instruit M.r Bourguignon dans les hautes Mathematiques,
e de meme que des Cavaliers de saxe à que Je l’ay recommende et qui m’en ont fait des remercimens;
il scait l’architecture Civile et militaire et l’artillerier, il scait la Musique, et enseigne icy à joüer du
Clavecin à des Cavaliers, qui en sont très content; Je ne parle pas des langues allemande, Francoise,
latine et Greque, ce sont des qualitès qu’on suppose icy. Il est lutherien mais je suis assuré qu’il ne
parlera non seulement jamais de sa religion; mais que par bonne connoissence de cause, s’il trouvoit
moyen de se mettre à l’abry de s’entendre traites d’apostat par ceux de sa secle il seroit bien tôt
Catholique *(c’est le opinion que M.r schöepfflin lui même en a); mais il n’a pas encore été question
de cela, et je me suis contenté de faire observer à la Princesse, que tel repetiteur qu’on puissé prendre
à leyde, ce sera un Calviniste outré et un de ses hommes de routine, qui quand l’heure de repetition
avec le Prince sera passée, s’en courrera chez un autre qui l’attend etc... Comme elle conoit le Prince
son epoux pour le moins aussi bien que moy elle ne s’est pas offencée de la liberté que J’ay prise de
lui dire que je croïois qu’elle feroit mieux de lui ecrire qu’ayant consulté M.r schöefflin, il lui avout
fait ce projet et proposé ce sujet pour les raisens susdites, que de me nommer en reine puisque je
m’imagine bien que je passe dans l’esprit du Prince pour peut étre un Pedantum Kerl, en un mot pour
un Gouverneur”; A-Wava, Harrach Fam. in spec 558, Korrespondenz Friedrich august Harrach, abbe
Marci, 1739-1747, abbé Marcy to Friedrich august Harrach, strasbourg, 4 october 1740, [letters
1739-1741], ff. 95a-98b.
213 the composition attributed to Bion is listed as no. 168: the same incipit appears anonymously
as no. 54; see Catalogue de la musique instrumentale du Collegium Wilhelmitanum de Strasbourg, 1742-
1783, cit., pp. 49, 65. Bion’s name is easily confused with that of antonio Bioni, but since strasbourg
was the home city of the former, for which reason he might well have been known personally to the
compiler of the inventory (especially as a fellow lutheran), he must be considered the prime candidate.
214
A-Wava, Harrach Fam. in spec 558, loc cit., abbé Marcy to Friedrich august Harrach, leiden,
24 april 1742, [letters 1742-1749], f. 55a-b.
– 53 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
Vendredi passé nous avons celebré la fête de la sainte Croi, le Pere Paule chanta la
Grande Messe, et comme il l’avoit trouvé a propos nous lui fimes la musique, qui
consista en deux sinfonies et deux concert, l’un du violon l’autre de la flutte traversiere;
le tout peut avoir duré une heure. et aujourdhuy nous avons eu une musique
hollandoise qui etoit des plus comiques, qu’on puiss entendre; car non seulement
aucun instrument n’etoit d’accord mais ils trouvent le moyen de jouer faux par dessus
le marché, desorte que nous pouvons dire, qu’entre les borgnes nous avons eté rois.
the concert arranged for this Father Paul, who gave regular bible lessons to
Johann nepomuk Charles and his cousins, was given by the brothers ernst Guido
and Johann Joseph on the cello and keyboard, Bion on the viola, and the servants
of the young Harrachs or the lackeys of the liechtenstein prince on the other
instruments. a now missing set of six sonatas for violin and bass, printed in
leiden and dedicated to “Prince de lichtenstein” by the flautist adolph steger,
may have been composed for Johann nepomuk Charles during his sojourn in
the city:217 this musician was employed at the court of Franz Georg schönborn,
215 “abfertigung deren Fürst. Officieren und Bedienten | [no.] 630. Febr. 1. dito dem Ingenieur
Instructor Pion vermög gnädigster anschaffung zur abfertigung 100 etl. Ducaten | 412 [f.] | 30 [xr]”;
HalW, Ha 1550 Liechtenstein, Finanzen: Hauptkassa-Rechnung: 1745, unfoliated.
216 A-Wava, Harrach Fam. in spec 531.1, Harrach, Graf Johann Josef, sohn, Korrespondenz mit
Friedrich august Harrach, 1731-1745, Johann Joseph to Friedrich august Harrach, leiden, 26
november 1741, unfoliated. the shortcomings of eighteenth-century dutch amateur music-making
are described in similar terms in Kees Vlaardingerbroek, “Extravagant” Vivaldi or “Pleasant” Corelli?
A Heated Debate within an Amsterdam Collegium Musicum around 1730, “studi vivaldiani”, 15, 2015,
pp. 103-118.
217 “steger, adolph, di Bangratia (?), ist bekannt durch VI sonates à Violin solo et Bc. dedic. Prince
de lichtenstein. leyde. chez auteur. 18 s. im Kupferstich [B. Hbg.”; roBert eItner, Biographisch-
Bibliographisches Quellen-Lexikon der Musiker und Musikgelehrten der christlichen Zeitrechnung bis zur
Mitte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, 10 vols, leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1900-1904, vol. 9, p. 267. the
publication referred to here, once belonging to the holdings of the Hamburg city library, was
destroyed during World War II. I wish to thank Juergen neubacher for his reply to my enquiries.
– 54 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
the prince-elector of trier at Koblenz, until February 1742, when he ran away, it
appears, to leiden.218
Music was to play an important role in the lives of Johann nepomuk Charles
and Maria Josepha, who married in Vienna on 19 March 1744. the young princess
was by then a fine musician, having studied the keyboard in Brussels under some
of the best musicians in the city, and also in Paris under a son of the French
composer and organist louis-nicolas Clérambault. a new Hofstaat was formed
for the princely couple, consisting of trusted servants plus some new ones.
Interestingly, the widow of the deceased imperial bassoonist Friedrich became
the Hofmeisterin of Maria Josepha; she and her son, the imperial bassoonist Franz
Philipp, moved into the liechtenstein palace in the Herrengasse.219 tochauer and
Moßer were promoted to valets, and three new chamber-lackeys were taken on.
one of these was the 26-year-old leopold lorber, son of the former imperial oboe,
flute and chalumeau-player Joseph lorber.220 like the valet-musician Maillard,
who passed away in 1744,221 he could have been hired on account of musical skills
inherited from his father. the accounts for the second half of 1744 list a payment
for the travel costs for two new horn-players, who are first named in the accounts
one year later as Carl and thomas Hosa (Hossa, Husa). the latter came from a
family of horn-players in Mělník, according to dlabacž.222 new instruments, most
likely for these same two musicians, were purchased in 1744,223 and again in
218 GustaV BeretHs, Die Musikpflege am kurtrierischen Hofe zu Koblenz-Ehrenbreitstein, “Beitrage zur
Mittelrheinischen Musikgeschichte”, 5, Mainz, B. schott’s söhne, 1964, p. 53. It is suggested that steger
served as a musician at the church of st Pankratius. rIsM notes the existence of twelve sonatas for
two violins and bass described as “del signor J. adolphus steger | di Bangratia”: B-Bc, 7078.
219 “Beschreibung deren Hochfürst: Johann Carl liechtensteinischen Hauß officieren libere
bedienten und Hauß leüthen. Wie folget [...] in alt liechtensteinischen Hauß in der Herrn Gasse [...]
1 Madam Fridrichin Hoff Meisterin beÿ der Jung Firstin | 1 derer H. sohn Franz Phillipp alß Facodist
beÿ Ihro Maÿ: der Kaÿserin”; HalW, K 325, loc. cit., Vienna, March 1746, unfoliated.
220 leopoldus Josephus lorber was baptized on 14 november 1718: data.matricula-online.eu/
Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese, st stephan, taufbuch, 01-059, 1718-1719, 03-taufe_0085 (f. 85a). His
father passed away in 1724.
221 “Pension und Gnaden Gelder | der Verwittibten Malliardin von 14.ten 8bris [1]744 bis dahin
auch für Mähren und Schlesien, cit, vol. 1, cols. 667-668. dlabacž’s entry is problematic, because the
author lists only thomas and a brother of his, Georg. the former does not appear in the baptismal
registers of Mělník, but the latter might be the boy baptized on 11 March 1728 as Jiří řehoř Husa: see
státní oblasntí archiv v Praze, Matrika, Mělník 04, roman Catholic Church, Mělník, Births, Marriages,
deaths, 1699-1731, http://ebadatelna.soapraha.cz/d/8424/134 (f. 265). thomas’s liechtenstein colleague
Carl might be Karell Borromeus Ferdinandus Husa, who was baptized in the city on 18 october 1716:
loc. cit., <http://ebadatelna.soapraha.cz/d/8424/45> (f. 85). the third Hosa who appears in the accounts
below as a supplier of reeds, anton, might be the antonin Jaroslaw Husa who was baptized in Mělník
on 16 May 1718: loc. cit., <http://ebadatelna.soapraha.cz/d/8424/52> (f. 99). these three men sharing a
common Czech surname (“Husa” means “goose”) were not brothers.
223 “Wald-Horn macher | 31. dito [december] dem Waldhornmacher adam Förber ein außzügel
| 49 f.”; HalW, Ha 935 Liechtenstein, Fürst Johann Nepom. Karl; Finanzen: Hochfürstlich Johann Karl
Liechtenstein’sche Hauptkassarechnung, [1.7.–31.12] 1744, unfoliated.
– 55 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
224 “Jägerhornmacher | 12. dito [February] dem adam Farber vor gelieferte Jagerhorn | 54 f.”;
1.ten 8bris bis lezten Xmb: Jährl: 1200. | f. 300.”; loc. cit., unfoliated.
227 roBert Münster, Die Münchner Hofmusik bis 1800, in Süddeutsche Hofkapellen im 18. Jahrhundert.
Eine Bestandsaufnahme, “schriften zur südwestdeutschen Hofmusik”, 1, eds silke leopold and Bärbel
Pelker, Heidelberg, Heidelberger akademie der Wissenschaften, 2014, p. 390. the Fridls are listed as
lutenists, harpists and violinists in Bayerisches Musiker-Lexikon Online, hrsg. von Josef
Focht, <http://bmlo.de/f0592> (Version vom 6. Juni 2013). the Fridl family was accommodated “In
Fürst. Hauß hinttern land Hauß [...] Johann adam Fridl First. Musicus, dessen Weib Barbara, dessen
Kinder Georg adam, Johann Michal, antoni, theresia, Hellena, Maria ellisabetha”; HalW, K 325,
loc. cit., Vienna, March 1746, unfoliated. the mentioned anton(i) is probably the same person who
later became a timpanist in the Munich court orchestra.
228 two German oratorios were composed by orschler for olmütz and Brno in the early 1730s; a
further Italian oratorio by him may date from that same period. Jana sPÁČIloVÁ, Unbekannte Brünner
Oratorien neapolitanischer Komponisten vor 1740, cit., pp. 141-142.
229 HalW, H 2336 Pfarre und Schule Feldsberg, 1732-1770, Vienna, 19 May 1747, unfoliated.
– 56 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
in four instalments, for the finished organ, which was expected to be ready in
time for Whitsun 1748, which fell on 2 June. orschler was closely involved in this:
on receiving Weißmann’s plans and drawings for the new instrument, the
Kapellmeister was to give his approval before the builder formally submitted his
plans in Vienna to the prince and his Hofkanzlei. By 16 June the contract had been
signed.230 the lutheran Weißmann had been serving the liechtenstein court from
at least 1745, when he received a payment for unspecified services in Feldsberg
– perhaps the delivery of new keyboard instruments for the palace.231
Because of the lack of account books for 1746 to 1747, it is necessary to turn
once again to the church and hospital records to gain an idea of musical activities
at the court of the young liechtenstein regent. and indeed, many musicians and
comedians are listed in the Feldsberg registers from 1746 onwards, at a time when
a new liechtenstein Kapelle was starting to take shape. some of the lackey-
musicians of Joseph Johann adam were still active: for example, the violinist
Heÿssig, who instead of travelling to Paris in 1737232 had been appointed steward
of the landskron (lanškroun) estate on the borders of Bohemia and Moravia: his
name appears regularly in the Feldsberg church books from late 1745 and in 1746.
on 3 september of that year the 62-year-old albert radler died, and tochauer
replaced him as steward of Feldsberg.
230
Loc. cit., unfoliated. the archival documents relating to the organ in Feldsberg, dating from 19
May-16 June 1747, have only recently been returned from russia, having gone missing, together with
a large section of the liechtenstein archive, after World War II. In his study of the two historical
Feldsberg organs Jiří sehnal did not have access to these files and had to rely on a much later source
when identifying the organ builder as the Viennese Johann Hencke on the basis of a note in the
Feldsberg Pfarrchronik dating from 1790: “die orgel hat ein gewisser Henckel [sic!] gemacht. einige
wollen sagen, ein gewisser Weiss.”; JIří seHnal, Zwei Meisterwerke Österreichischer Orgelbauer in
Feldsberg (Valtice, CSFR), cit., pp. 308-310. since this Weiss was not identifiable as Weißmann at that
time, Hencke seemed the more obvious candidate. However, the newly recovered documents, which
await further study, reveal the true maker of the parish church organ, restored in 1998. the need for
a new organ might have been triggered by the arrival of a new Schulmeister in 1746: Johann tobias
Becker, a former Schulmeister in the neighbouring liechtenstein estate of eisgrub (lednice), and
Herrenbaumgarten in lower austria, who is also listed as a Feldsberg organist in the Joseph Wenzel
files. a short biography of this composer, whose works are listed in rIsM, appeared in “Musik”,
Oesterreichische Blätter für Literatur und Kunst, 18. Juli 1853, no 29, p. 171. as early as 1713 the organ
that was replaced had fallen into a poor state of repair, but a contract was made that year with “Johann
Casperer orgelmacher und tischler in eÿßgrub” for the necessary work: HalW, H 2335 Feldsberg,
Pfarre und Schule Feldsberg 1705-1732, ff. 476a-478b.
231 “orgelmachern | 1. dito [october] dem orgelmacher Weißmann ein außzügel wegen Feldsperg
bezahlt 100 f.”; HalW, Ha 1550, loc. cit., unfoliated. Important biographical information on
Weißmann and his activities as a keyboard maker is presented by rIta steBlIn, Early Viennese
Fortepiano Production: Anton Walter and New Inventions by Johann Georg Volkert in 1777-1783, “studien
zur Musikwissenschaft”, 55, 2009, pp. 269-302: 276-278.
232 similarly, the lackey alexander neumann did not travel to Paris: instead, he was appointed
– 57 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
the new musicians included the Discantist lorentz Pome (Poma, Pum),233 the
bassist and “Guardi reütter” Johann Georg Pfendler (Fendler)234 and the chamber
musician and organist Johann Georg stephan.235 Whether this man was related
to the well-known composer, keyboard-player and teacher Johann anton
stephan, who arrived in Vienna in the early 1740s from Moravia, remains
uncertain. the wind section comprised two new bassoonists, Christoph tregler
and daniel Mißler,236 and four new oboists – Johannes theophilus Fiedler,237
Johannes amad. Fidler238 (these two men could be related, perhaps even
brothers), Bernardus Klemb (Klemp, Clem) and Joseph Biegler,239 although some
of these may also have doubled on other wind instruments such as the flute or
the clarinet, an instrument already making its way into court music by this time.240
the account book of 1748 lists a valet of Johann nepomuk Charles by the
name of ziegler, but unfortunately no first name is given, and it is not clear when
he was hired. Might this be the 26-year-old composer and violinist Joseph Paul
ziegler? ziegler certainly fits the employment requirements, coming from Vienna
and being a musician in the same way as some of the other valets appointed by
the liechtenstein princes. little is known about ziegler’s activity during the 1740s
except that at least three oratorios of his – all, notably, dedicated to st John
nepomuk – were performed in Vienna in 1744, 1747 and 1748.241 He turns up
233 In 1747 the son of “lorentz Pum, Fürst. discantist” was baptized in Feldsberg:
<http://actapublica.eu/puvodci/lokality/92/>, 3482, Valtice, narození, 1732-1756, 19 december 1747,
unfoliated.
234 on 29 January 1747 “Georg Pfendler, Fürst. Bassist” acted as a godparent for a baptism; loc.
his colleague “daniel Mißler Hochfürst.er fagotist” acted as a godparent; loc. cit., 25 october 1748,
unfoliated.
237 the daughter of “Johannes Theophilus Fiedler Fürst. Houboist” was baptized on 8 March 1747;
november 1748; loc. cit., unfoliated. Fidler’s full middle name is hard to read: it could be either
amadeus or amadeo.
239 For the baptism of Bernardus, the new-born son of “Joseph Biegler Hochfürst.er Hoboist”, his
colleague “Bernardus Klemb Hochfürst. Hoboist” acted as a godparent; loc. cit., 5 august 1748,
unfoliated. two of Klemb’s sons later served as violinists in the Hofmusikkapelle.
240 daVId GasCHe, La Musique de circonstance pour Harmoniemusik à Vienne (1760-1820), doctoral
dissertation, université François rabelais, tours, 2009, pp. 35-37. the author takes as an example the
court of Mainz, which employed an ensemble comprising flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons and horns
as early as 1745. He refers in addition to a work by Christoph Wagenseil, Divertimento in F, as an
example of Harmoniemusik composition in existence already by 1750 in Vienna.
241 ralF GeorG BoGner, Die Bezähming der Zunge: Literatur und Disziplinierung der
Alltagskommunikation in der frühen Neuzeit, tübingen, niemeyer, 1997, p. 197. the Vienna newspaper
reported on the performance on 18 May 1748 in the st Peter’s church, which was arranged by a
member of an old Bohemian noble family, Freyherrn Johann anton Cajetan Wunschwitz: “[...] in der
Hoch berühmt prächtigen st. Peters-Kirchen alhier zu ehren dessen über hundert Jahr her seyenden
– 58 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
around 1749 as the violin teacher of the young Karl ditters (later, von
dittersdorf), possibly after leaving the service of the liechtenstein court.
Incidentally, ditters’s father Paul had a customer-client relationship with the
liechtenstein princes as an embroiderer of coats-of-arms, as evidenced by
payment receipts and references in the accounts from the mid-1730s onwards, so
he was probably well informed about the musicians in the service of their court.
In the summer of 1746 we find the first references to the comedians who from
then on would perform regularly for the princely couple and their guests in the
court theatre at Feldsberg. the leader of this itinerant troupe of German
comedians was Franz albert defraine, who formed his own company in 1724 in
Kuks at the theatre of count Franz anton sporck before becoming one of the most
successful theatre directors of his time.242 the names of five additional comedians
and some of their wives – who no doubt themselves participated in the comedies
– are found in the local Feldsberg registers at all times of year up to the end of
1748, which suggests that the troupe was permanently stationed there or used
the town as a base on account of its convenient situation between Prague, Brno
and Vienna. two of the comedians went on to form their own companies: Johann
tilly, who travelled widely before and after joining up with defraine in
Feldsberg,243 and the puppeteer Johann Georg obinger, who from the early 1730s
performed his marionette plays in Germany, austria and Bohemia.244 the
comedian Johann Ignatius Faschinger was a long-standing member of defraine’s
Geschlechts-Patrons, des grossen Heil. Joann nep[.] ein von Hrn. Joseph Marinelli in die poesie, und
vom Hrn. Joseph ziegler in die Music übersezt – vortreflich aus Virtuosen bestanden – mit trompeten
und Paucken versehenes oratorium solemnissime in Gegenwart eines sehr zahlreichen Hohen und
niedern adels, dann Gemeinen, halten”; WD, (num. 41) Mittwoch den 22. Maji. 1748. unpaginated.
242
the Czech theater encyclopeda provides much information about the director and members
of his troupe: <http://encyklopedie.idu.cz/index.php/defraine,_Franz_albert> (accessed 11.7.2017).
defraine’s name first appears in Feldsberg when his daughter Josepha teresia was baptized there on
15 september 1746, the liechtenstein princess Maria Josepha acting as a godparent by proxy: “Vat:
Franciscus albertus de France. Principal der deitschen Commedianten. Mat: Maria Josepha, Pat:
Ignatz dochauer uxor rosalia, seind gestanden an statt Ihro Hochfürst: durchleicht”;
<http://actapublica.eu/puvodci/lokality/92/>, 3482, Valtice, narození, 1732-1756, loc. cit., unfoliated.
243
<http://encyklopedie.idu.cz/index.php/tilly,_Johann> (accessed 11.7.2017). on 17 January 1748
tilly’s new-born son was baptized on 17 January 1748, the prince acting as a godparent by proxy:
“Joannes nepomucenus Carolus Josephus. Par: Joannes tillÿ, Comediant. Mat: Carolina. Pat: Ihro
Hochfürst: durch: Joannes Carolus nepomucenus von liechtenstein, an statt Ihro durch: gestanden
H. Ignatius tochhauer schloß Verwalter;” <http://actapublica.eu/puvodci/lokality/92/>, 3482, Valtice,
narození, 1732-1756, loc. cit., unfoliated.
244
<http://encyklopedie.idu.cz/index.php/obinger,_Johann_Georg> (accessed 11.7.2017). obinger’s
new-born daughter was baptized on 18 april 1747: “Maria Josepha, Par: Joannes obinger,
Commediant, Mat: Maria Magdalena, Pat: Ihro Hochfürst: durch: Joannes, Carolus, nepomucenus,
mit der durch: Fürstin Maria Josepha, stadt dero durchl: Personen seÿnd gestanden H. Joseph Moßer,
Cammer-diener und Fr. rosalia tochauerin schloß-Verwalterin;” <http://actapublica.eu /puvodci/
lokality/92/>, 3482, Valtice, narození, 1732-1756, loc. cit., unfoliated.
– 59 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
le jour de vôtre depart nous avons vüe representer sur le Hoff theatre la comedie
allemande, Perssonne ne sçavoit son rolle; vous pouvez vous representer que cetoit
toute la comediei comme la fin de notre derniere...
is recorded as visiting the Feldsberg hospital for treatment on 5 april 1747: “Joannes Ignatius
Fassinger ein Comediant [...]”; CZ-Bsa, e 79, Milosrdní bratř Valtice, Kniha inv. č. 30, sgn. 29,Knihy
nemocných, 1747 leden 1 – 1760 červen 30 (Krancken Protokoll von 21. Märzen 1747 bis 30 Brachmonst
1760, no. 10).
246 rischar’s new-born son was baptized on 15 January 1748: “Joannes nepomucenus. Par:
Margvardus rischar, Pantalon. Mat: Maria anna. Patr: Ihro Hochfürst: durch: Joannes, Carolus,
nepomucenus von liechtenstein, an statt Ihro durch: gestanden H. Ignatius tochauer schloß-
Verwalter;” <http://actapublica.eu/puvodci/lokality/92/>, 3482, Valtice, narození, 1732-1756, loc. cit.,
unfoliated.
247 Pilota’s new-born daughter was baptized on 3 March 1748: “Maria Josepha. Par: Ignatius Pilota,
Comediant, Mater: regina, Pat: Ihro durch: Maria Josepha von liechtenstein gebohrne Gräfin von
Harrach, gestanden H. Ignatz tochauer schloß-Verwalter, uxor rosalia;” loc. cit., unfoliated.
248 A-Wava, Harrach in spec. 550.34 liechtenstein, Prinzessin I., Korrespondenz mit Friedrich
august Harrach, 1746-1748, letter of Maria Josepha, 1 december 1747, unfoliated. the letter is
addressed to an unnamed “Frere” who had just departed from Feldsberg: since it discusses his
forthcoming journey to Milan, the recipient is probably either her brother-in-law, count Ferdinand
Bonaventura II Harrach (and husband of her sister, Maria rosa), who was appointed governor of
lombardy in 1747, or one of her own brothers, who could have accompanied his cousin to Milan.
249 “extra außgaben, wegen ostfrießlandt, Comäedianten und dergleichen | 19226 f. | 23 x”; HalW,
K 402 Johann Nepomuk Karl v. Liechtenstein: Finanzielles, 1724-1748, Vienna, 11 May 1748, unfoliated.
250 a young student of orschler, the eighteen-year-old “elias Khün, ein Instrument diener beÿ
– 60 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
the additional expenses listed in 1748 bring a pleasant surprise: the revelation
that the court organist and chamber musician stephan was paid extra for giving
lessons on the keyboard to a music student named “Frantz Pokornÿ”. an entry
in the hospital registers on 15 october of that year confirms the identity of this
scholar as Franz Xaver Pokorny (in Czech, Pokorný), who was born in Königstadt
(Městec Králové) in Bohemia252 and later became a well-known violinist and
composer. until now nothing has been known of this musician’s movements
before c. 1750, so this new information is most welcome, as is the presumption
that orschler was also Pokorny’s teacher for both violin-playing and composition.
Payments to musicians and for music-related services, 1748253
Jägerhorn macher
no. tag 7mbr Fr x
911 1 dem Frantz leichnamb schneider vor eine trompeten 7
extra außgaaben
no. tag Martÿ Fr x
1037 1 denen Comoedianten, lauth quittung dd:o 9.ten Febru: a:c: 100
1042 - dem Antoni Hossa vor nacher Feldsperg gelieferte Huboa,
und Fagot röhr 14 6
1043 - dem Organisten Johann Stephan vor den Scholar
Frantz Pokornÿ gegebene, 48 Lectiones 24
no. tag Maÿ Fr x
1060 24 vor den Music Scholar Frantz Pokornÿ vor 32
Lectiones auf dem Clavir 16
no. tag Junÿ Fr x
1066 12 dem Hr: Frantz Philip Friedrich Kaÿ: Cammer
Musico, vor gelieferte Fagot, lauth gnädigster
Approbation 57 45
no. tag Octob: Fr x
1084 14 vor eine Loge in dem Opera Hauß von,
6ten 8br. 748. bies ende des Carnevals. 1749. auf
gdsten befehl bezahlt 600
admitted to the Feldsberg hospital on “21 hujus [october] 1747 Carolus duchatsch ein Fürst:
Bedienter geb: v Kirchberg alt 18 J: V: Mathias M: anna b. t: o g: lyberay febr: tertian. Cath. | n: 33,
d. 30 hujus gesund hieraus”; CZ-Bsa, e 79, Milosrdní bratř Valtice, Kniha inv. č. 30, sgn. 29, loc. cit.
on 7 december 1767 the Regensburg Diarium notes the arrival of “Msr. duchatsch, ein Musicus von
Prag”; perhaps the same person is meant: Regensburgisches Diarium oder wöchentliche Frag- und Anzeige-
Nachrichten, 1767, unpaginated.
252
“Franciscus Pokorni ein Fürst. Music scholar alt. 19 J. V. Franciscus t. M: Maria l. o.g. mundur
g[e]b[ohren]. v Königstadt in Bohmen zustand destructio: stomach: Cath.”; CZ-Bsa, e 79, Milosrdní
bratř Valtice, Kniha inv. č. 30, sgn. 29, loc. cit.
253
the accounts for the period 1 January to 6 november 1748 appear in HalW, Ha 1549, loc. cit.,
unfoliated; the accounts for 7 november to 31 december 1748 are seen in HalW, Ha 936 Liechtenstein,
Fürst Johann Nepom. Karl; Finanzen: Hauptkassarechnung vom 07. Nov. – 31. Dez. 1748, unfoliated.
– 61 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
the expenses listed in this table show that the musical establishment of Johann
nepomuk Charles kept on growing, with payments made for the education of
Pokorny and the trumpet student Franck, while new instruments were purchased
and others maintained. However, with the tragically early death of the young
liechtenstein prince in Wischau (Vyškov) in Moravia on 22 december 1748, the
music activities at his court came to a sudden end.
In his diaries, Johann Joseph Khevenhüller-Metsch, the Obersthofmeister of
empress Maria theresa, provided what is perhaps the best contemporary
description of Johann nepomuk Charles and his “unvergleichliches und
generoses Gemüth”.254 He added with some sadness that the prince had
surrounded himself with “übler Gesellschafft und bösen rathgebern”, and that
his estate had been burdened by heavy debts already during his short-lived rule.
documents listing the sums owed by the prince include debts to three of the
instrument-makers who supplied his musicians,255 and a huge amount was owed
to two merchants for the purchase of flutes.256 In addition, a large sum was owed
to the imperial court composer Giuseppe Porsile, but for what particular services
is not known.257 Joseph Wenzel, who now took over as the ruler of the house,
254
Aus der Zeit Maria Theresias: Tagebuch des Fürsten Johann Josef Khevenhüller-Metsch, Kaiserlichen
Obersthofmeisters, 1742-1776, “Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für neuere Geschichte
Österreichs”, 56, eds rudolf Khevenhüller-Metsch and Hans schlitter, 8 vols, Vienna, Holzhausen,
1907–1972, vol. 2 (1745-1749), p. 186, diary entry for 5 november 1747.
255
“Consignation. deren aus der Hochfürst: Johann Carl liechtensteinischen Allodial-Cassa
bezahlten auszügel-schulden, als: [...] 1750 | no. 466 Jägernhornmacher Färber 12 f. | no. 470
lautenmacher thir 100 f.”; HalW, K 454 Joseph Wenzel v. Liechtenstein: Vormundschaft über Johann
Nepomuk Karl, Rechnungen II., 1748-1753, unfoliated; “ao 1751 | n:o 466 | dem Jägerhornmacher
leichhnamschneider | 154 [f.]; HalW, K 455 Joseph Wenzel v. Liechtenstein: Vormundschaft über Johann
Nepomuk Karl, Rechnungen III., 1748-1753, unfoliated.
256
“Fürst lichtensteinische Vormundschafts-rechnung. Von 22.ten Decembris [1]748. bis ultimo
Decembris [1]753. durch 5. Jahr 10. tag. | ao 1752 | n:o 395 | Moser und Baumgarten zur Flauten |
794 [f.]; loc. cit., unfoliated. one wonders whether the flutes purchased were made of ivory, thus
explaining the high price and the agency of the two merchants, as opposed to direct purchase from
the usual Viennese instrument-makers.
257 a receipt signed by Porsile on 18 august 1749 acknowledges a payment of 50 florins
representing interest on a debt of 2000 florins; HalW, K 457 Joseph Wenzel v. Liechtenstein:
Vormundschaft über Johann Nepomuk Karl, Rechnungen, Belege Nr. 1-350, 1733-1758, unfoliated. this
amount remained unpaid in 1751.
– 62 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
258 the imperial court poet Metastasio purchased eight horses from eisgrub: “den 16.n april [1750]
von dem H. Metastasio vor einen jungen rappen zug, von 8 stuck aus dem eÿsgrüber gestütt | 4000
f.”; HalW, K 413 Johann Nepomuk Karl v. Liechtenstein: Beilagen zur Verlassenschaftsabhandlung I., 1724-
1748, unfoliated.
259 the “Musicalische Instrumenta” that remained unsold were: “Messinger Waldhorn, 5 Pahr;
Posaunen, 2 stuck; Violin, 3 st.; Bassietln 2 st.; Geigen, 8 st.; Pratschen, 2 st.; alter Fagoth, 1 st.”; loc. cit.,
unfoliated. It seems obvious that this forms only one part of the total collection: the absence of such
instruments as lutes, flutes, oboes and keyboards is telling.
260 “Consignation allodial schulden bis letzten 1751 | [...] 1/4 lorber leopold, anietzo die Wittib
– 63 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
at exactly the same time that Joseph Wenzel was ‘cleaning up’ after Johann
nepomuk Charles’s short and extravagant rule, the former liechtenstein music
director Johann Melchior Pichler comes back on to the radar after a long period
during which his movements can not be satisfactorily explained. although he
was released from service in 1733, the composer seems to have remained in
contact with the liechtenstein court; on 21 september 1735 he even received a
payment of 50 florins from his former employers.262 earlier that year his daughter
262 “neu Jahrs Discretitionen Regalien und Remunerationen | dem 21 Sept. [1735] dem gewesten
Music Director Melchior Pichler vermög g[nä]digster Decretation | 50 f.”; HalW, K 427, loc. cit.,
unfoliated.
– 64 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
Maria Magdalena was born. the baptismal register of the Piarist Church of Maria
treu in Vienna gives Pichler’s profession simply as musicus, which suggests that
he had not yet found a commensurate position, unless he was merely being
humble when asked about his profession by the officiating priest.263 By 1736
Pichler had entered the employment of a new patron, as evidenced by the title
page of the libretto to a Jesuit play with music performed in linz during easter:264
D. FLORIANUS Patratô ad Onasum Matrtyriô illustris. Heiliger Florian Der zu Lnnß wider
das Heydentum durch Marter-Todt obsigende Glaubens-Held.
[...] die Musices Compositore Praenobili ac erudito Domino Melchiore Pichler Serenissimi
Principis Lubomirski Capellae Magistro.
263
“[14 July 1735] Maria Magda[lena]: Vat: Johann Melchior Bichler ein Musicus in Haffnerisch:
Hauß: Mut: Maria Cunigundis s. ehew. Gew. Ihro Gnaden Baron von russenstein gebohrne u. ehew.
Hel. niderlin”; data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk. erzdiözese, Maria treu, taufbuch, 01-002,
1735-1753, 03-taufe_0016 (f. 15).
264
rICHard sCHaal, Die vor 1801 gedruckten Libretti des Theatermuseums München, “die Musik
Forschung”, 12/1, 1959, pp. 60-75: 64.
– 65 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
and projects. also, if he was employed by teodor, Pichler might have been
allowed leave of absence while the general and his regiments fought in the russo-
turkish war, which austria entered in 1737. He might have travelled to France
during this period, since a “M.r Buchler” is listed among those subscribers to
Georg Philipp telemann’s Nouveaux Quatuors of 1738 who were based in Paris
or elsewhere in France. did he perhaps accompany the liechtenstein family to
the French capital in order to provide and direct the music for the entertainments
that were given there by the imperial ambassador? While there, Pichler would
have been in the good company of his former colleagues tochauer, Kurtzweill
and Moßer, who had travelled to France in the entourage of Johann nepomuk
Charles. However, no sources have been found to firm up this hypothesis.
on the other hand, a visit to Paris during this period might also have
presented an opportunity for Pichler to follow up and oversee the publication of
his op. 1. the privilege that was taken out in 1731 was about to expire when it
was renewed by s[ieu]r François dufresne on 4 February 1737 for 8 years
running from 31 december 1736 in respect of “plusieurs sonates, solo, trio, et
concerto des sieurs ***, nicolo Porpora, Carlo tessarini, Pichler, Brevio, alberto
Gallo, et autres”.265 until now it has been assumed that Pichler’s op. 1 came on
to the market some time before the end of 1738 or the first half of 1739, but closer
examination reveals that the print was issued in 1737.266 the new title page of a
later print, c. 1748, reads:267
VI | SONATES | EN TRIO, | Pour une Flûte seule, | Violon et Basse. | PAR M.R
PICHLER, | Ordinaire de la Musique | Du Prince de Solms. | Prix 6.lt | Gravées par Joseph
Louis Renou. | A Paris, | [...] | Avec Privilege du Roy.
265
MICHel Brenet, La librairie musicale en France de 1653 à 1790, d’après les Registres de privilèges,
“sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft”, 8, 1906-1907, pp. 401-466: 437.
266
anIK deVrIès, Édition et commerce de la Musique gravée a Paris dans la première moitié du XVIIIe
siècle: Les Boivin, Les Leclerc, Geneva, Éditions Minkoff, 1976, p. 238, gives the year of publication as
c. 1738-1739, based on what the author considers to be the first published catalogue of le Clerc, which
was issued together with the op. 1 of Francesco Maria Veracini: ibid., p. 95. However, the publication
of salvatore lanzetti’s op. 1, issued in 1737 (F-Pn, Vm7-6324), includes an even earlier catalogue of
le Clerc that advertises Pichler’s op. 1 for sale.
267
F-Pn, Vm7-6622; rIsM a/I: P 2306; PP 2306. this copy is clearly a reprint, as confirmed by the
attached catalogue of works offered for sale by le Clerc, which dates it to c. 1748.
– 66 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
among the sources examined by this scholar.268 another member of the house of
solms must be mentioned here, even if he was not a prince: Christian august,
count of solms-laubach, who ruled from 1738 to 1784, was described as a “grosse
Gönner der Musik” by the violist and composer Johann Christian Hertel, who
visited the count in 1739.269 despite his great debts, this count was said to
maintain a fine court, but whether he employed any musicians is not known.270
so for the time being, the exact identity of Pichler’s patron remains unclear. a
closer study of the many existing copies of the print, today held by at least six
different libraries, may shed light on this somewhat complicated matter.
With the publication of op. 1, Pichler became the first Vienna-born composer
to have his compositions printed in Paris, the hub of european music publishing
from the 1730s onwards. the music had doubtless originally been composed for
the liechtenstein chamber musicians of Joseph Johann adam, since copies of
three of the six sonatas were already present in the private collection of Frederick
louis of Württemberg-stuttgart prior to his death in 1731. one of these, the fifth
sonata, bears the legend “del sigl. Büchler á Viena”,271 and this inscription
removes any doubt regarding the authorship of the publication, which is
currently attributed incorrectly to a certain Patritio Pichler in rIsM. an
anonymous manuscript copy of op. 1 is included in a large volume of chamber
music for violin and flute in the sing-akademie collection in Berlin,272 while
copies of individual sonatas are widely distributed among european libraries –
for example, in darmstadt, where the fourth sonata was mistakenly credited to
telemann by Christoph Graupner.273 one of the five manuscript copies of the
third sonata is held by the French national library as part of the Fonds
268
Curt saCHs, Die Hofmusik der Fürsten Solms-Braunfels, “sammelbände der Internationalen
Musikgesellschaft”, 8, 1906-1907, pp. 284-287.
269
FrIedrICH WIlHelM MarPurG, Historisch-Kritische Beyträge zur Aufnahme der Musik, cit., vol. 3, p. 59.
270
rudolF GraF zu solMs-lauBaCH, Geschichte des Grafen- und Fürstenhauses Solms, Frankfurt am
Main, adelmann, 1865, pp. 366-374.
271
D-ROu, Mus.saec.XVIII:10|6.
272
D-Bsa, sa 3888, (items 15, 24, 18, 23, 9, 39).
273 D-DS, Mus.ms 1042/62. the sonata is also listed in the catalogue of the now lost instrumental
collection of the Collegium Wilhelmitanum in strasbourg, where it is attributed to Büchler (no. 223).
I am grateful to steven d. zohn for his comments in private correspondence, where he expressed
doubts on the telemann attribution based on stylistic differences and the movement titles. the work
is currently listed in the official telemann catalogue as tWV 42:d10. the second movement of the
darmstadt copy, which is in the hand of Johann samuel endler and has a title page written out by
Graupner, is entitled Tournée (à la Pichler), while the Paris print names the same movement “Bourée”.
this suggests that a manuscript copy of Pichler’s work was in circulation prior to its publication.
Perhaps telemann was responsible for its transmission, which could have led Graupner to attribute
the work to him. If Pichler indeed visited Paris as speculated above, he would doubtless have met
telemann during the latter’s triumphant visit to the city between late 1737 and May 1738.
– 67 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
Blancheton collection (c. 1741),274 which, as we saw earlier, also preserves two
flute Concertinos by Piarelli.
the thematic inventory of the rajhrad monastery (1771) lists a now lost copy
of the fifth sonata, along with four other Pichler sonatas. one of these, no. 3,275 is
of special interest, since its incipit matches that of a work attributed to Fux in the
music collection of the landesbibliothek Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Günther
uecker in schwerin, where it is preserved in two separate sets of parts for flute,
violin, horn and bass.276 In his discussion of this work ernst Kubitschek seriously
questions the authorship of Fux, finding it improbable that the imperial
Kapellmeister would write music in such a galant and playful fashion. He also
points out that using the flute and the horn together in a chamber context is
unheard of in Fux’s oeuvre.277 once again, a Tournée (here, the second movement)
swings the authorship of the music firmly in Pichler’s direction – indeed, in
stylistic respects it resembles other works he wrote for this very combination of
instruments.
In 1742 the publication of Pichler’s op. 2, another set for flute, violin and bass,
was announced in the French press by “le sieur Hüe, Graveur de Musique”.278
sadly, no copies of this print seem to have survived, nor any of Pichler’s op. 3
for the same combination, which was published in Paris c. 1751. these
publications and the already discussed reprint of op. 1 nevertheless show that
the music of this composer was in great demand during the 1740s.
274
lIonel de la laurenCIe, Inventaire critique du Fonds Blancheton de la bibliothèque du Conservatoire
de Paris, cit., vol. 2: Pichler-Pikel, op. I. – 20: Trio Del Signor Pichler a flauto traverso, Violino et Basso,
pp. 9-12. In addition to this Pichler piece, five other works are attributed to “signor Pikel”, whom la
laurencie judges to be the same person as Pichler. two facts lend support to his conclusion: first, the
payment made in Vienna on 28 october 1726 by anton ulrich’s accountant for a violin concerto by
Piechel, turns out to be a work by Pichler, as confirmed by the inventory of the duke’s collection; see
above. second, the Concertino for two violins, flute and bass listed in the Fonds Blancheton collection
as “op. III”. – 110 appears as “a 25” in the esterházy inventory, which attributes it to Pichler. However
– and to complicate things further – another of the “Pikel” works in the Fonds Blancheton collection,
listed as “op. III”. – 109, is attributed to a certain Fromaldi in the inventory of the Collegium
Wilhelmitanum in strasbourg (no. 36); this same piece is reportedly listed by Ingo Gronefeld (255-G)
as a work of Johann adolph Hasse. a short, one-movement Sinfonia by “sig: Pickel a Petersburg” in
the “schrank II” collection in dresden (D-Dl, Mus. 2845-n-1) leads us to russia, where a musician
by that name played the second keyboard in the court orchestra led by Francesco araja in the mid-1730s:
tHoMas BusBY, Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik, 2 vols, leipzig, Michaelis, 1822, vol. 2, p. 635. Gerber
notes that a composer by the name of Pichel published a keyboard concerto in amsterdam: “Pichel
(– – –) um das Jahr 1738 wurde bey Witvogeln in amsterdam ein Klavierconzert unter diesem namen
gestochen”; ernst ludWIG GerBer, Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Tonkünstler, 2 vols, leipzig,
1792, vol. 2, col. 142. Further study is needed to ascertain whether Pichel or Pichler is the composer
of the set in the Fonds Blancheton collection numbered “op. III”. – 109-110, and 141-143, these being
works that call for a virtuoso of the flute.
275 CZ-Bm, G 6, loc. cit., f. 208.
277 ernst KuBItsCHeK, Block- und Querflöte im Umkreis von Johann Joseph Fux – Versuch einer Übersicht,
in Johann Joseph Fux und die barocke Bläsertradition, cit., p. 115, note 49.
278 “un livre de six sonates en Trio, pour la Flûte, le Violon & la Basse, Œuvre second, par
– 68 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
279
Catalogue de la musique instrumentale du Collegium Wilhelmitanum de Strasbourg, 1742-1783, cit.,
p. 25. the catalogue lists nine manuscripts by Pichler (under various spellings), to which it is now
possible to add two further works currently listed as anonymous under nos. 46 (op. 1 no. 2) and 297
(op. 1 no. 1). What is assumed by the editors to be Pichler’s op. 1 is listed among the predominently
printed music in part d, section 1, as “[no] VIII. | Büchler. à sonat. V. | Flut travers | Violin | Basso”;
ibid., p. 40. However, since the title page of the print is not correctly copied and the sonatas number
only five instead of six, this description could refer to a bound manuscript with unknown content.
280
see the facsimile edition Concert-Stube des Zerbster Schlosses: Inventarverzeichnis, aufgestellt im
März 1743, Michaelstein, Kultur- und Forschungsstätte, 1983, ff. 139-152.
– 69 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
281
Janos HarICH, Inventare der Esterházy-Hofmusikkapelle in Eisenstadt, cit., pp. 31-66. the Pichler
works are listed as a 25; d 32 and 33.
282 Trii a Violino. VI. sonate a due Violini et Basso, di PICHler. in Vienna. [number] VI; Catalogo
284 alIna ŻÓraWsKa-WItKoWsKa, Muzyka na dworze Jana Klemensa Branickiego, in Dwory magnackie
w XVIII wieku. Rola i znaczenie kulturowe, eds teresa Kostkiewiczowa and agata roćko, Warsaw, diG,
2005, pp. 221–244: 227-231. a daughter by the name of Johanna and a bassoonist named Pichler,
probably Johann Melchior’s son, are also mentioned in the Białystok sources.
285 GeorGes CuCuel, Quelques documents sur la librairie musicale au XVIIIe siècle, “sammelbande der
cit., p. 446.
– 70 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
1765, this time for twelve years.287 Copies of these publications reached the
austrian netherlands, where Pichler’s trios were available in manuscript at
nicolaas selhof’s bookshop in amsterdam alongside copies of his quartets and
concertos, as listed in the auction catalogue (1759) of this bookseller’s stock:288
Musique en Manuscrit
Trios.
Pour la Flute Traversiere, Hautbois & Bassons.
2278. Buchler, Trio, ut supra. [trio a Flauto traverso, Violino & Basso]
2295. Pickler, Sonate a Tré, a Flauto, Violino e Basso.
2305. [telemann] & Pickler & Otto, III Trio, ut supra. [a Flauto, Violino è Basso]
Simphonies.
2347. III Sonata & III Intrada a Flauto, Violino, Corno Solo & Basso, de Pickler & de Bodino.
Concerts.
Pour les Flutes.
2447. Pickler, Concerto, ut supra. [a Flauto, 2 Violini, alto, & Basso]
Pour les Hautbois & Cors de chasse.
2544. Pichler, Concerto a 2 Violini ou Hautbois, 2 Flauti, 2 Corni, 2 Clarini, 1 Violoncello &
Basso Continuo.289
two years later seventeen works by “Pichler, Musico in Vienna” were offered
for sale by the Breitkopf firm, comprising six trios for two violins and bass, six
trios for lute, violin and cello and five trios for flute, violin and bass.290 the music
of the composer appeared again in the Breitkopf catalogues in 1762, 1763, 1766
and 1770. When the firm announced a major sale of its stock in 1836, several
works of the composer were still preserved in manuscript among its holdings.291
287
Ibid., pp. 453-454. When the last known catalogue of le Clerc was published in 1767, Pichler’s
op. 1 and 3 were no longer listed: anIK deVrIès, Édition et commerce de la Musique gravée a Paris dans
la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle, cit., pp. 116-117.
288
Catalogue d’une trés belle bibliotheque de livres [...] deslaissez par feu Monsieur Nicolas Selhof, the
Hague, veuve Moetjens, 1759. a facsimile edition, with an introduction by a. Hyatt King, is published
as Catalogue of the Music Library, Instruments and Other Property of Nicolas Selhof, Sold in The Hague,
1759, amsterdam, Frits Knuf, 1973. the Pichler works are listed on pp. 214-226.
289
Here, one regrets especially the loss of this large-scale work by Pichler, which might have
displayed the liechtenstein court ensemble at full strength. Fortunately, an anonymous Intrada,
almost certainly a work by the composer, is held by the Musik- och teaterbiblioteket in stockholm,
sweden, shelfmark S-Skma, o-r: this is scored for two violins, two oboes, bassoon, viola, bass, three
trumpets and timpani. stylistically, it resembles some of the other Pichler intradas and significantly,
it includes a “tourne” movement.
290 Verzeichniß Musicalischer Werke, allein zur Praxis, sowohl zum Singen, als für alle Instrumente, welche
nicht durch den Druck bekannt gemacht worden [...], leipzig, Breitkopf, 1761, pp. 42, 58, 61.
291 see lots 906, 1089 and 1440: Grosse Musikalien-Auction. Verzeichniss geschiebener und gedruckter
Musikalien aller Gattungen [...], leipzig, Breikopf & Härtel, 1836, pp. 30, 38, 59.
– 71 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
I have not yet been able to verify where Pichler spent his final days, but he might
well have returned to the city of his birth. on 17 July 1776 the following report
appeared in the Vienna newspaper:292
es dienet zur nachricht daß in der naglergasse im neubaad im 2tem stock bey Herrn
Pichler verschiedene musikalische Instrumente, als 2 Cremoneserviolinen, 4 von
hiesigen guten Meistern, 2 Pragerinnen, wobey eine von ebenholz ist, nebst ein
Cremoneservioloncello, und Inventionswaldhörner aus allen tönen täglich zu
verkaufen sind.
on reading this entry, one imagines that the eighty-year-old composer was
getting rid of some of the precious instruments he had accumulated throughout
his long career as a musician. then, as indeed now, the instruments made in
Cremona would have commanded a substantial price on the market. However,
three weeks later the same newspaper printed a similar announcement, but this
time the name of the seller was slightly different:293
es dienet zur nachricht daß in der naglergasse im neubaad im 2ten stock bey Herrn
Pichl 6 gute Geigen, ein Cremoneservioloncello, nebst 26 in Kupfer gestochene Bilder
täglich zu verkaufen sind.
For the first time in this study we sense a possible confusion with the
Bohemian composer and violinist Wenzel Pichl (1741-1806), a situation I was
warned about when commencing the research for this article. However, as any
attentive reader will note, this man is much too young to be considered as the
composer of the music discussed in this article. the above entry suggests that the
second announcement had been altered from Pichler to Pichl to avoid confusion,
possibly at the request of the latter, who at that time was employed as
concertmaster of the Kärntnertortheater orchestra.294 But, if we browse through
the 1780 issues of the Wiener Zeitung, we find evidence of further musical
activities on the second floor in the same house,295 which practically rules out
Pichl as its former tenant, since he had travelled to Italy in 1777 to take up a
position as music director of archduke Ferdinand, governor of the duchy of
Milan. on 21 June 1780 the following message was communicated to the readers
292
WD, nro. 57 Mittwoch den 17. Heumonats. 1776. anhang, unpaginated.
293
WD, nro. 63 Mittwoch den 7. august. 1776. anhang, unpaginated.
294
When his daughter anna Josepha was baptized on 14 september 1773, “Wenceslaus Pichl,
Musicus” was living “auf der Pasteÿ n[r]. 1280.”; data.matricula-online.eu/ Österreich, Wien, rk.
erzdiözese, unsere liebe Frau zu den schotten, taufbuch, 01-38, 1772-1776, 03-taufe_0156 (f. 78a).
295
the “neubaad (neubad)” name refers to the former purpose of this building, which, starting
in the fourteenth century, served as one of the most frequented public baths in Vienna. It was closed
down some time in the first half of the eighteenth century before being auctioned off in 1755 to the
pharmacist Johann Michael Pauersbach. His heirs later rented out apartments in this house.
– 72 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
of the newspaper, suggesting that the apartment on the second floor was, or had
been turned into, a copisteria:296
In der naglergasse im neubaad nr. 181 im 2ten stock sind täglich Musikalien, als
sinfonien, sestetti, Quartetti, Quintetti, terzetti, duetti, Concerti, Cassation, aria, zu
verkaufen, und sich deshalb beym Hausmeister anzufragen.
Barely two months later an auction of mixed goods was advertised for the
same location:297
den 7. august werden in der naglergasse im neubaad nr. 181 im 2ten stock
verschiedene goldene repetir- und derley Minutenuhren, eine vergoldete Henguhr,
dann Geschmuck von einem grossen rautenen Plak. ohrgeheng, und ringen, schreib-
und schubladkästen, Manns- und Fraunkleider, tische, sessel, zinn, Kupfer und
Musikalien licitando verkauft werden.
the inclusion here of unspecified copies of music lends further support to the
thought that it was indeed Pichler who had continued living in this apartment
since at least 1776,298 but why his effects were being auctioned off just then is hard
to discern unless he had recently passed away. I must admit that this speculation
does not get us very far while his name has still not been located in the burial
registers of the Viennese churches: to date, my searches to that end have proved
unsuccessful. For all we know, Pichler could simply have remained in Białystok
with his daughter Maria Magdalena, who continued to live in that city until at
least 1796.
aFterlIFe
296 Wiener Zeitung. nro. 50. Mittwochs den 21. Brachmonat 1780. nachtrag, unpaginated.
297 Wiener Zeitung. nro. 63. sonnabend den 5. augustmonat 1780. nachtrag, unpaginated.
298 It should be noted that after 1780 no further advertisements pointing to musical activity at this
– 73 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
auf. Korrespondenz.”300 Here we see for the first time a reference to Placidus
Maria Pichler (1722-1796), a German-born priest and organist who has
undeservedly become the ostensible author of some of Johann Melchior’s works
through numerous mistaken attributions. dlabacž had obviously received word
of a short biographical entry on Placidus appearing in a lexicon of Bavarian
musicians published in 1811. While its author, Felix Joseph lipowsky, praised
the priest as an excellent organist, he added that Placidus had not been a
composer.301 later on, François-Joseph Fétis unambiguously attributed the works
listed in the Breitkopf catalogues to Placidus, stating that he had been living in
Vienna for many years,302 which was a totally false assertion. robert eitner
repeated some of the biographical facts about Placidus, but also correctly pointed
out that the first name of the composer “Pichler” was always absent from the
musical sources. Benefiting from his extensive connections with librarians all over
europe, eitner cited three of the works preserved in rostock, including one dated
1731,303 thereby hinting at the danger of linking the Breitkopf compositions to
Placidus. Further doubts about the status of the priest as a composer were
expressed in 1931 by lionel de la laurencie in his study of the Fonds Blancheton.
If only on account of the two last-mentioned publications, questions should
immediately have been asked at the point when the music of Pichler began to be
registered by rIsM. Initially, in 1976, and all the way up to at least 1998, op. 1 was
attributed to Placidus. later, this attribution was redirected towards Patritio
Pichler, but nothing is known about this second man, and rIsM does not present
any biographical information on him in its database.304 scholars of lute music
have long been sceptical about the attributions to Placidus, since some of the lute
manuscripts with works by “Pichler” are of much too early date for the priest to
be credible as their composer. that did not prevent a French firm from publishing
300
JoHann GottFrIed dlaBaCž, Allgemeines historisches Künstler-Lexikon für Böhmen und zum Theil
auch für Mähren und Schlesien, cit., vol. 2, col. 464.
301
“durch Kompositionen verewigte er indessen seinen namen nicht”; FelIX JosePH lIPoWsKY,
Baierisches Musik-Lexikon, Munich, Giel, 1811, p. 247.
302
FrançoIs-JosePH FÉtIs, Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique,
8 vols, Brussels, Meline, 1841, vol. 7, p. 248.
303 roBert eItner, Biographisches-Bibliographisches Quellen-Lexikon der Musiker und Musikgelehrten
der christlichen Urzeit bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, 10 vols, leipzig, Breikopf & Härtel, 1902, vol. 7,
pp. 440-441.
304 leaving aside the incorrect attribution of Johann Melchior’s op. 1, rIsM lists two missing
works by Patritio Pichler, once held by the music library of the Benedictine monastery of st lambrecht
in austria: first, an Ave Regina for satB, two violins and organ, dated “1770 del sige. auth. Patritio
Pichler | Chor st. lambrecht”; and second, an Offertorium de S.P.Benedicto, dated c. 1780 and attributed
to “auth. sig. Pichler | Chor st. lambrecht”. I wish to thank abt Benedikt Plank at the lambrecht
monastery, who informs me that the rIsM entries are based solely on an inventory of the music
collection prepared in 1938, and no further information is available about this composer. I also wish
to thank alexander Marxen at rIsM for his kind reply to my enquiries.
– 74 –
JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
a recent edition of solo works by Pichler from the Haslemere manuscript305 (two
of which include Johann Melchior’s trademark Tournée) under the name of
Placidus, even though some of the individual movements have concordances in
lute anthologies dating from the 1720s or thereabouts.306 Further instances of
latter-day misattributions to Placidus occur in the literature on the above-
mentioned esterházy inventories and also in a recent study of the zerbst
inventory of 1743.307 on the positive side, the editors of the facsimile catalogue
of the Collegium Wilhelmitanum in strasbourg did not yield to the temptation
of crediting the Pichler works to Placidus or to a certain Heinrich Pichler (1723-
1809), a musician at Kremsmünster abbey whose diaries remain an important
source of information on musical life in this monastery.
Most important, Georg Brunner, who has published a large-scale study of the
scheyern monastery in Bavaria where Placidus Maria Pichler served between
1765 and 1774, has presented a timeline of the activities of this priest and
introduced much new information about his movements. While Brunner lauds
the virtuosity of Placidus as a musician, on both the organ and the “chelys”,308
he acknowledges that not a single composition is known to exist from his
subject’s pen.309
305
PlaCIde MarIe PICHler, The Haslemere Manuscript, Pieces and Lute Partitas, Vol. 3/5, Paris, le
luth doré, 2015, llde0014. this manuscript is possessed by the Carl dolmetsch library in
Haslemere, england.
306
the Pichler pieces in the Haslemere manuscript have multiple concordances with lute
anthologies, including ones in Göttweig and rostock, and also with a volume of lute music today
held by the Biblioteca nacional in Buenos aires, argentina. this manuscript was prepared in Prague
around 1720-1730. another piece in the Haslemere manuscript (and published by le luth doré) is a
delightful “Capricio Pichler”, which possesses ten concordances in nine different anthologies,
including the famous Weiss Manuscript in london, which gives it the title “Comment sçavez-Vous?”.
Judging by its place in the chronological sequence of the london manuscript, it is possible to date
this piece to before c. 1721. scholars differ over who the actual composer is: silvius leopold Weiss or
Pichler. Intriguingly, this piece is titled “la tournee” in two copies preserved in a manuscript today
held in Venice, but Weiss never used this term in his music. For a detailed list of concordances and
their shelfmarks, the reader is referred to the online database of lute music; see above.
307 stePHan Blaut, Neue Erkenntnisse zum Musikalientausch zwischen Zerbst und Dresden sowie zum
Inventarverzeichnis der Concert=Stube von 1743, in Fasch und Dresden (Fasch-studien 13), Beeskow,
ortus, 2013, pp. 157-186.
308 “Chelys” is a common latin word originally denoting a type of lyre but later used generically
vol. 1, pp. 105-108. at the time of his death in october 1796 Placidus was the organist of the s. Giorgio
Maggiore monastery in Venice, where he was regarded as an accomplished musician in ‘these regions’
(i.e., Venice) on the violin and organ: “Hisce in regionibus peritia sua in animanda Chely et organo
perbene notus [...]”; quoted in GeorG Brunner, Beiträge zur Musik im Kloster Scheyern, cit., vol. 1, p. 107,
note 488, after the original in Klosterarchiv scheyern, Ca 7,1, Rotulae Schyrensis, vol. 2 (1750-1803).
– 75 –
JÓHannes ÁGústsson
ConClusIon
310
VÁClaV KaPsa – Jana PerutKoVÁ – Jana sPÁČIloVÁ, Some Remarks on the Relationship of Bohemian
Aristocracy to Italian Music at the Time of Pergolesi, in Studi pergolesiani – Pergolesi Studies, 8, eds Claudio
Bacciagaluppi, Hans-Günter ottenberg and luca zoppelli, Bern, Peter lang, 2012, pp. 311-339.
311
Jana FranKoVÁ, Music at the Court of Adam Franz and Joseph Adam Von Schwarzenberg: Vienna,
Český Krumlov and Paris and Transitions at [recte, up] to the End of Baroque Era, “Musicologica
Brunensia”, 47/1, 2012, pp. 159-177.
312
Jana sPÁČIloVÁ, Hudba na dvoře olomouckého biskupa Schrattenbacha (1711-1738). Příspěvek k
libretistice barokní opery a oratoria. dissertation, Masaryk university, Brno, 2006. VÁClaV KaPsa – Jana
PerutKoVÁ – Jana sPÁČIloVÁ, Some Remarks on the Relationship of Bohemian Aristocracy to Italian Music
at the Time of Pergolesi, cit.
313 Jana PerutKoVÁ, Der glorreiche Nahmen Adami. Johann Adam Graf von Questenberg (1678-1752)
als Förderer der italienischen Oper in Mähren, Vienna, Hollitzer Verlag, 2015.
314 VÁClaV KaPsa, Hudebníci hraběte Morzina: Přispěvek k dějinám šlechtických kapel v Čechách v době
‘Profound Silence’ Left by a ‘Pope of Music’, “Journal of the lute society of america”, 33, 2000, pp. 47-86.
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JosePH JoHann adaM oF lIeCHtensteIn, Patron oF VIValdI
support of the young music student Franz Xaver Pokorny leaves one wondering:
what if this young and generous prince had been able to prolong his musical
patronage?
But perhaps the most important outcome of this present study is the fact that
some of the repertory of the secular and sacred music heard at the liechtenstein
court in the 1720s and the early 1730s has now been recovered. Johann Melchior
Pichler in particular is certainly an interesting composer whose substantial
oeuvre of early galant solo and chamber music calls for further analysis and
systematic cataloguing. His sacred music likewise deserves a closer look in order
to clear up any uncertainty about the religious works I have tentatively argued
to be his. Indeed, a general investigation into the musical language of Pichler
would doubtless reveal his sources of influence and determine whether we can
indeed count Vivaldi among these. such a project would also seek to explain the
popularity and the wide distribution of Pichler’s instrumental works, while
placing the music into the context of his contemporaries. and now that a basic
outline of his life and activities has been presented, it will, one hopes, help to fill
in the gaps and give precise answers to the two most important outstanding
questions: who were Pichler’s noble patrons from the houses of lubomirski and
solms? But at all events, after almost three centuries of neglect this composer has
finally regained his identity. It is my sincere hope that his music may now appeal
a little more to modern musicians and musicologists.
– 77 –
Jóhannes Ágústsson
sommario
nel libretto del Farnace messo in scena a Pavia nel 1731, Vivaldi, per la prima
volta, viene menzionato con la qualifica di «maestro di cappella» di Joseph
Johann adam (1690-1732), principe regnante del Principato del liechtenstein.
Fino a oggi non si conosceva nulla in merito a questo mecenate, ai musicisti al
suo servizio o alla musica eseguita presso la corte del liechtenstein durante la
prima metà del settecento.
l’ensemble musicale del principe fu fondato attorno al 1715 da suo padre, il
principe anton Florian (1656-1721). ai musicisti più giovani e promettenti
provenienti dalle residenze della famiglia regnante dislocate in Bohemia, Moravia
e austria fu offerta la possibilità di perfezionare i propri studi a Vienna e a
Feldsberg (Valtice), per poi essere impiegati come strumentisti di corte. dagli
inizi della terza decade del secolo e fino alla fine di quella successiva, questa
‘scuola’ produsse molti professionisti di indiscusso valore, come il cornista anton
Joseph Hampel e il compositore Franz Xaver Pokorny. Quando Joseph Johann
adam succedette al padre, nel 1721, prese alle sue dipendenze un piccolo gruppo
di Cammer Musici guidati dal suo direttore musicale e Compositor, Johann
Melchior Pichler. un corposo repertorio di composizioni strumentali e di musica
vocale sacra di questo maestro di origine viennese a lungo dimenticato sono oggi
conservate in diverse biblioteche di tutta europa.
dal 1730 il principe ha riunito insieme un ragguardevole numero di esecutori
formato dai suoi musicisti da camera con l’aggiunta di svariati cantanti, valletti,
lacchè, cornisti, trombettisti e studenti di musica. Fonti d’archivio evidenziano
come Joseph Johann adam abbia concepito progetti a lungo termine per
promuovere l’esecuzione di opere in musica presso il suo palazzo di Feldsberg.
Probabilmente fu questa la ragione per cui egli conferì a Vivaldi il suo titolo
durante il soggiorno viennese del compositore del 1729-1730: il principe, infatti,
aveva bisogno di un maestro di cappella in grado di fornirgli della musica vocale
sia da camera che per il teatro. tuttavia, la morte prematura di Joseph Johann
adam, avvenuta nel 1732, interruppe bruscamente questo progetto. appena suo
figlio Johann nepomuk Charles (1724-1748) raggiunse l’età necessaria per
succedergli, nel 1745, la corte del liechtenstein conobbe una breve ed effimera
rinascita musicale, sotto la guida del Kapellmeister Johann Georg orschler.
– 78 –
Javier lupiáñez – Fabrizio ammetto
una delle ultime tendenze degli attuali studi musicologici vivaldiani è la ri-
cerca, tra il mare magnum di composizioni anonime (nelle fonti che le trasmettono)
conservate in differenti biblioteche del mondo, di nuove attribuzioni autoriali al
Prete rosso. Per questa ragione, il catalogo rV ha accolto nell’ultimo decennio
nuovi ’ingressi’ di musiche sia vocali che strumentali, alcuni dei quali preceden-
temente insospettabili. Queste attribuzioni sono state stabilite principalmente
grazie alla presenza di alcune concordanze musicali con altri lavori vivaldiani
autentici,1 oltre che in virtù di ulteriori relazioni bibliografiche, paleografiche e
biografiche. di seguito si fornisce l’elenco di tali ultime acquisizioni (specificando
tra parentesi, dopo il numero di rV, l’anno di inclusione nel catalogo):2
– rV 808 (2007), Concerto (incompleto) in do maggiore (olim rV anh. 76), per violino,
organo, archi e basso continuo (I-Vc, busta 55, vol. 133, ‘libro-parte di anna Maria’;
rIsM: deest);3
– rV 810 (2007), sonata in re maggiore, per violino e basso continuo (D-Dl, Mus. 2389-
r-12; rIsM Id no.: 212000254);4
Javier lupiáñez, laan van nieuw oost-Indië 37, 2593 BK la Haya, Paesi Bassi.
e-mail: [email protected]
Fabrizio ammetto, departamento de Música (daad, CG), universidad de Guanajuato, sede
Marfil, Fraccionamiento 1, s/n, Col. el establo, 36250 Guanajuato, Gto., Messico.
e-mail: [email protected] – oppure – [email protected]
1 FederICo MarIa sardellI, Catalogo delle concordanze musicali vivaldiane («Quaderni vivaldiani»,
seguente il Concerto (incompleto) in sol maggiore, rV 814, per violino, violoncello, archi e basso con-
tinuo, in quanto il manoscritto che lo trasmette reca l’indicazione «d.V.» (d[on] V[ivaldi]) e, dunque,
non è propriamente considerabile una composizione ‘anonima’. Conservato in un libro-parte nella
Biblioteca del Conservatorio di Musica ’Benedetto Marcello’ di Venezia, venne segnalato in MICHael
talBot, A Vivaldi Discovery at the Conservatorio “Benedetto Marcello”, «Informazioni e studi vivaldiani»,
3, 1982, pp. 3-12. Classificato successivamente da Peter ryom come rV anh. 87, fu accolto nella serie
degli rV nel 2009 (Aggiornamenti del catalogo vivaldiano, a cura di Federico Maria sardelli, «studi vi-
valdiani», 9, 2009, pp. 105-114).
3 FederICo MarIa sardellI, Da RV Anh. 76 a RV 808, un nuovo concerto di Vivaldi, «studi vival-
– 79 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
– rV 811 (2008), Mottetto Vos invito, barbarae faces, per contralto, archi e basso continuo
(I-Af, Fondo antico, Ms. n. 583/33; rIsM: deest);5
– rV 812 (2008), Concerto in sol minore, per oboe, violoncello, archi e basso continuo
(rohrau, raccolta dei conti Harrach, senza segnatura; rIsM: deest);6
– rV 817 (2012), Concerto in la maggiore (olim rV anh. 86), per violino, archi e basso
continuo (D-Dl, Mus. 2-o-1,20; rIsM Id no.: 212001698);7
– rV 820 (2015), sonata (incompleta) in sol maggiore, per violino, violoncello e basso
continuo (D-Dl, Mus. 2-Q-6; rIsM Id no.: 212002034).8
la metà delle composizioni sopra menzionate (rV 810, 817, 820) proviene
dalla sächsische landesbibliothek – staats- und universitätsbibliothek (sluB)
di dresda, più precisamente dal cosiddetto fondo Schrank II,9 quella meravigliosa
collezione di musiche strumentali della prima metà del diciottesimo secolo co-
stituitasi soprattutto grazie all’intensa attività del Konzertmeister dell’orchestra di
corte dresdense Johann Georg Pisendel (1687-1755), allievo di Vivaldi e poi infa-
ticabile divulgatore delle sue musiche.
nella raccolta di dresda figurano anche composizioni che non hanno tuttora
superato l’esame di ‘autenticità vivaldiana’, come le sinfonie per archi rV anh. 85
(Mus. 2389-n-11)10 e rV anh. 93 (Mus. 2199-n-4) che possiedono uno stile tipico
del Prete rosso, sebbene l’attribuzione non possa essere stabilita su basi stretta-
mente filologiche e bibliografiche.11
In quest’articolo verrà preso in considerazione il Concerto per violino in re
maggiore Mus. 2-o-1,45 del fondo Schrank II che, allo stato attuale delle cono-
scenze, risulta essere anonimo: l’unica fonte che lo trasmette è un set di parti stac-
cate manoscritte allestite da Pisendel tra il 1720 e il 1730.12 nonostante il titolo
nell’etichetta della cartella che contiene la composizione indichi «Concerto. | co
VV.ni ob: Cor: Fag: V.la e | Basso.», le parti staccate accluse sono soltanto quelle
di «Violino Principale», «Violino Primo», «Violino 2:do», «Violetta», «Violoncello»,
5
FederICo MarIa sardellI, Dall’esterno all’interno: criteri di autenticità e catalogazione, «studi vi-
valdiani», 8, 2008, pp. 93-109.
6
FederICo MarIa sardellI, Dall’esterno all’interno, criteri di autenticità e catalogazione, cit.
7
Online: <https://opac.rism.info/search?id=212001698>.
8
Online: <https://opac.rism.info/search?id=212002034>.
9
Online: <https://hofmusik.slub-dresden.de/themen/schrank-zwei/>.
10
Precedentemente catalogata tra le composizioni dubbie di tomaso albinoni (come Mi 2).
11
si veda l’edizione moderna antonIo VIValdI, Sinfonia in Do maggiore (RV Anh. 93) e Sinfonia in
La maggiore (RV Anh. 85) per due violini, viola e basso, edizione critica a cura di Fabrizio ammetto,
Bologna, ut orpheus, 2007 («accademia», aCC 64).
12
Il rIsM data questo concerto (rIsM Id no.: 212003601) tra il 1720 e il 1740 (<https://opac.
rism.info/metaopac/search?View=rism&id=212003601>), ma lo studio della filigrana delle carte
(W-dl-081) realizzato dalla sluB circoscrive il periodo agli anni 1720-30 (<http://hofmusik.slub-
dresden.de/en/kataloge/wasserzeichenkatalog/>).
– 80 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
13
errori o imprecisioni nelle etichette del fondo Schrank II sono comuni, anche se vanno distinti
i casi in cui gli elementi che smentiscono l’etichetta furono introdotti in un secondo tempo (vale a
dire, dopo il 1765 circa) e gli altri casi in cui la copertina (e con essa l’etichetta) fu scambiata inavver-
titamente o riciclata proprio in quella occasione: alla prima tipologia di imprecisioni appartiene, per
esempio, il Concerto di Vivaldi rV 569, un lavoro per violino, due oboi, due corni da caccia, fagotto,
archi e basso continuo, semplicemente menzionato come «Concerto | co V.no conc: VV.ni Viola e
Basso.» (Mus. 2389-o-93/93a).
14
nella parte del Violino I si legge «Grave. adagio assai», nella parte del Violino II «Grave adagio
e staccato», mentre nella parte della Viola «Grave adagio assai».
15 la linea del basso – con cifratura per la realizzazione – è notata nella parte del «Violino Prin-
cipale» (il cui secondo movimento è scritto su due pentagrammi, uno per la melodia e l’altro per l’ac-
compagnamento), mentre non compare nelle parti staccate di «Violoncello», «Violone» o «Cembalo»
che, per contro, riportano l’indicazione «Grave tacet». nelle parti di Violino I, Violino II e Viola è pre-
sente, invece, una versione analoga dello stesso accompagnamento (con la viola in funzione di ’bas-
setto’): si tratta di una realizzazione a tre voci delle armonie suggerite dalla cifratura nella linea del
basso. a giudicare dai numerosi errori di armonia e di contrappunto presenti in questa versione di
accompagnamento ‘a tre’, risulta evidente che la versione originale del secondo movimento sia stata
pensata per violino e basso continuo, mentre soltanto in un secondo momento qualcuno (non molto
esperto) aggiunse una versione alternativa senza basso.
16 MICHael talBot, The Vivaldi Compendium, Woodbridge, the Boydell Press, 2011, p. 56.
18 Come afferma talbot, «where he uses large intervals we often find either that two-part writing
is being simulated in a single line (the lower “part” may be a pedal-note) or that an expected simple
interval has been displaced upwards or downwards by one or two octaves» (MICHael talBot, Vivaldi,
london, dent, 19932, p. 74).
19 «He shows no general preference for diatonicism or chromaticism in his melodies, tending to
either as the occasion warrants, but it is remarkable how often melodic chromaticism is introduced
without prompting from the harmonic progressions» (MICHael talBot, Vivaldi, cit., p. 75).
– 81 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
l’avvio del primo episodio solistico nell’Allegro iniziale del Concerto anonimo
Mus. 2-o-1,45 (esempio 2) intrattiene relazioni melodiche con almeno due lavori
vivaldiani: il Concerto per violino in re maggiore, rV 224a (esempio 3) e il
Concerto per violino in sol maggiore, rV 298, op. IV, n. 12 (esempio 4).
eseMPIo 3. Vivaldi, Concerto per violino rV 224a, III mov., batt. 129-132.
eseMPIo 4. Vivaldi, Concerto per violino rV 298, op. IV, n. 12, I mov., batt. 105-107.
– 82 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
l’inizio del Grave del Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45 (esempio 5) presenta
similitudini melodiche e armoniche con l’incipit del secondo movimento (Grave)
del Concerto per archi in re maggiore, rV 124, op. XII, n. 3 (esempio 6).20
eseMPIo 6. Vivaldi, Concerto per archi rV 124, op. XII, n. 3, II mov., batt. 1-5.
Più avanti, nello stesso movimento, la tensione armonica delle batt. 15-16
(esempio 7) ha delle evidenti analogie con le batt. 5-6 del terzo movimento (Largo)
della sonata (incompleta)21 per violino in sol maggiore, rV 37 (esempio 8).
20
nell’esempio vengono riportate soltanto le parti estreme (violino I e basso), mentre vengono
omesse tanto le parti interne (violino II e viola), come pure la cifratura del basso continuo.
21
Manca la parte del basso: due differenti ricostruzioni della linea dell’accompagnamento sono
state proposte da Fabrizio ammetto (FaBrIzIo aMMetto, Le Sonate per violino di Antonio Vivaldi. Fonti
e cronologia, aspetti di evoluzione formale e stilistica. Prima edizione assoluta delle cinque Sonate incomplete
RV 4, 7, 11, 17, 37, tesi di diploma accademico di II livello (non pubblicata), l’aquila, Conservatorio
statale di musica ‘alfredo Casella’, anno accademico 2005-2006) e da Michael talbot (antonIo VIValdI,
Sonate per violino RV 11 e RV 37, edizione critica a cura di Michael talbot, Firenze, s.P.e.s., 2008. le
stesse due sonate sono state ripubblicate nel 2016 da Casa ricordi – in collaborazione con l’Istituto
Italiano antonio Vivaldi, come parte dell’edizione Critica –, sulla base dei testi dell’edizione s.P.e.s.).
– 83 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
eseMPIo 8. Vivaldi, sonata per violino rV 37, III mov., batt. 5-6.
Inoltre, sempre nel Grave del Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45 compare una
tipica articolazione violinistica vivaldiana, la cosiddetta ’legatura sincopata’
(esempio 9).
anche il terzo movimento del Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45 presenta evi-
denti legami col linguaggio vivaldiano, oltre che vere e proprie concordanze mu-
sicali con lavori autentici del Prete rosso. Il bariolage delle batt. 68 e segg. del
Concerto Mus. 2-o-1,45, con il Mi4 in funzione di pedale (esempio 10) è impa-
rentato al passaggio delle batt. 154 e segg. del movimento finale del Concerto per
violino in re maggiore, rV 205, qui con il la4 come pedale (esempio11).
eseMPIo 10. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., batt. 68-74/I.
eseMPIo 11. Vivaldi, Concerto per violino rV 205, III mov., batt. 154-160/I.
– 84 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
le batt. 53 e segg. del Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45 (esempio 12) sono
strettamente collegate con le batt. 75 e segg. del movimento finale del Concerto
per violino in re maggiore ’Grosso Mogul’, rV 208 (esempio 13).
eseMPIo 12. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., batt. 53-59/I.
eseMPIo 13. Vivaldi, Concerto per violino rV 208, III mov., batt. 75-81/I.
eseMPIo 14. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., batt. 115-127.
– 85 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
eseMPIo 15. Vivaldi, Concerto per violino rV 208, III mov., batt. 140-152.
la linea melodica dei violini primi nelle misure conclusive del primo tutti
(batt. 11-16/I) del Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45 (esempio 16) – riproposte
anche al termine della composizione (batt. 144-149/I) – è strettamente correlata a
quella dell’ultimo tutti (batt. 332-338) nel movimento finale del Concerto rV 212
(esempio 17).
eseMPIo 16. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., batt. 11-16/I (=144-149/I).
22
la struttura armonica del primo movimento è la seguente: t1 (I grado), s1 (I), t2 (V), s2 (V), t3
(V), s3 (V→I), t4 (I). nel terzo movimento tutto si muove in un generale àmbito tonale di I grado.
23
Per esempio, il Concerto per violino in re minore, rV 237 (pure conservato a dresda, Mus.
2389-o-46) presenta, tanto nel primo movimento come nell’ultimo, una esplorazione armonica limi-
tata agli àmbiti di tonica e dominante.
– 86 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
uno dei possibili ’candidati autori’ di questo Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45
potrebbe essere Francesco Maria Cattaneo (ca 1697-1758), violinista a Monaco di
Baviera dal 1717-1718, poi, dal 1721, nella cappella privata del conte Jakob
Heinrich von Flemming e, quindi, a dresda dal 1726,24 ove fu successore di
Pisendel alla guida dell’orchestra di corte dopo la morte di quest’ultimo nel
1755.25 la relazione artistica tra Vivaldi e Cattaneo è ancora in attesa di essere
studiata a fondo. uno dei possibili collegamenti col Prete rosso potrebbe essere
la sorella Maria santina Cattanea, soprano, alunna di Pietro scarpari (ca 1683-
1763), maestro di canto nell’ospedale della Pietà di Venezia.26 Inoltre, Cattanea
stette sotto la tutela di Barbara (1669/1670-1758), una delle più importanti ‘figlie
di coro’ della Pietà.27
la chiara influenza dello stile di Vivaldi nelle composizioni di Cattaneo ha
recentemente aperto un dibattito sulla possibile paternità vivaldiana del Concerto
anonimo Mus. 2-o-7a,28 poi attribuito a Cattaneo e non a Vivaldi, anche se ciò
rende più plausibile la possibilità che Cattaneo fosse stato allievo del Prete rosso.29
Quest’ipotesi potrebbe essere ulteriormente sostenuta dai viaggi che Cattaneo
fece a Venezia negli anni Venti e trenta del settecento, sebbene scarseggino i do-
cumenti probatori.30
ad ogni modo, risulta assai interessante notare che il materiale musicale delle
batt. 108-124 nel terzo movimento del nostro Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45
(parzialmente presente nel Concerto rV 208 di Vivaldi) si ritrova praticamente
uguale nelle batt. 1-7 e 12-21 nel quarto movimento della sonata per violino in
Fa maggiore Mus. 2468-r-3 di Cattaneo (esempio 18).31
24
Music at German Courts, 1715-1760: Changing Artistic Priorities, a cura di samantha owens,
Barbara M. reul e Janice B. stockigt, Woodbridge, the Boydell Press, 2011, p. 60.
25
seBastIan BIesold, Dresden: Anonym überliefertes Violinkonzert sorgt für Diskussion um Autorschaft,
«Forum Musikbibliothek», 33/3, 2012, p. 45.
26
MICHael talBot, The Chamber Cantatas of Antonio Vivaldi, Woodbridge, the Boydell Press, 2006,
p. 167.
27
MICHael talBot, The Vivaldi Compendium, cit., p. 30.
28
Il Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-7a concorda con Mus. 2-o-7b e Mus. 2-o-7c.
29
a proposito del Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-7a, talbot afferma: «the strongly Vivaldian features
in both the character of much of the music and certain notational details point to the strong possibility
that Cattaneo was a pupil of Vivaldi in Venice, before he emigrated to Germany in 1717-18»
(Obscure Italian composer, and not Vivaldi, may have written Baroque violin concerto, in «the strad», 24
luglio 2012, online: <http://www.thestrad.com/obscure-italian-composer-and-not-vivaldi-may-have-
written-baroque-violin-concerto/>).
30 seBastIan BIesold, Dresden: Anonym überliefertes Violinkonzert sorgt für Diskussion um Autorschaft,
cit., p. 46.
31 nella fonte originale questo movimento è notato con un bemolle nell’armatura di chiave. tut-
tavia, sia la sua costruzione armonica, sia la relazione col movimento precedente (in re minore) sem-
bra indicare che l’armatura di chiave appropriata a questo movimento debba essere con due diesis
(in re maggiore). Molto probabilmente si tratta di un errore del copista che scrisse l’armatura con un
bemolle per tutta la sonata.
– 87 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
eseMPIo 18. sonata per violino Mus. 2468-r-3, IV mov., batt. 1-21.
In altre parole, nel caso del Concerto anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45 ci troviamo di
fronte ad un pastiche, ossia una composizione che assembla materiale musicale
di altri autori, anche di Vivaldi.
Ma le sorprese non finiscono qui. un ulteriore elemento di questo Concerto
anonimo risulta degno d’attenzione: la presenza, alla fine dell’allegro conclusivo,
di un’interessante cadenza.
nella parte staccata del «Violino Principale», al termine dell’ultimo tutti (batt.
149) dopo la doppia barra conclusiva, appare la scrizione «fine», che indica – evi-
dentemente – la conclusione del concerto. di seguito, però, è notata un’estesa ca-
denza di 53 battute (Fig. 1), conclusa dalla riproposizione esatta delle ultime
quattro misure del movimento (che recano l’indicazione «tutti»), al termine delle
quali si legge l’ulteriore (e definitiva) annotazione «fine» (Fig. 2).
– 88 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
32
semplicemente «si ferma à piacimento» nella parte staccata del «Violino Primo».
33
In relazione al Concerto per violino in re maggiore, rV 206, talbot scrive: «the vital point is
that the phrase has to my knowledge been linked to only one composer besides Vivaldi» (MICHael
talBot, Miscellany, “studi Vivaldiani”, 12, 2012, p. 9).
34
sulla base di evidenze stilistiche, Michael talbot ha suggerito il nome di Cattaneo come possi-
bile autore di questo concerto, sebbene ne abbia rilevato anche la mancanza di concordanze con altre
opere dello stesso compositore (comunicazione privata).
35 rIsM Id no.: 190011120. online: <http://utiledulci.musikverket.se/ud_select.php?lang= sw&id=
in altri lavori: per esempio, nell’aria di Caio, con violino obbligato, «Guarda in quest’occhi, e senti»
(III, 4) dall’Ottone in villa, rV 729 (I-Tn, Foà 37.1), o nella parte per organo – alla fine del secondo mo-
vimento (allegro) – della sonata per violino, oboe, organo obbligato e chalumeau ad libitum, rV 779
(D-Dl, Mus. 2389-Q-14).
– 89 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
– Concerto per violino in do maggiore, rV 179, III movimento (D-Dl, Mus. 2389-o-59);
– Concerto per violino in re maggiore, rV 206, III movimento (D-Dl, Mus. 2727-o-138
e D-SWI, Mus. 5567);39
– Concerto per violino in re maggiore Grosso Mogul, rV 208, I e III movimento (I-CF,
senza segnatura e D-SWl, schering ms. 5565);40
– Concerto (incompleto) per violino in re maggiore «fatto per la solennità della s. lin-
gua di s. antonio in Padoa», rV 212, I e III movimento (I-Tn, Giordano 29 e D-Dl,
Mus. 2389-o-74);41
– Concerto per violino in re maggiore, rV 213, III movimento (D-Dl, Mus. 2389-o-61);
– Concerto per violino in re maggiore, rV 213a, III movimento (I-Vc, busta 55, vol. 133); 42
– Concerto per violino in re maggiore, rV 219, I movimento (D-Dl, Mus. 2389-o-85);43
– Concerto per violino in Mi maggiore, rV 268, III movimento (I-Tn, Foa 31);
– Concerto per violino in Fa maggiore, rV 286, I, II e III movimento (I-Vc, busta 55,
vol. 133);
– Concerto per violino in la maggiore, rV 340, III movimento (D-Dl, Mus. 2389-o-43);
– Concerto per violino in la maggiore, rV 349, I e III movimento (D-Dl, Mus. 2389-o-65
e I-Vc, busta 55, vol. 133);44
– Concerto per due violini in do maggiore, rV 507, III movimento (I-Tn, Giordano 35);45
– Concerto per due violini in re maggiore, rV 513, III movimento (Witvogel 48, n. 6);46
– Concerto a più strumenti in do maggiore «per la solennità di s. lorenzo», rV 556,
III movimento (I-Tn, Giordano 34);47
– Concerto (incompleto) a più strumenti in re maggiore, rV 562, III movimento
(D-Dl, Mus. 2389-o-94);
– Concerto per violino in due cori in do maggiore «per la santissima assontione di
Maria Vergine», rV 581, III movimento (I-Tn, Giordano 34);
– Concerto per violino in due cori in si bemolle maggiore, rV 583, III movimento
(I-Tn, Foà 29);
– Concerto (incompleto) per violino in re maggiore, rV 772, III movimento (I-Vc,
busta 55, vol. 133);
– Concerto (incompleto) per violino e organo in Fa maggiore, rV 775, III movimento
(I-Vc, busta 55, vol. 133);48
– Concerto (incompleto) per violino in la maggiore, rV anh. 74, I e III movimento
(I-Vc, busta 55, vol. 133).
38 In questa fonte – non autografa – compare un passaggio cadenzale (di 21 battute) nella parte
del violino solista, senza alcuna annotazione che lo segnali come tale. nelle parti staccate di violino
I, violino II e viola, in corrispondenza di tale passaggio, si legge «Qui si ferma», mentre nella parte
del basso è notato un accompagnamento.
39 nelle parti orchestrali di questa fonte – non autografa – compaiono pause in corrispondenza
43 si tratta di un breve passaggio cadenzale su un pedale di dominante alla fine del primo movimento.
44 Cadenza su un pedale.
48 una cadenza per violino è presente nell’unica parte staccata superstite del «Violino principale».
– 90 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
Vivaldi, in Nuovi studi vivaldiani: edizione e cronologia critica delle opere, a cura di antonio Fanna e
Giovanni Morelli (“Quaderni vivaldiani”, 4), Firenze, olschki, 1998, pp. 479-492.
– 91 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
alla luce di quanto sopra, torniamo ora ad analizzare la cadenza presente nel
movimento finale del Concerto per violino anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45, le cui somi-
glianze con cadenze genuinamente vivaldiane – sia per le concordanze musicali
che condividono,52 sia per la struttura generale – sono particolarmente evidenti.
Il contenuto musicale dell’avvio della cadenza nel Concerto Mus. 2-o-1,45
(esempio 19) è esattamente uguale a quello delle cadenze nei Concerti rV 208 e
562, che condividono lo stesso incipit (esempi 20 e 21).
eseMPIo 19. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., cadenza, batt. 1-2.
eseMPIo 20. Vivaldi, Concerto rV 208, III mov., cadenza, batt. 1-2.
eseMPIo 21. Vivaldi, Concerto rV 562, III mov., cadenza, batt. 1-2.
Inoltre, sono palesi le ulteriori analogie con la breve cadenza del Concerto
rV 556 (esempio 22) e con un passaggio nel terzo movimento della sonata (in-
completa) per violino, violoncello e basso, rV 820,53 in corrispondenza dell’inizio
di un intervento solistico del violino introdotto da una cadenza (‘perfidia’) su un
pedale (esempio 23).
52
In particolare, con entrambe le versioni di rV 208, e quelle di rV 212 (D-Dl, Mus. 2389-o-74) e
rV 562 (D-Dl, Mus. 2389-o-94).
53
recentemente scoperta, in maniera indipendente, da Javier lupiáñez e Federico Maria sardelli.
– 92 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
Il contenuto musicale delle batt. 5-7 nella cadenza del Concerto Mus. 2-o-1,45
(esempio 24) – pur se idiomatico del linguaggio violinistico a doppie corde – mo-
stra evidenti legami con passaggi simili presenti in alcune composizioni vival-
diane (esempi 25 e 26).
eseMPIo 24. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., cadenza, batt. 5-7.
eseMPIo 26. Vivaldi, Concerto rV 212, III mov., cadenza, batt. 40-41.
le batt. 8-15/III nella cadenza del Concerto Mus. 2-o-1,45 (esempio 27) pre-
sentano addirittura citazioni letterali di passaggi vivaldiani (esempi 28 e 29), ol-
treché rimembranze motiviche (esempi 30 e 31).
eseMPIo 27. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., cadenza, batt. 8-15/III.
– 93 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
eseMPIo 28. Vivaldi, Concerto rV 208 (D-SWl), III mov., cadenza, batt. 19-27/I.
eseMPIo 29. Vivaldi, Concerto rV 562, III mov., cadenza, batt. 14-17/III.
eseMPIo 30. Vivaldi, Concerto rV 208 (I-CF), III mov., batt. 74-77.
eseMPIo 31. Vivaldi, Concerto rV 208 (I-CF), III mov., batt. 82-89.
– 94 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
eseMPIo 32. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., cadenza, batt. 16/III-20/II.
un’ampia sezione della cadenza del Concerto Mus. 2-o-1,45 (esempio 34) è
strettamente imparentata con un passaggio della cadenza ‘I’54 del Concerto rV 212
(esempio 35).
eseMPIo 34. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., cadenza, batt. 31-39.
54
Il manoscritto di dresda registra tre differenti cadenze per il III movimento del Concerto
rV 212 (online: <http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/3438/1/>): le prime due cadenze sono
simili a quelle riportate nell’autografo torinese, mentre la terza cadenza (frammentaria) compare
soltanto nella fonte dresdense (e sembra essere uno schizzo della cadenza del movimento iniziale).
– 95 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
eseMPIo 35. Vivaldi, Concerto rV 212 (D-Dl), III mov., cadenza ‘I’, batt. 25/III-33/II.
Inoltre, il trattamento melodico delle batt. 33-34 della cadenza del Concerto
anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45 si incontra anche all’inizio della progressione (batt. 151-152)
nel movimento iniziale del Concerto rV 513, nella parte del primo solista
(esempio 36).
eseMPIo 37. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., cadenza, batt. 40-44.
eseMPIo 38. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., batt. 108-114.
55 Come pure nelle batt. 107-116/II del primo movimento del Concerto rV 335.
– 96 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
eseMPIo 40. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., cadenza, batt. 45-53/II.
– 97 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
eseMPIo 42. Vivaldi, Concerto rV 212 (D-Dl), III mov., cadenza ‘II’, batt. 59-?56
ConClusIonI
la cadenza del Concerto per violino anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45 possiede – oltre
ad un alto tasso di concordanze musicali con altri lavori del Prete rosso – la
struttura tipica di una cadenza vivaldiana. Infatti, nello sviluppo di questa
cadenza sono ben riconoscibili le seguenti sezioni:57
a) batt. 1-2: collegamento con il corpo del concerto; scale ascendenti uguali (o
simili) a quelle utilizzate da Vivaldi in altre cadenze (rV 208, 562, 556).
anche il cambio di tempo nella cadenza – da 3/4 (utilizzato nel movimento
conclusivo del concerto) a C – è un’ulteriore caratteristica della prassi
vivaldiana;58
58 Per esempio, nel movimento finale del Concerto (incompleto) per violino e organo in Fa
maggiore, rV 775 (antonIo VIValdI, Concerto in Do maggiore (RV 774) e Concerto in Fa maggiore (RV 775)
per violino, organo, archi e basso continuo, edizione critica con ricostruzione delle parti mancanti a cura
di Fabrizio ammetto, Bologna, ut orpheus («accademia», aCC 61), 2005, pp. 37-39: 39), o nel terzo
movimento del Concerto per due violini in re maggiore, rV 513 (un allegro in 3/4), ove la cadenza
inizia con un cambio di tempo (C) e torna in 3/4 soltanto sei battute prima della sua conclusione. la
trascrizione di questa cadenza si trova in FaBrIzIo aMMetto, Un concierto para dos violines de Vivaldi
en una colección antológica del siglo XVIII: ¿cuán atendible es el texto musical en la fuente del RV 513?,
“ad Parnassum. a Journal of eighteenth- and nineteenth-Century Instrumental Music”, 15, 2010,
pp. 67-78: 77-78.
– 98 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
eseMPIo 44. Concerto per violino Mus. 2-o-1,45, III mov., conclusione della cadenza.
59 l’autore-compilatore del Concerto per violino anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45 deve aver inserito questa
cadenza soltanto in un secondo momento, come suggerisce la presenza – nella parte del solista – del-
l’indicazione «fine» al termine dell’ultimo tutti (batt. 149) e prima dell’inizio della cadenza stessa.
60 In questo accordo gli strumenti a fiato iniziano addirittura l’ultimo tutti sul V grado (urtando
– 99 –
JaVIer luPIÁñez – FaBrIzIo aMMetto
FIGura 3. Vivaldi, Concerto per violino rV 562, III mov., conclusione della cadenza.
61 su tale uso intercambiale delle cadenze si veda MICHael talBot, Pierre Pagin’s Capriccios for
Antonio Vivaldi’s Concerto ‘La primavera’, in Locatelli and the Violin Bravura Tradition, a cura di Fulvia
Morabito (“studies on Italian Music History”, 9), turnhout, Brepols, 2015, pp. 165-193: 179-182.
62
Online: <http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/3359/1/>.
63
In quest’articolo Javier lupiáñez ha realizzato l’analisi delle cadenze vivaldiane note e la se-
lezione degli esempi musicali, mentre Fabrizio ammetto è responsabile dell’impostazione generale
del saggio e della descrizione del Concerto per violino anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45; entrambi gli autori
hanno elaborato le conclusioni del presente articolo.
– 100 –
una nuoVa Cadenza VIValdIana
eseMPIo 45. Cadenza di Vivaldi nel Concerto per violino anonimo Mus. 2-o-1,45.
– 101 –
Javier lupiáñez – Fabrizio ammetto
summary
– 102 –
Michael talbot
tHe BaCKGround
lightning, apparently, does sometimes strike more than once – in the present
case, for a fifth time (with no assurance that this is the absolute end of the story).
to explain: this is the fifth occasion on which a work in manuscript attributed to
Baldassarre Galuppi preserved in the sluB (the former sächsische
landesbibliothek) in dresden has turned out on close inspection to be actually
one by Vivaldi. the five works have one other important thing in common: they
were copied out by Iseppo (Giuseppe) Baldan, who around the middle of the
eighteenth century was the successful – but in fact highly dishonest – proprietor
of Venice’s premier music copying shop and a major supplier of manuscript
scores to the saxon-Polish court.1 Baldan’s motivation in replacing Vivaldi’s name
by Galuppi’s is not hard to divine. By 1760 or a little earlier, when these copies
were prepared (many by Baldan himself, and others by his assistants, often
working in small teams), Vivaldi’s music was no longer in demand, whereas
Galuppi was at the height of his reputation and may well have been a composer
specified by the shop’s customers. since two of Vivaldi’s nephews – daniele
Mauro and Carlo Vivaldi – worked for Baldan at different times, the latter will
have had every opportunity to stockpile some of the master’s later music:2 the
only problem for him was to find an opportunity to turn it to good account.
the four previous discoveries can be summarized here. In 1982 the present
writer reported on three surviving parts for a single-coro variant, attributed to
Vivaldi, of the well-known Beatus vir in C major, rV 597, among fragments of the
repertory of the ospedale della Pietà preserved in the Fondo Esposti at the
– 103 –
MICHael talBot
3
MICHael talBot, A Vivaldi Discovery at the Conservatorio “Benedetto Marcello”, “Informazioni e
studi vivaldiani”, 3, 1982, pp. 3-12.
4
D-Dl, Mus. 2389-e-4 (formerly Mus. 2973-d-32).
5
Peter rYoM, Vivaldi ou Galuppi? Un cas de doute surprenant, in Vivaldi. Vero e falso. Problemi di
attribuzione, eds antonio Fanna and Michael talbot (“Quaderni vivaldiani, 7), Florence, olschki, 1992,
pp. 25-41.
6
Antonio Vivaldi. Beatus vir. Salmo 111 per soprano e tre contralti solisti, coro a quattro voci miste, due
violini, viola e basso, RV 795. Edizione critica, ed. Michael talbot, Milan, ricordi, 1995 (P.r. 1335).
7
D-Dl, Mus. 2389-e-5 (formerly Mus. 2973-d-39).
8
MICHael talBot, Recovering Vivaldi’s Lost Psalm, “eighteenth-Century Music”, 1, 2004, 61-77
(this article remains the fullest source of information on Vivaldi’s 1739 psalm cycle and adds more
detail on Baldan’s reputation among modern scholars for false attributions). Antonio Vivaldi. Nisi
Dominus. Salmo 126 per soprano e due contralti, viola d’amore, chalumeau tenore, violino “in tromba marina”,
violoncello solo, organo solo, due violini, viola e basso, RV 803. Edizione critica, ed. Michael talbot, Milan,
ricordi, 2003 (P.r. 1374).
9
D-Dl, Mus. 2389-e-6 (formerly Mus. 2973-d-31). this setting of Psalm 109, the third in the key
of d major produced by Vivaldi, instantly received the rV number 807. It is published as Antonio
Vivaldi. Salmo 109 per due soprani, contralto e due tenori solisti, coro a quattro voci miste, due oboi, tromba,
due violini, viola e basso, RV 807. Edizione critica, ed. Michael talbot, Milan, ricordi, 2006 (P.r. 1395).
– 104 –
a neW LAETATUS SUM For CHoIr and strInGs In dresden
able to add my widow’s mite to the pile by discovering that a fourth similarly
misattributed work, a Lauda Jerusalem in C major in the stile antico scored for five
voices with doubling strings, rV anh. 35a, was an earlier variant, retaining the
original latin text, of the Credidi propter quod, rV anh. 35b (formerly rV 605),
which in turn is a retexted and partly rewritten arrangement by Vivaldi of an
anonymous setting of the Lauda Jerusalem in his private collection (rV anh. 35).10
We wrote a jointly authored article on this pair of works.11
at this point, things went quiet on the Vivaldi-Galuppi front for several years.
But more recently a very important initiative, an essential precondition for the
present article, was undertaken. this was an ambitious project supported by the
deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (dFG) entitled “die notenbestände der
dresdner Hofkirche und der Königlichen Privat-Musikaliensammlung aus der
zeit der sächsisch-polnischen union” (“the Music Holdings of the dresden
Court Church and the royal Private Music Collection from the time of the saxon-
Polish union”). Completed in 2016, this project entailed the digitization, with
public access, of the entire Hofkirche and royal collections preserved in dresden,
coupled with a thorough bibliographic investigation that, in addition to the usual
tasks, classified and where possible identified both paper types and scribes.12 For
the first time it became possible for anyone to browse whole groups of these
manuscripts (as narrowed down by the selected filters) more conveniently for
most purposes than if working in situ. the idea came to me that, seeing how all
four misattributions from Vivaldi to Galuppi occurred in manuscripts prepared
entirely by Baldan himself (perhaps he did not wish his assistants to be privy to
his alteration of composer’s names!), and all four manuscripts employed the same
paper type (classified as W-dl-428), an exploratory inspection of all Baldan’s
copies of other works ostensibly by Galuppi featuring this paper, which would
lie within a limited time-frame, given the inevitably continuous and heavy
consumption of paper by a commercial copisteria,13 might just possibly throw up
one or two further instances. and so it proved.
another resource of great value for this investigation had appeared in the
meantime (2008). this was the published version of Ines Burde’s doctoral
Vivaldi’s three settings of the Dixit Dominus are compared in MICHael talBot, One Composer, One
Psalm, One Key, Three Settings: Vivaldi and the dixit dominus, “studi vivaldiani”, 6, 2006, pp. 77-104.
10 D-Dl, Mus. 2389-e-7 (formerly Mus. 2973-d-41). there are currently no known plans to produce
online catalogue.
13 the last composition of certain date included among the W-sl-428 manuscripts is Galuppi’s
opera Adriano in Siria in the version produced at the san luca theatre in Venice during the ascension
season of 1760 (it opened on 14 May 1760). the likelihood is that these manuscripts reached the saxon-
Poilish court in a series of batches, the earliest of which may well have predated 1760 by a year or
two. all the consignments must have been received at the latest by c.1765, when all the manuscripts
of sacred vocal music in the repertory of the Hofkirche were stored in designated places within a
large cupboard (known as “schrank I”) and inventoried.
– 105 –
MICHael talBot
dissertation on Galuppi’s sacred vocal music written for Venice, which provides
an excellent description of this composer’s style in his church music, lists the
sources and catalogues the repertory on an accompanying Cd-rom, noting
(albeit not in great detail) incorrect and dubious attributions, which are consigned
to an Anhang.14 this was followed in 2014 by a survey article by Gerhard Poppe
on Venetian psalm settings in the repertory of the Hofkirche, which provides
some additional data and insights.15
14
Ines Burde, Die venezianische Kirchenmusik von Baldassare Galuppi, Frankfurt am Main (etc.),
Peter lang, 2008.
15
GerHard PoPPe, Venezianische Psalmenvertonungen in der Dresdner Hofkirchemusik – Liturgische
Voraussetzungen, Bearbeitungspraxis und Stellung im Repertoire, in Psalmen: Kirchenmusik zwischen
Tradition, Dramatik und Experiment, “schriftenreihe der Hochschule für Musik Franz liszt”, 9, eds
Helen Geyer and Birgit Johanna Wertenson, Köln, Böhlau, 2014, pp. 343-353.
16
this total counts as separate pieces two versions, respectively for soprano and tenor, of a single
solo motet, Non torrentes furibundi, attributed in the sources to Galuppi. according to Poppe
(Venezianische Psalmenvertonungen, cit., p. 351), the sacred vocal items supplied by Baldan’s copisteria
under the name of Galuppi that are listed in the court’s Catalogo della musica di chiesa composta da diversi
autori secondo l’alfabetto of 1765 (D-B, Mus. ms. theor. Kat. 186) total 75. the extant manuscripts for
these are written on various paper types, of which W-sl-428 is by far the most common.
17 Galuppi’s Adriano in Siria (Venice, 1760) and Il Demofoonte (Padua, 1758); Hasse’s Tito Vespasiano
(naples, 1759).
18 these other composers are Giuseppe Chiesa (a motet), Vincenzo legrenzio Ciampi (a Te Deum),
Giovanni Battista Pescetti (a Mass) and Pergolesi (a Miserere, in reality composed by lotti).
19 D-Dl, Mus. 2973-e-14.
20 D-Dl, Mus. 2973-e-15. a copy of the same motet also from Baldan’s copisteria but on different
paper and by a different hand is preserved as Mus. 2973-e-16. It was surprisingly audacious (or just
negligent?) of Baldan to send to the saxon-Polish court two manuscripts of a work by its own
kapellmeister falsely attributed to another person, as Poppe (Venezianische Psalmenvertonungen, cit.,
p. 351n) rightly comments, even if the itinerant Hasse was not actually on the spot.
21 D-Dl, Mus. 2973-d-10.
– 106 –
a neW LAETATUS SUM For CHoIr and strInGs In dresden
22
anh. 2, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24 (two manuscripts), 25, 26 and 34.
23
the digitized manuscript is consultable directly by following the link <http://digital.slub-
dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/124012/1/>. Burde offers no specific opinion on the authorship of anh. 12
beyond describing its attribution to Galuppi (Die venezianische Kirchenmusik, cit., p. 42) as unsafe
(“unsichere Werkzuschreibung”).
24
this psalm is recited or sung as the third of the five psalms proper for Vespers on feasts of the
BVM and additionally those of st sylvester, the Circumcision of our lord and the Common of Virgins.
25
on the characteristics of Vivaldi’s late style, see MICHael talBot, Vivaldi’s ‘Late’ Style: Final
Fruition or Terminal Decline?, in Vivaldi, Motezuma and the Opera Seria: Essays on a Newly Discovered
Work and its Background, ed. Michael talbot, turnhout, Brepols, 2008, pp. 147-168.
– 107 –
MICHael talBot
Galuppi ‘owned’ these traits from the start. except where the two composers
adopt the stile antico – Galuppi, with his solider background in church music,
much more confidently than Vivaldi – their styles are instantly distinguishable.
(In the case of the four compositions already ‘restored’ to Vivaldi from Galuppi,
one wonders indeed how Baldan could have been so sure as he evidently was of
successfully pulling the wool over the eyes of his customers!) the first music
example contained in this article should suffice to convince anyone, without need
for verbal explication, that Galuppi cannot be the composer. However, there were
plenty of composers of church music much closer in age and style to Vivaldi who
were active in north-east Italy in the 1730s and 1740s – Giovanni Porta is a
prominent example – so a rejection of Galuppi is only the beginning of the search
for the true author.
26 the single-movement Lauda Jerusalem, rV 609, differs from the other three in being concertato
(i.e., employing solo voices in addition to the choir), a fact that lies behind its employment of ritornello
form.
– 108 –
a neW LAETATUS SUM For CHoIr and strInGs In dresden
composed for the Pietà: rV 606 and rV 607 are products of the period when
Vivaldi was acting there as a stand-in choirmaster (1713-1717), while rV 604,
significantly more advanced in form and style, dates from 1739. all three rely
heavily on the orchestral component to provide motivic and rhythmic continuity
and to assume a major role in shaping the form: in Vivaldi, the foreground-
background relationship easily becomes reversed or blurred, saturating the
texture with significant motivic activity.27 although the C major Laetatus sum
under discussion is in structural terms slightly more complex than any of them
– it contains two short enclaves in altered tempo (respectively, Adagio and
Andante) in place of the basic Allegro and provides an orchestral introduction for
a central section – it belongs in essence to the same family. Its more expansive
character may be linked to the fact that it does not appear to have been written
for the Pietà, to judge from the extension of the tenor’s compass down to low d
(whereas at the Pietà tenor parts always lay in the modern ‘second contralto’
range). Its structure is outlined in table 1.
Notes: ‘6/1’ means verse 6, first semiverse. Keys use upper case for major, lower case for
minor; the initial and final tonality are shown with an arrow. a superscript ‘v’ indicates a
half-close on the dominant. Keywords are words in the text singled out for special musical
illustration.
27 a very familiar case in point is the Et in terra pax movement in the Gloria rV 589.
– 109 –
MICHael talBot
the setting mostly follows the ‘default’ practice in such movements whereby
each biblical verse generates a separate section that attempts in some way to
illustrate in music one or more keywords present in the text. this pattern is
observed up to and including verse 5. For verses 6 and 7, however, the composer
sets each semiverse independently: there is a particular logic in doing this here,
because the same keyword ‘abundantia’ (abundance) occurs in consecutive
second semiverses, which are accordingly treated strophically. In contrast, verses
8 and 9 are shunted together to make a single section, as are also, more
conventionally, the two verses (10 and 11) comprising the lesser doxology.
Material from the opening ritornello is requoted or developed at several
points. sometimes, it is just the orchestral motives that reappear, but on the three
occasions after section 2 when the same material is reused in the tonic (i.e., in
sections 8, 11 and 13) the vocal component as well is reprised, albeit with new
text. as the “tonality” column in the table shows, the structural concept is that of
a pendulum where the tonic alternates, rondo-fashion, with successive
contrasting keys rather than that of a simple, unilinear circuit (such as one would
expect to find in a concerto outer movement) where there are no intermediate
visits to the home key. the ‘second’ visits to foreign keys (a minor and G major
in section 12) are, so to speak, almost forced on the composer by the multiplicity
of the sections and the considerable length of the movement (192 bars in 2/4
metre). all the above-mentioned features are readily compatible with Vivaldi’s
authorship, but to clinch the matter we need to examine the musical substance
of the movement more closely.
– 110 –
a neW LAETATUS SUM For CHoIr and strInGs In dresden
– 111 –
MICHael talBot
28 several other appearances of the same idea are listed in FederICo MarIa sardellI, Catalogo delle
– 112 –
a neW LAETATUS SUM For CHoIr and strInGs In dresden
29there is a very similar passage of unison writing, during which the strings suspend their
motivic activity, in Vivaldi’s In exitu Israel, rV 604, at bars 80-83.
30 this is an effect liberally exploited in Vivaldi’s Gloria rV 589, first occurring in bar 16 of the
opening movement.
– 113 –
MICHael talBot
the next entirely new material arrives with the linked Andante sections 9 and
10. Peace at last having been achieved, the mood becomes gently elysian. the
opening material of the very brief instrumental introduction, also used as a
backdrop to the soothing choral passage that follows, is quoted as example 4.
Here, there is a recognizable thematic concordance (allowing for differences in
the fine detail) within Vivaldi’s oeuvre: the opening, in the same key, of the motet
for soprano and strings Sum in medio tempestatum, rV 632 (example 5), which by
coincidence is also preserved at the sluB.31 More generally, it should be added
that repetitive four-quaver (or four-semiquaver) figures where the second note
leaps upwards, the third leaps downwards (often back to the original pitch) and
the fourth repeats the third are so frequent in Vivaldi’s music as to rank as a
‘trademark’ feature. the sustained ‘half-diminished’ seventh chord on the raised
subdominant with which the composer introduces the section’s final half-close
is also classically Vivaldian.
– 114 –
a neW LAETATUS SUM For CHoIr and strInGs In dresden
the remainder of the movement proceeds along expected lines until bar 145,
when the composer drops his bombshell (example 6). the chromatic phrase from
the opening ritornello, held in reserve up to this point, suddenly enters, with the
slightest of modifications, at the keyword quaesivi (I sought). It is stated twice in
succession, but in different tetrachords – a typically Vivaldian mode of rhetorical
reiteration.32 the chromaticism and also the winding motion of the lower parts
express anxiety – presumably, at not easily finding what one is seeking – to
perfection. In bars 156-157 and 159-160 we see in the violin parts (the second
violin doubling first the alto and then the soprano) a striking contrapuntal
opposition of very rapid and very slow motion familiar from a movement such
as “agitata infida flatu” in Juditha triumphans, and which surely no other
composer deploys as often and as effectively as Vivaldi.33 Finally, in the coda,
which employs the kind of triumphant repetition associated with operatic strette
of a later age, an exuberant and harmonically rather audacious melisma in strict
parallel sixths for soprano and alto, followed by the expected recall of the opening
phrase of the movement, sets the seal on this hymn to laetitia.
32 one might compare, for example, bars 64-67 of the third movement of the Concerto in G minor
rV 578 (op. 3 no. 2), where an ascending chromatic phrase is heard successively in two adjacent
tetrachords.
33 a similarly deft contrapuntal combination of fast and slow motion occurs in bars 181-183,
– 115 –
MICHael talBot
– 116 –
a neW LAETATUS SUM For CHoIr and strInGs In dresden
to ConClude
34
like many other sets of parts for sacred vocal compositions formerly in the possession of the
sächsische landesbibliothek, this one, comprising 28 parts according to the Catalogo reference of 1765,
has gone missing since World War II. the label in question was the one affixed to the cover in dresden,
hiding and replacing an earlier one supplied in Warsaw, where the saxon-Polish court took refuge
during the seven Years’ War (1756-1763) and which must have been the destination of all or most of
Baldan’s consignments. I am grateful to Jóhannes Ágústsson for informing me in private
correspondence of the latest thinking about this question. the Warsaw connection sheds new light
on the purpose of the sacred vocal music sent from Venice, which must have been to establish a new
repertory rather than merely to replenish an existing one.
– 117 –
MICHael talBot
and rV anh. 35a, which share a connection to Marian feasts, but this is only
speculation.35 From stylistic evidence it is clear, at all events, that this is a
composition dating from the 1730s.
Will there be any new discoveries to augment the number of Vivaldi works
inadvertently preserved through Baldan’s fraud? Where Vivaldi is concerned,
one has learned never to say “never”. I momentarily had my eye on a second
Galuppi-attributed composition in the W-dl-428 group, a Lauda Jerusalem in C
major,36 but quickly concluded that it contained too many details at variance with
Vivaldi’s ordinary style. others may think differently, and it would take only the
recognition of a really solid thematic concordance to reignite the possibility. one
can only be grateful to the sluB and the institutions and individuals that support
it for the mass cataloguing and digitization of a large part of its precious musical
holdings. this is an application of technology that both democratizes and greatly
facilitates scholarly investigation. Would that more libraries had the means and
ambition to follow its lead!37
35
Poppe’s remark (Venezianische Psalmenkompositionen, cit., p. 351) that rV 35a and the Laetatus
sum in C major are unusual among the sacred vocal works acquired from Baldan for having –
probably – been performed at dresden suggests, however, that they belonged to the same
consignment and perhaps even, by extension, had some prior performance-related connection. a
different Laetatus sum in the W-dl-428 group (Mus. 2973-d-37) likewise mentions separate parts on
the cover label, but this setting in a major is clearly not by Vivaldi.
36
D-Dl, Mus. 2973-d-40.
37
since the present article was written (in March 2017), the Laetatus sum has been accepted as an
authentic work of Vivaldi by the editorial Committee of the Istituto Italiano antonio Vivaldi, has
been allotted an rV number (rV 827) and is due to appear shortly in the Critical edition published
on behalf of the IIaV by ricordi.
– 118 –
Michael talbot
sommario
– 119 –
Francesca Menchelli-Buttini
PreMessa
nel 1728, per i teatri veneziani di san Giovanni Grisostomo e di san samuele,
di proprietà della famiglia Grimani, era stabilmente in corso già da quasi un
decennio l’incarico di direzione di domenico lalli, cominciato nel 1719 e
destinato a terminare con il passaggio di consegne a Carlo Goldoni fra l’autunno
del 1736 e l’inizio del 1737,1 benché il poeta napoletano conservasse ancora il
privilegio di firmare le pagine di dedica traendone tutti i profitti e, forse,
l’impegno della revisione di qualche dramma. approdato rocambolescamente a
Venezia nel 1710,2 lalli fu accolto nel circolo della famiglia Grimani grazie
detto Domenico Lalli, testo aneddotico di circa dieci pagine, anonimo, ma redatto verosimilmente da
Giovanni Boldini, giusta la dedicatoria di un sonetto («al signor Giovanne Boldini. scrittore della
vita dell’autore» cfr. Rime di Bastian Biancardi Napoletano, Venezia, lovisa, 1732, p. 140); ulteriori
informazioni in eMIlIo de MarCHI, Lettere e letterati italiani del secolo XVIII. Lezioni fatte per il circolo
filologico milanese, Milano, Brida, 1882, pp. 137-138; MICHele sCHerIllo, La prima commedia musicale a
Venezia, «Giornale storico della letteratura Italiana», 1, 1883, pp. 230-259; Enciclopedia dello spettacolo,
a cura di silvio d’amico, roma, le Maschere, 1954-1962, VI, coll. 1167-1168; Dizionario biografico degli
italiani, roma, Istituto della enciclopedia Italiana, 1960-, X, pp. 38-39; Bruno BrIzI, Domenico Lalli
– 121 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
librettista di Vivaldi?, in Vivaldi veneziano europeo, a cura di Francesco degrada («Quaderni vivaldiani», 1),
Firenze, olschki, 1980, pp. 183-204; reInHard stroHM, The Neapolitans in Venice, in Dramma per
Musica. Italian Opera Seria of the Eighteenth Century, new Haven-london, Yale university Press, 1997,
pp. 61-80: 66 e Id., Die klassizistische Vision der Antike. Zur Münchner Hofoper unter den Kurfürsten
Maximilian II. Emanuel und Karl Albrecht, «archiv für Musikwissenschaft», 64, 2007, n. 1, pp. 1-22 e n. 2,
pp. 77-104.
3 aPostolo zeno, Lettere, Venezia, sansoni, 1785, III, pp. 6-9, n° 454, 13 febbraio 1719, a Giovan
sig. Giovanne Boldini veneto cittadino, ed illustre poeta, della quale (come direttore delli teatri
Grimani) a me ne tocca la cura, in questa il mio tributo le porgo» (Venezia, Buonarrigo, 1729, p. 4) e
nell’avviso al lettore stampato con l’Onorio «da una penna fu ideata la presente drammatica
composizione, e da un’altra intieramente verseggiata» (Venezia, Buonarrigo, 1729, p. 5).
5
sYlVIe MaMY, Il teatro alla moda dei rosignoli: I cantanti napoletani al San Giovanni Grisostomo
(«Merope», 1734), saggio introduttivo ad aPostolo zeno – doMenICo lallI – GeMInIano GIaCoMellI,
Merope («drammaturgia musicale veneta», 18) Milano, ricordi, 1984 pp. X-XI; reInHard stroHM, The
Neapolitans in Venice, cit., p. 66. Fra i compositori veneziani e settentrionali si distinguono, oltre ad
albinoni e a Vivaldi, apolloni (1), Bernasconi (3), Chiarini (4), Ciampi (1), Cordans (4), Courcelle (2),
Galeazzi (2), Galuppi (13), Giacomelli (7), Giai (4), lapis (2), Paganelli (4), Pampani (2), Pescetti (3)
Pollarolo (2), Porta (2), Predieri (2), schiassi (1); il catalogo dei ‘napoletani’ di nascita o di formazione
conta i nomi di araya (2), arena (1), Broschi (1), Cardena (1), di Capua (1), Fiorillo (2), Hasse (12),
latilla (3), leo (3), Pergolesi (1), Porpora (6), sarri (1), sellitti (2), Vinci (1): eleanor selFrIdGe-FIeld,
A New Chronology of Venetian Opera and Related Genres (1660-1760), stanford, stanford university Press,
2007, pp. 400-485.
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
scrittoio del sodale Giovanni Boldini oppure, in un secondo tempo, su quello del
più giovane Goldoni, predestinato a ben altra fortuna letteraria. le riprese di
Metastasio (circa diciannove titoli) e di zeno (circa nove titoli) accanto al riuso di
più vecchi poeti locali, tutti nati nel secolo diciassettesimo, quali Giovanni o
Giacomo Francesco Bussani (Cesare in Egitto, san Giovanni Grisostomo, 1735),
Giovanni Pietro Candi (Idaspe, san Giovanni Grisostomo, 1730) e nicolò Minato
(Dalisa, san samuele, 1730), mostrano i segni di interventi tutt’altro che sporadici,6
sgraditi persino al protettore di un tempo, zeno, dal cui malumore si evince che
una rottura fosse oramai intercorsa fra i due colleghi:
la ringrazio di quanto mi scrive circa i miei drammi, che si pensa di far vedere di
nuovo su codesti teatri: ma le assicuro, che mi sarebbe più caro il saperli dimenticati e
negletti che scelti con altro aspetto ad una seconda comparsa.7
6 Il quadro delle revisioni non trova una sistemazione soddisfacente neppure nel confronto fra
i più utili repertori antichi e moderni: antonIo GroPPo, Catalogo di tutti i drammi per musica recitati
ne’ teatri di Venezia dall’anno 1637, Venezia, Groppo, 1745; leone allaCCI, Drammaturgia accresciuta e
continuata fino all’anno 1755, Venezia, Pasquali, 1755; taddeo WIel, I teatri musicali veneziani del
Settecento. Catalogo delle opere in musica rappresentate nel secolo XVIII in Venezia (1701-1800), Venezia,
Visentini, 1897; Enciclopedia dello spettacolo, cit., VI, coll. 1167-1168; eleanor selFrIdGe-FIeld, A New
Chronology of Venetian Opera and Related Genres (1660-1760), cit., pp. 400-485. a lalli sono forse
da attribuire gli accomodi di Dorinda (san samuele, 1729), Mitridate (san Giovanni Grisostomo,
1729-1730), Dalisa (san samuele, 1730), Euristeo (san samuele, 1732), Adriano in Siria (san Giovanni
Grisostomo, 1733), Merope (san Giovanni Grisostomo, 1734), L’Alvilda (san Cassiano, 1737), mentre a
Boldini eventualmente quelli di Artaserse (san Giovanni Grisostomo, 1730), Siroe re di Persia (san
Giovanni Grisostomo, 1731), Arsace (san Cassiano, 1736-1737), Artaserse Longimano (sant’angelo,
1737); infine, tradirebbero la mano di Goldoni i rifacimenti di Cesare in Egitto (san Giovanni
Grisostomo, 1735) e della Generosità politica (san samuele, 1736). rimane un numero di oltre una
ventina di titoli programmati nei teatri Grimani fra il 1728 e il 1740, quasi tutti con dedica di lalli,
probabile revisore di molti di essi.
7
aPostolo zeno, Lettere, cit., III, pp. 463-465, n° 633, 29 settembre 1724, a domenico lalli. Pur
costretto suo malgrado a tollerare la pratica delle varianti non d’autore («Conosco la necessità che
v’è, non solo di accorciarlo [il Mitridate] in moltissimi luoghi, ma di accrescerlo in qualche altro, per
adattarlo ai personaggi che dovranno rappresentarlo»), e senza ricorrere dunque a toni
irrimediabilmente polemici, zeno avvertiva che i revisori usassero «discretezza e moderazione», nel
tentativo di salvaguardare il proprio prodotto d’arte: «I versi che si leveranno al dramma nella recita
gioverà che almeno rimangano nella stampa segnati con due virgolette, giusta l’uso» (Ibid., IV,
pp. 264-265, n° 748, 17 settembre 1729, a Michele Grimani).
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FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
che conquistarono le scene veneziane nei limiti del medesimo arco cronologico,
fatta salva la premessa che anche il rimando ai racconti predilige un canone
essenziale formato sui libretti concepiti o riveduti da uno stesso autore, l’ancor
autorevole domenico lalli.
In particolare, si farà riferimento a quattro partiture composte per il san
Cassiano e per il san Giovanni Grisostomo, su libretti di autori diversi: Gianguir
(1728-1729), Epaminonda (1731-1732), Merope (1734), Cesare in Egitto (1735).8
l’Epaminonda rivela stretti contatti con un episodio del Tito Manlio (1696) di
Matteo noris rielaborato originalmente da domenico lalli, cui si devono anche
gli accomodamenti sul testo della Merope (1712) di apostolo zeno, mentre è
incerta la paternità delle revisioni del Gianguir (1724) di zeno e del Cesare in Egitto,
allestito nel 1735 con interventi forse di Carlo Goldoni su di un precedente
adattamento romano (1728) dell’intreccio di Bussani (1677), servendo da
plausibile tramite la forma messa in scena a Milano nel gennaio 1735 sempre con
musica di Giacomelli.9 Il testo milanese è piuttosto fedele al modello romano del
1728 e presenta alcune varianti essenziali rispetto alla versione veneziana, pure
nella distribuzione dei ruoli vocali. Il tenore angelo amorevoli, a Venezia
interprete del ruolo di tolomeo, cantò a Milano la parte di lentulo (per
l’allestimento del Grimani il nome cambiò in lepido, impersonato dal castrato
saletti); al suo fianco, il sopranista angelo Maria Monticelli si esibì nelle vesti di
tolomeo. nel passaggio fra Milano e Venezia la musica dovette quindi essere
rimaneggiata, probabilmente dallo stesso Giacomelli, e l’unica partitura ad oggi
nota corrisponde al libretto stampato a Venezia nell’ottobre del 1735.
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
10
Gli esempi musicali, pubblicati alla fine del saggio, consistono in trascrizioni dalle partiture
manoscritte conservate in B-Bc, con segnatura 2111.K. (Cesare in Egitto), 2109.K. (Epaminonda), 2108.K.
(Gianguir). si è normalizzato l’uso delle chiavi e delle alterazioni secondo la prassi moderna. Per
Merope si fa riferimento all’edizione anastatica riprodotta in aPostolo zeno – doMenICo lallI –
GeMInIano GIaCoMellI, Merope, cit.
11
l’impiego della breve transizione fra i tempi veloci di una sinfonia d’opera era tramontato già
col 1730 secondo HelMut Hell, Die neapolitanische Opernsinfonie in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts
(«Münchener Veröffentlichungen zur Musikgeschichte», 19), tutzing, schneider, 1971, pp. 163-164, 258.
– 125 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
12
rivela qualche analogia nei processi ritmici ed armonici il largo e staccato dell’Introdutione
all’Oratorio per la SS. Vergine del Rosario di leo, per cui HelMut Hell, Die neapolitanische Opernsinfonie
in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts, cit., p. 259.
13
un nutrito catalogo di esempi debitamente commentati si trova in dIetHer de la Motte,
Harmonielehre, Kassel, Bärenreiter, 1976; trad. it., Manuale di armonia, a cura di loris azzaroni, Firenze,
la nuova Italia, 1988, pp. 114-115.
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
14
antonIo PlanellI, Dell’opera in musica, napoli, Campo, 1772, pp. 135-136.
15
Il trIonFo | della | Costanza | In statIra VedoVa | d’alessandro. | draMa
Per MusICa | da rappresentarsi nel teatro | di s. angelo. | Il Carnovale dell’anno 1731. | In
VenezIa | appresso Carlo Buonarrigo | Con Licenza de’ Superiori. (Copia consultata in I-Bc, lo. 1820).
nelle trascrizioni dei libretti si è ammodernato l’uso degli apostrofi, degli accenti, delle maiuscole,
della h e della j e, con molta moderazione, la punteggiatura, specie riguardo all’impiego dei punti
esclamativi e interrogativi.
16 ePaMInonda | Dramma per Musica | da rappresentarsi | Nel Famosissimo Teatro GrIManI |
dI s. GIo: GrIsostoMo | nel Carnovale dell’anno 1732. | Dedicato | A’ Sua Eccellenza | HenrICo |
Conte de Radnor Viceconte | di Bodmin Barone di Truro, | e Pari della | Gran Brettagna | In Venezia |
Appresso Carlo Buonarrigo | con licenza d’ Superiori. (Copia consultata in I-Mb, racc. dramm. 1010, da
cui si traggono tutte le citazioni seguenti, attraverso il semplice rimando a testo del numero di atto e
di scena).
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FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
al posto che gli compete. sotto una diversa prospettiva, il blocco iniziale
dell’Epaminonda trascende il gioco di aspettative e di culmini che caratterizza in
generale l’opera in musica, «dove vi sono tempi e spazi pieni di qualcos’altro ed
in attesa perciò di qualcosa radicalmente autre»:17 infatti, contro la buona regola
di differire la presentazione musicale delle prime parti, il numero dei personaggi
sul palcoscenico si dirada progressivamente a partire proprio dagli
«Interlocutori» principali, tutti dotati dell’aria di entrata; partono nell’ordine il
re epaminonda, l’eroe Creonte, e la protagonista femminile aristea, interpretati
niente meno che da antonio Barbieri, antonio Bernacchi e Faustina Bordoni.
la Merope del 1734 impegna subito anch’essa una parte sostanziale delle
munizioni migliori, ovverosia i virtuosi Carlo Broschi (Farinelli), Gaetano
Majorano (Caffarelli) e Francesco tolve,18 ma mantiene viva la tensione per
l’ingresso della protagonista eponima (il soprano lucia Facchinelli), presente fin
dalle prime battute al dialogo dei compagni eppure visibile agli occhi dello
spettatore solo con la seconda mutazione. l’adattamento veneziano segue
l’attacco di zeno compiutamente informativo, cioè dedicato ad esporre le
necessarie premesse della trama: così, il lungo monologo di epitide, principe
ereditario di Messenia, presenta il protagonista sotto mentite spoglie e ne motiva
l’istanza di vendetta; il Coro di I.2 e l’incontro del protagonista incognito col
nobile trasimede offrono ragguagli sulla sciagura imperversante in terra messena
e sul responso dell’oracolo. Percorre la stessa strada il libretto della Sulpizia fedele
(1729), forse scritto a quattro mani da lalli e Boldini, e messo in musica da
antonio Pollarolo: il dialogo di I.1 fra attilio e sulpizia racconta i punti salienti
dell’antefatto in attesa della comparsa dell’eroe vincitore accompagnato dal suono
di trombe, con corteo di soldati, prigionieri e insegne.
nel Gianguir la funzione di esposizione è ricoperta dalle scene 1-5, consacrate
agli attriti antichi e recenti che affliggono i rapporti fra i personaggi,
procrastinando a I.6, che nell’originale disposizione di zeno in cinque atti
costituisce la conclusione marcata del primo atto, l’ingresso spettacolare del
sovrano su una «macchina trionfale» che «dal fondo della scena s’avanza verso
l’anfiteatro», forse mentre s’ascolta la lunga introduzione strumentale al Coro
«Viva il fulmine di guerra»: «la precedono, e seguono le milizie del Mogol, in
mezzo alle quali stanno molti schiavi persiani»; raggiunto il luogo prestabilito al
centro del palcoscenico, Gianguir e la regina zama cominciano a scendere e
all’ordine del generale Mahobet «a terra, a terra, | turba cattiva» il Coro ripete
«Viva il fulmine di guerra», gli schiavi si prostrano al suolo, Gianguir e zama li
calpestano per raggiungere il trono.19
17 Citato da MarCo Grondona, La perfetta illusione: Ermione e l’opera seria rossiniana, lucca,
akademos, 1996, p. 189.
18 sul cast della Merope sYlVIe MaMY, Il teatro alla moda dei rosignoli, cit. pp. XXXIX-XlVIII.
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
In VenezIa, | appresso Marino rossetti, in Merceria | all’insegna della Pace. | Con licenza de’
Superiori. (Copia consultata in I-Rig, rar. libr. Ven 631/637#632, da cui si traggono tutte le citazioni
seguenti, attraverso il semplice rimando a testo del numero di atto e di scena).
20
arIstotele, Poetica, a cura di diego lanza, Milano, rizzoli, 1987, p. 153 (cap. XI).
21
sia consentito di rimandare a FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI, Storia e analisi dell’artaserse di
Baldassare Galuppi, in PIetro MetastasIo – Baldassare GaluPPI, Artaserse, partitura in facsimile,
edizione del libretto, saggio introduttivo a cura di Francesca Menchelli-Buttini («drammaturgia
Musicale Veneta», 20), Milano, ricordi, 2010 , pp. VII-lXIII.
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FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
rivela esiti ancora più singolari un episodio non tanto diverso del Gianguir,
ascrivibile anch’esso ai fenomeni di distanziamento: occorre però tenere presente
l’assetto in cinque atti del libretto originale, piuttosto che la riduzione in tre atti
dell’adattamento veneziano. Qui il ritorno di Gianguir vittorioso sul figlio ribelle
Cosrovio capita sparso a III.7, laddove zeno l’aveva collocato a V.3, dopo le prime
due scene occupate dai timori della regina zama, che per un malinteso crede la
battaglia perduta. nella trama sapientemente in bilico fra attese e nuovi culmini,
le scene V.3-4 costituiscono di nuovo uno di quegli spazi «pieni di qualcos’altro»,
dove il dialogo cade ossessivo sul principe assente preparandone l’uscita in scena:
all’inizio di V.5, accomodatosi Gianguir sul trono, una «lugubre sinfonia» – quasi
una marcia funebre nell’intonazione di Giacomelli, attesa la tonalità di do minore
e il ritmo – predispone lo spettatore ad uno spettacolo a dir poco funesto: «dopo
breve lugubre sinfonia precedono Cosrovio le guardie, su la cima delle cui aste
stan fitte le teste de i decapitati ribelli», e «per mezzo queste divise in due file,
Cosrovio a lento passo si avanza, riguardandone or l’una, or l’altra, e tacendo per
qualche spazio di tempo» (V.5).22 la revisione del 1728-1729 esclude il particolare
orrido dei teschi piantati sulle lance (III.9), noncurante della loro precisa funzione
di oggetto scenico che rappresenta il perno del seguente recitativo: e così
l’«evento traumatico» della morte viene sottratto agli occhi degli spettatori per
rimanere entro la sfera dell’immaginazione, sollecitata dalle parole di Cosrovio,
benché generiche, senza più riferimenti concreti all’apparato (si badi all’istante
colmo di pathos in cui il nome di Jasingo emerge dalla schiera indistinta dei
caduti):
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
elettroniche pubblicate sul sito www.progettometastasio.it, a cura di anna laura Bellina, attraverso
il semplice rimando a testo del numero di atto e di scena. la scena di prigione è eredità del secolo
diciassettesimo, e la saldezza del suo successo si misura anche dall’attenzione che al topos dedicarono
opuscoli satirici (Il teatro alla moda di Benedetto Marcello) e composizioni metaletterarie (ad esempio
L’impresario delle canarie di Metastasio). nel settecento, e poi ancora nell’ottocento e nel novecento,
questo primato non venne mai meno, pur adattandosi le caratteristiche formali alle istanze di nuove
generazioni di poeti, compositori, scenografi e spettatori. Per un’analisi esaustiva del repertorio delle
origini: anGela roMaGnolI, «Fra catene, fra stili, e fra veleni...» ossia Della scena di prigione nell’opera
– 131 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
italiana (1690-1724), lucca, lIM, 1995. dal ristretto catalogo relativo agli anni 1728-1740 emerge un
panorama assai variegato, che conta tuttavia solo i rifacimenti di vecchi libretti: per esempio, il terzo
atto di Anagilda (san Cassiano, 1735, libretto attribuito ad antonio zaniboni) si apre sul «Carcere
orrido» in cui è rinchiuso il vilain rodrigo, mentre in Nino (sant’angelo, 1731-1732, da Ippolito
zanelli) e in Argenide (sant’angelo, 1733, di alvise Giusti) il «Carcere» e la «Priggione con due
cancelli» costituiscono la penultima mutazione del terzo atto, e il «Fondo di torre» di Ottone (san
Giovanni Grisostomo, 1739-1740, da antonio salvi) appare nel secondo atto.
25 l’impiego della figura è convenzionale: anGela roMaGnolI, «Fra catene, fra stili, e fra veleni...»,
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
26 Cambise | dramma in 3 atti di domenico lalli | atto p.o | del sig.r Cavalier aless.o scarlatti |
opera III. napoli = 1719 = (Partitura in I-Nc, rari 6.7.24, c. 109r). HelMut Hell, Die neapolitanische
Opernsinfonie, cit., p. 142 in nota.
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FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
alla fine del primo atto di Epaminonda, sullo sfondo della «Pianura sotto tebe.
Veduta delle mura della città. Padiglioni qua e là sparsi. In lontananza campo
attendato degli spartani vicino alla rocca cadmea» (I.11), si affrontano in duello
Pisandro e Creonte, che accettando la sfida tradisce ad un tempo la sua missione
di pace e il sacro giuramento prestato all’esordio: «Col nemico spartano | sfuggire
in questo giorno ogni cimento, | Benché sia provocato» (I.1). Che due personaggi
incrocino le spade non comporta alcuna inosservanza delle regole in un dramma
per musica di primo settecento, ma l’episodio dell’Epaminonda parrebbe
esorbitare rispetto al canone: la mutazione rappresenta un ambiente aperto al di
fuori del perimetro della città, in vistoso contrasto con il resto degli apparati, il
«Gran cortile», la «Galleria d’armi», la «sala del Consiglio pubblico», la «Parte
interna di torre», l’«appartamento terreno corrispondente a giardini» e la «Gran
piazza della città», interni al palazzo reale o, nell’ultimo caso, alle mura. Pur entro
il dato di conformità alla norma pseudo-aristotelica dell’unità di luogo,27 lo scarto
accresce la sensazione di una distanza spaziale, per giunta insinuata fra ‘insiemi’
differenti o addirittura antitetici, tebe e l’accampamento nemico; tanto è vero che
il poeta lascia all’eroe il tempo necessario per superare la «frontiera»28 e tornare
(ma non qual era), previa una sosta della durata di alcune scene (I.3-10, II.1),
durante le quali si prepara accuratamente lo spettatore all’acme (il temuto
incontro e la reazione degli altri personaggi alla notizia della morte violenta di
Pisandro), rafforzando quindi l’effetto con un ritardo. era forse preferibile,
almeno secondo le convenzioni, che il duello avesse luogo nell’intervallo fra gli
atti, per essere poi raccontato nei particolari all’inizio del secondo atto; si sarebbe
così evitata l’insolita, brevissima apparizione di un personaggio che recita in due
sole scene, esibisce in un’aria la propria vocazione di condottiero e, ferito
mortalmente, «va a cadere dietro d’un padiglione» (I.13). d’altra parte l’evento
della sconfitta e della morte di Pisandro si colloca sul principio della trama e ne
è elemento irrinunciabile, da cui nascono le tensioni fra i protagonisti (come nel
Tito Manlio di noris): fra Creonte e la promessa sposa aristea, che ha perduto il
genitore, e fra Creonte ed il padre epaminonda, re di tebe, depositario del
giuramento tradito e garante della pena, «sotto crudel bipenne, | Chi non
obbedirà cada svenato» (I.1). un motivo apparentemente dinamico è invece
quello del superamento del ‘confine’ da parte di argilio, la cui improvvisa
partenza verso tebe (per il futile desiderio d’incontrare l’amata Ismene) ingenera
nel padre Pisandro il sospetto di un rapimento ad opera del nemico: la crudeltà
27
sull’unità di luogo si veda il commento di Metastasio nell’Estratto dell’arte poetica di Aristotele e
considerazioni su la medesima: «Credo che il circoscritto spazio d’un campo, d’una città o d’una reggia
prescriva sufficientemente i necessari limiti all’idea generale d’un luogo: e che contenga nel tempo
istesso tutti quegli speciali e diversi siti de’ quali abbisogna il verisimile delle varie azioni subalterne,
che in dramma medesimo ora esigono il segreto d’un gabinetto, ora la pubblicità d’una piazza, or gli
orrori d’un carcere, or la festiva magnificenza d’una sala reale» (PIetro MetastasIo, Tutte le opere, a
cura di Bruno Brunelli, Milano, Mondadori, 1943-1954, II, p. 1026).
28
JurIJ M. lotMan – BorIs a. usPensKIJ, Tipologia della cultura, trad. it. remo Faccani e Marzio
Marzaduri, Milano, Bompiani, 1975, pp. 146-181: 155 e 168.
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del tiranno spartano, a prestar fede alla figlia aristea, basterebbe da sola a
sollecitare l’orgoglio e la reazione violenta di Creonte.
l’aria di Pisandro «su guerrieri; all’armi, all’armi» (I.11, Fa maggiore, 3/8)
comincia, secondo le attese, con un ampio ritornello strumentale, in cui una breve
premessa violinistica prelude alla fanfara vera e propria (qualcosa di simile, ma
in una forma ancora più sintetica, accade all’inizio della sinfonia del Cesare in
Egitto). si può confrontare con la fanfara che nel Gianguir introduce l’aria di
Cosrovio «date, o trombe, il suon guerriero» (III.4, re maggiore, 2/4), quasi
imposta dalla citazione esplicita: tre volte il triplice accordo (il «suon guerriero»
della battaglia) nella versione più scarna dell’unisono, arricchito del terzo e del
quinto grado solo con l’ingresso delle trombe sull’ultimo segnale (esempio n. 9,
10a). Il testo dell’aria di Cosrovio imbocca tuttavia un’imprevista deviazione al
terzo verso, col quale il principe si rivolge dolcemente all’amata semira, «Cara,
addio. Mio cor tu sei»; vi corrisponde nella musica un cambiamento dell’or-
chestrazione (senza più le trombe), del metro (da 2/4 a 3/8) e del modo (da re
maggiore a re minore): un mezzo espressivo che Giacomelli serba con grande
accortezza per le situazioni più bisognose di cura, specie qualora esso ricada entro
una delle due parti di cui si compone un’aria, non nel punto di confine.29
29 Così anche in «Misera, oh dio! che fo?» dell’Epaminonda (III.9, vedi infra), mentre in «sposa...
non mi conosci» della Merope (III.7) il cambiamento di tempo e di metro interviene fra la prima parte
e la parte centrale. nella successiva citazione dell’aria di Gianguir la correzione fra quadre è a cura di
chi scrive.
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30
PIetro MetastasIo, Estratto dell’arte poetica d’Aristotele e considerazioni su la medesima in PIetro
MetastasIo, Tutte le opere, cit., II, p. 1076.
31
Varianti minime del topos sono «Guardami in volto, e vedi» di Ottone (s. Giovanni Grisostomo,
1739-1740, I.9, da antonio salvi, con le musiche di Gennaro d’alessandro) e «Guardami in volto, e
trema» di Candalide (s. angelo, 1734, III.6, di Bartolomeo Vitturi, con le musiche di tommaso
albinoni), in cui il recitativo presenta anche le lezioni altrettanto fortunate «Mirami in volto ingrata»
(I.13) e «Mirami in volto, e poi» (I.13).
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«volendo anche Gianguir por mano a la sciabla, Mahobet gli afferra il braccio con
la sinistra, e alzando con la destra il ganzarro, sta in atto d’immergerlo nel petto
a Gianguir»; si fa così scudo del sovrano per partire illeso: «Gianguir vien
condotto via da Mahobet sempre alla positura di prima tolto in mezzo da le
guardie di Mahobet, e restando immobili a i lati quelle del sultano». I riflettori
quindi si accendono su zama, che (sempre in II.7) invoca disperata il soccorso
dei soldati fedeli al sovrano («Che fate? In difesa»), si rivolge direttamente al
rapitore («e tu getta, sospendi»), si offre quale vittima («eccoti il seno, o
barbaro!») quando oramai Mahobet non può più intenderla («ah più il crudel
non mi ode»). l’incipit dell’aria, che moltiplica la tensione dei «gesti indicativi»32
della regina, mostra evidenti contatti con la situazione scenica, in ispecie con la
fine del recitativo precedente, «Volgi altrove quel ferro; e se non hai | altra
vittima degna | de le tue furie, in questo sen la avrai» (II.7), tanto è vero che
«eccoti il seno, o barbaro», pur essendo interpolata al libretto di zeno, non ha
nulla da invidiare al testo originario, più generico, di cui serba una pallida eco
solo il ricordo dello sposo affidato agli ultimi versi. Poiché si tratta dell’unico
intervento di peso sulle arie nella revisione del Gianguir veneziano, non si può
dubitare della percezione di questa scena come di uno dei luoghi culminanti del
dramma.
I primi due momenti appena descritti sono resi in recitativo obbligato, sebbene
il testo distingua fra una sezione lirica in senari ed alcuni versi sciolti conclusivi:
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che si pone al centro della scena per incitare all’azione, oppure si valutò
inopportuno far precedere a così poca distanza l’aria di entrata da un altro brano
lirico, benché di dimensioni più contenute. non manca comunque di rilievo
musicale il punto della transizione dall’ultimo verso della sezione lirica (con
inevitabile correzione ritmica fra quadre), al settenario «e tu getta, sospendi» col
quale fa il suo ingresso il nuovo destinatario («e tu», rivolto appunto al presunto
traditore Mahobet, esempio 11), tramite l’impulso della quarta ascendente e una
diversa figura di accompagnamento negli archi, forse evocativa di un gesto
scenico d’indicazione. Il passaggio all’aria («eccoti il seno, o barbaro», re
maggiore, ¢) si alleggerisce nelle tre battute di introduzione strumentale (si noti
nell’esempio 12 la pausa discreta di un ottavo, in luogo del Fa diesis o del la del
tutto simmetrici, con rimando dell’entrata dei violini). Il canto impiega la variante
scarna di una formula opportuna per cominciare, imperniata sull’effetto
pregevole dell’intervallo di sesta, sebbene qui la linea melodica essenziale e la
particolare continuazione del disegno costituiscano un’eccezione rispetto alla
maggiore omogeneità degli esempi che seguono, in cui risalta l’alternanza fra il
sesto e il quinto grado (esempi 13 e 15), vistosa al di là delle divergenze nell’ar-
monizzazione, nella tonalità, nel ritmo, nel processo di estensione della frase
attraverso la coloratura, inevitabili per servire situazioni e parole affatto
indipendenti.
la scena del combattimento si colora di nuovo nel Cesare in Egitto, attraverso
una mutazione meno generica, il ponte sul fiume, che occupa la sola scena
conclusiva del secondo atto (II.13) e che pure non manca di rapporti solidi con la
tradizione, incluso Metastasio: nell’Alessandro nell’Indie (1729, II.6) il «Ponte
sull’Idaspe» separa il campo dei Macedoni dall’esercito indiano, di modo che
durante l’attacco il generale Gandarte si preoccupa di correre con pochi seguaci
«sul mezzo del ponte ad impedire il passo all’esercito greco», mentre già «alcuni
guastatori vanno diroccando il sudetto ponte», che quindi in parte «si vede
vacillare e poi cadere»; Gandarte rimane con alcuni compagni «in cima alle
ruine», ma vedendosi sconfitto «si getta dal ponte nel fiume» dopo avervi lanciato
la spada e il cimiero. In II.13 del Cesare in Egitto le premesse dell’episodio sono
ugualmente la battaglia fra romani ed egizi («si battono le due fazioni») e la fuga
di Cesare («depone l’armi, e si getta dal ponte»), seguite però subito dall’aria
finale di tolomeo: per la quale il poeta sceglie la metafora del fiume che «scende
rapido spumante», nutrito dalla pioggia e dal gelo nella stagione invernale,
mentre in quella estiva può «serpeggiando appena andar»,33 una figura prediletta
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per illustrare orgoglio e umiliazione o sconfitta, che nel Cesare in Egitto coglie
soprattutto l’elemento vistoso della scenografia (ad esempio, in data 1715 la
fierezza di arsace nell’Amore e maestà, I.9, di antonio salvi si identifica col
«torrente orgoglioso» e «soverchio», poi immiserito dall’«arsura estiva»).34 Per
altro, la soluzione maggioritaria in casi simili è forse l’aria di tempesta,
particolarmente adatta ad illustrare lo scompiglio di mente e di cuore, stazione
quasi obbligata nel repertorio operistico veneziano (e non solo) degli anni trenta
del settecento, dal quale si citano solo alcuni esempi, posti a sigillo del monologo
conclusivo degli atti mediani o di una mutazione: nell’Epaminonda (1731-1732)
«Freme tra venti il mar» (II.15, argilio); in Sulpizia fedele (1729) «Passaggier che il
scoglio e l’onda» (II.11, attilio) e «sorge in cielo il nembo irato» (I.6, attilio); in
Ergilda (1736), libretto di Vitturi, «Veggo il ciel turbato e nero» (II.14, Isdegarde),
benché in seguito il poeta riutilizzi varie volte l’incipit, insieme con nuovi versi,
assegnando una posizione non sempre così prominente (almeno in Feraspe, 1739,
II.2, da Francesco silvani e in Armida, 1746-1747, I.7).35
dal novero dei problemi sopra esposti, si comprende come negli anni trenta
del settecento la rappresentazione di eventi concreti, agiti, sia espediente
d’impatto visivo sotto la prospettiva del gesto; tuttavia, come si vedrà in seguito,
la dialettica fra parole, musica, canto e vista può avere esiti ben più radicali e
complessi. è tempo dunque – per concludere questo piccolo catalogo – di
percorrere due ultimi esempi di qualche rilievo, tratti dal repertorio dei libretti
originali di lalli, in cui la scena del combattimento si presta all’impiego della
Funktionsmusik, sotto forma di una breve fanfara. nell’Onorio (1729), scritto in
collaborazione con Boldini, musiche di Francesco Ciampi, tutta l’ultima
mutazione del terzo atto si orienta ad enfatizzare lo scontro armato inserito nello
scioglimento (scena ultima) per aggiustare il modello tragico di thomas
Corneille, Stilicon (1660), al bisogno di visibilità del teatro d’opera: «si vedono
atterar le due porte di prospetto da congiurati che sono respinti dalle milizie
fedeli di onorio, e comparir magnifico salone dove segue il combattimento» e
«indi s’avanzano a singolar tenzone eucherio, e stilicone [...]», finché stilicone,
rimasto sconfitto, viene condotto da eucherio «a’ piè d’onorio che siede sopra la
sedia vedendolo venire trionfante», e il fine muta da funesto in lieto.36 nell’Argeno
di quello milanese del 1735; persino l’aria conclusiva di tolomeo, «scende rapido, spumante», è
evidente parodia di «scende dal monte», presente in entrambi gli antecedenti. nel dramma di Bussani
Giulio Cesare in Egitto (1677) ciò che nel 1728 e nel 1735 venne rappresentato esisteva invece solo in
forma di racconto, a vantaggio di ben altre occasioni spettacolari.
34 Il libretto dell’Amore e maestà è trascritto in FranCesCo GIuntInI, I drammi per musica di Antonio
Salvi: aspetti della «riforma» del libretto nel primo Settecento, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1994, pp. 185-239: p. 198.
35 Per altro, l’incipit forse contiene un ricordo della celebre aria di Pergolesi «torbido in volto e
nero», dall’Adriano in Siria (napoli 1735). Bartolomeo Vitturi fu attivo sui palcoscenici del teatro
sant’angelo dal 1731 come revisore e autore, in collaborazione con diversi musicisti, non ultimo
Galuppi.
36 onorIo | Dramma per musica | da rappresentarsi | nel FaMosIssIMo | teatro |
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FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
37
arGeno | Dramma per Musica | dI doMenICo lallI | tra gli arcadi ortanio: | da
rappresentarsi nel famosissi-|mo teatro Grimani di | s. Gio: Grisostomo | Il Carnovale dell’anno
1728. | dedICato | All’Eminentiss. e Reverendiss. Sig. | Il signor Cardinal | ottHoBonI. | In
VenezIa, MdCCXXVIII. | appresso Marino rossetti in Merceria | all’Insegna della Pace. | CON
LICENZA DE’ SUPERIORI. (Copia consultata: I-Mb, racc. dramm. 788). la mutazione più suggestiva,
capace di evocare insieme pietà e orrore, pare la «Camera nuziale con letto magnifico, racchiuso da
coltrina praticabile in tempo di giorno» (II.9), ai piedi del quale piange la giovane sposa Jantea nella
notte delle sue nozze; così la trova argeno, novello danao che pretende dalla figlia il crudele sacrificio
del consorte, e ne punisce la disobbedienza quando, sollevata cinicamente la coltre del letto, non trova
il corpo del genero zamiro. lalli seppe operare scelte ancora più insolite riguardo ai soggetti, come
dimostrano l’Ulisse (sant’angelo, 1725) e, soprattutto, la tragedia Edippo, rappresentata alla corte di
Monaco nel 1729 e aggiustata per il san samuele nel Carnevale del 1732.
38
steFano arteaGa, Le rivoluzioni del teatro musicale italiano dalla sua origine fino al presente,
Bologna, trenti, 1783-1788, I, p. 49 (rist. Bologna, Forni, 1969). Più esplicito ancora il Planelli: «Bellezze
ancor più spiccanti ha il recitativo obbligato, ove si usi a luogo e tempo [...], il quale, dopo aver fatto
dire poche parole all’attore, lo fa tornare al silenzio, e alla considerazione delle attuali sue circostanze,
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sostituendo alla di lui voce il suono degli strumenti. Per questa ragione una tale spezie di recitativo
è propria del soliloquio, il quale, figurando appunto il discorso di persona cogitabonda, non va
profferito seguitamente, e quasi d’un fiato, ma a spezzoni, e diradato dal motivo dell’orchestra»
(antonIo PlanellI, Dell’opera in musica cit., pp. 142-143).
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
«dover», la quale colpisce con il colore del tritono, in rilievo nell’esecuzione del
soprano solo lungo un profilo melodico tendenzialmente ascendente (esempio
17). neppure i pochi versi distanti dalla fine del recitativo riescono ad esprimere
una decisione stabile, ché anzi l’incertezza penetra pure l’esordio dell’aria, sotto
forma di un interrogativo oramai disarmante: «Misera, oh dio! che fo?». Il senso
di sgomento inerente a questo primo verso è rafforzato dalle consistenti
ripetizioni in tempo lento, occupando undici delle ventitré battute di cui consta
la prima sezione di canto, con mèta la cadenza sospesa sulla dominante, seguita
dalla pausa generale, le quali si legano come per solito all’uso di un’inflessione
interrogativa; si prepara il passaggio dal largo in Fa maggiore ad un allegro in
2/4 ammiccante all’ambito del minore, quando oramai aristea è certa di
condividere la sorte funesta di Creonte.
nel libretto della Merope intonato da Giacomelli la protagonista ha un numero
inferiore di arie rispetto al testo originario di zeno (quattro contro sette più un
duetto), ma in partitura le sono assegnati nel primo e nel terzo atto due recitativi
accompagnati esemplari, gli unici dell’opera, attraverso i quali la regina
«conferma l’importanza drammatica, teatrale ed “espressiva” del suo ruolo
principale».39 Merope esordisce con il disprezzo degli sponsali pretesi da
Polifonte, che dieci anni avanti le uccise il consorte e due figlioletti addossandole
molti sospetti:
39
sYlVIe MaMY, Il teatro alla moda dei rosignoli, cit., p. XXI, che offre il quadro della distribuzione
delle arie per personaggio nelle due versioni del dramma. sia consentito di rimandare a FranCesCa
MenCHellI-ButtInI, Merope fra Zeno, Maffei e la tradizione librettistica del Settecento, di prossima
pubblicazione negli atti del Convegno internazionale Apologhi morali: i drammi per musica di Apostolo
Zeno, tenutosi presso il Conservatorio “Francesco Cilea” di reggio Calabria il 4-5 ottobre 2013, per
annotazioni più dettagliate sulle qualità della tradizione librettistica e drammatica che si sviluppa
attorno al mito della regina di Messenia, in parte discusso anche in FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI,
Literary motifs in Metastasio’s and Jommelli’s Ciro riconosciuto, in Music as Social and Cultural Practice –
Essays in Honour of Reinhard Strohm, a cura di Melania Bucciarelli e Berta Joncus, Woodbridge, Boydell
and Brewer, 2007, pp. 250-274.
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dopo qualche battuta di recitativo semplice, gli archi entrano sulla parola
«furie» con veloci figure di semicrome e di biscrome,40 certo commisurate al
terribile appello di «odio, morte, terror, tutti v’invoco» pronubi all’imeneo; in
seguito, il tremolo esprime la preghiera agghiacciante «[...] ardan per voi | sul
letto profanato | le sacrileghe faci» e, in prossimità della fine, l’immagine di
Polifonte svenato la prima notte di nozze si lega alle settime diminuite verso la
chiusa in Fa minore. la distanza che intercorre fra l’explicit del recitativo e il gesto
indicativo in apertura dell’aria, «Barbaro traditor» (do minore, C), rivolto
ovviamente a Polifonte, viene colmata nella zona di confine del ritornello
strumentale; non così il libretto originale di zeno, che porta in questo punto un
testo più maneggevole, «d’ira e di ferro armata», tutto risolto ancora nella
minaccia di un connubio di morte («nemica, dispietata, | al reggio talamo | ti
seguirò»).41 Il rifacimento predilige l’invettiva contro l’odiato tiranno, con
rimando al verso «odio, morte, terror, tutti v’invoco» da parte dell’incipit della
parte centrale, «odio, furor, velen, | Per te sol nutro in sen». I versi tronchi, la
sintassi spezzata e il ritmo creano un clima di maggiore concitazione, e spicca
allora nel quarto verso lo spostamento dell’arsi sulla seconda sillaba «amor tu
chiedi a me?», subito evidenziato in partitura tramite la fermata e il levare che la
segue, opposto ai precedenti attacchi in battere.42
la grande scena d’ombra in cui Merope, convinta per un inganno di avere
ucciso l’ultimo suo figlio epitide, affida al monologo la sua disperazione, tocca
contorni persino più eminenti. Il testo affianca ai versi sciolti brevi frammenti
lirici nei momenti di massimo coinvolgimento, come segue:
40 aPostolo zeno – doMenICo lallI – GeMInIano GIaCoMellI, Merope, cit., pp. 120-122.
41 MeroPe | DRAMA | da rappresentarsi per Musica | nel famoso teatro tron | di san Cassano |
Il Carnevale dell’Anno 1711. | ConsaCrato | A SUA ALTEZZA IL SIG. PRINCIPE | teodoro |
CostantIno | luBoMInsHIJ | Principe del sacro romano Imperio, Conte | di Vilchois, e di
lublav, sipour, e | delle tredici Città di | sepusia, ec. ec. | VenezIa, MdCCXI. | Presso Marino
rossetti. | In Merceria all’Insegna della Pace. | Con Licenza de’ Superiori, e Privilegio. (Copia consultata:
I-Mb, racc. dramm. 3056). la première avvenne in realtà il 9 gennaio 1712: eleanor selFrIdGe-FIeld,
A New Chronology of Venetian Opera and Related Genres (1660-1760), cit., pp. 307-308.
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nella musica il passaggio fra il recitativo e l’arioso è riservato a due soli luoghi
particolarmente significativi, in un contesto che pure non lesina mezzi espressivi,
tanto da cominciare senza indugi con l’accordo di settima diminuita.43 Voce e
strumenti si accomodano per le parole «Il colpo che attendo, | Crudeli, affrettate»,
appello ai carnefici per una morte veloce, su di una nervosa progressione
ascendente, mentre un mesto sol minore (sul fine modulante a si bemolle
maggiore) caratterizza l’espressione della sofferenza «escimi tutto in lagrime |
sangue che ancor dai vita al mio dolore», un verso evocativo – il primo – cui solo
il reimpiego assegna la disposizione migliore come incipit di un’aria (Mariane
nella scena II.11 degli Eccessi della gelosia, 1721-1722, di domenico lalli, con le
musiche di tommaso albinoni). si osservi quindi, al momento di riprendere il
recitativo, l’accordo di settima diminuita sul quale scivola il movimento
cromatico del basso. Merope sogna nel delirio d’impedire l’assassinio del figlio,
ma in particolare emerge dall’atmosfera dolorosa del suo sfogo l’ammissione
scorata e subito smentita «Moro, e moro innocente», affidata alla sfumatura
cromatica della posizione napoletana, con la sesta evidente ritardo della quinta,
un espediente che non si era ancora udito (rarissime – già lo si è detto – le
42 Ibid., p. 124.
43 Ibid., pp. 355-363.
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FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
Il paragone col libretto originario riserva proprio al suddetto caso del Cesare
in Egitto significative sorprese, tanto da meritare un’analisi un poco più
approfondita; si prosegue dunque con ordine cercando di esporre i nodi
appariscenti del racconto, il cui interesse è attivo negli esiti particolarmente
ispirati della partitura di Giacomelli. si tratta anzitutto della scena di sonno che
occupa l’unità centrale del secondo atto, quando Cesare si addormenta
diventando facile bersaglio dell’ira altrui. In roma 172845 e in Milano 173546
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47
Per la situazione, suscettibile di molteplici varianti, in cui non è certo a quale personaggio
appartenga il ferro levato per colpire il nemico, sia consentito di rimandare a FranCesCa MenCHellI-
ButtInI, In margine al tigrane, in Devozione e Passione: Alessandro Scarlatti nel 350° anniversario della
nascita, atti del Convegno internazionale di studi (reggio Calabria, 8-9 ottobre 2010), a cura di niccolò
Maccavino, soveria Mannelli (Cz), Il rubbettino editore, 2013, pp. 223-265. Per gli esempi
metastasiani bisognerà considerare anche Didone abbandonata (1724).
48
reInHard stroHM, Italienische Opernarien des frühen Settecento (1720-1730), Köln, Volk, 1976
(«analecta Musicologica», 16), II, pp. 63-65; la citazione precedente da Carlo GoldonI, Mémoires
(1787), in Tutte le opere, cit, I, p. 165 (parte I, capitolo XXXV). a quasi un secolo di distanza, comincia
con «oppressa, smarrita» l’ensemble del finale I di Ricciardo e Zoraide di Gioachino rossini.
– 147 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
49l’interprete ingaggiata dal san Giovanni Grisostomo, la celebre Vittoria tesi, eccelleva per «un
ottimo, e ben complesso personale, accompagnato da nobile e grazioso portamento; una chiara e netta
pronunzia; il vibrare le parole a seconda del vero senso; l’adattarsi a distinguere parte a parte ogni
diverso carattere sì col cangiamento del volto, come col gesto appropriato; il possesso della scena, e
finalmente una perfettissima intonazione, che non vacillò mai anche nel fervore dell’azione più viva»
(GIoVannI BattIsta ManCInI, Riflessioni pratiche sul canto figurato, Milano, Galeazzi, 1777, p. 28).
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
Infatti, una novità della fonte romana del 1728 rispetto al modello del Giulio Cesare
in Egitto di Bussani e alla tradizione degli adattamenti da esso (incluso il libretto
che nel 1724 nicola Haym accomodò per Händel) è quella di annoverare nella
lista degli attori il personaggio muto di sesto, che compare all’esordio (I.1) e nel
terzo atto (III.4), sulla base del canone di visibilità proprio del genere e in omaggio
alla fortunatissima scelta di antonio salvi nell’Astianatte (1701), in cui già il titolo
rimarca la centralità del fanciullo figlio di ettore, di contro al precedente tragico
dell’Andromaque (1667) di racine.50 dell’eroina di salvi Cornelia ricalca la
tipologia di madre e sposa, costretta fra una coppia di ostacoli interiori, l’istanza
alla fedeltà e quella alla pietà filiale, visibilmente esteriorizzati con l’esposizione
del simulacro del consorte defunto e della presenza silenziosa del bambino;
tuttavia, il dilemma viene retrocesso a episodio, seppure climatico, entro
l’intreccio parallelo in cui si affrontano l’amore non ricambiato di tolomeo per
Cornelia e l’odio di lei per il tiranno assassino dello sposo, e contrassegna
unicamente la scena del terzo atto. da argomento motore del dramma in salvi,
nel Cesare in Egitto di roma 1728 (III.4), Milano 1735 (III.4) e Venezia 1735 (III.5)
il tema del fanciullo destinato al sacrificio viene serbato per il culmine di una
serie di peripezie, e la breve apparizione è più che mai artificio melodrammatico
per attrarre l’emotività dello spettatore su Cornelia: «ti laceran l’anima i trasporti
misti di rabbia coi quali si esprime una vedova costretta a scegliere uno di questi
due mezzi, o di dar la mano di sposa ad un suo odiatissimo nimico, o di vedersi
uccidere sotto gli occhi l’unico suo figliuolo».51
la tradizione è, come per solito, solidissima e conta diverse varianti. nei Tre
difensori della patria (1729, dal Tullo Ostilio di adriano Morselli, con le musiche di
Giovanni Battista Pescetti), sullo sfondo della guerra fra roma e alba conclusa
con lo scontro fra gli orazi e i Curiazi, l’episodio “finale” di II.11-13, in cui il re
romano tullo ostilio minaccia di uccidere il piccolo Celio, accoppia
riconoscimento e peripezia: si scopre infatti la vera madre del bambino nella figlia
del re, Marzia, che viene condannata per avere contratto un matrimonio segreto.
nel Trionfo della costanza in Statira (1731, da Francesco silvani, con le musiche di
antonio Galeazzi) il figlio della crudele Barsina costituisce un ostaggio prezioso
per garantire la salvezza della rivale in amore, statira. nel Feraspe (1739, ancora
da silvani, con le musiche di antonio Vivaldi) la presenza in scena del principe
dario, muta ma costante sin dal primo atto, anima tutta la storia del conflitto
politico fra il fratellastro avido di potere Feraspe e la regina-madre statira, che,
se lo vuole salvo, deve dichiararlo illegittimo.
50 agli effetti del «text of muteness» dedica un intero capitolo Peter BrooKs, The melodramatic
Imagination, new Haven-london, Yale university Press, 1995 [19761], pp. 56-80. Per un commento
alla tradizione dei drammi per musica che scelgono andromaca come protagonista, dipendendo
quasi senza eccezione dall’Astianatte del salvi più che dall’Andromaque di racine, confronta il capitolo
Literaturopern: traduzioni integrali in MarCo Grondona, La perfetta illusione, cit., pp. 295-336.
sull’Astianatte del salvi: FranCesCo GIuntInI, I drammi per musica di Antonio Salvi, cit., in particolare
pp. 24-25, 43, 51, e pp. 127-183, in cui è trascritto il testo del libretto.
51
steFano arteaGa, Le rivoluzioni del teatro musicale italiano, cit., I, p. 363.
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FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
In III.4 del Cesare in Egitto di roma 1728 e di Milano 1735, così come in III.5 di
Venezia 1735 (da cui si trascrive), tolomeo gioca la sua ultima carta per obbligare
Cornelia alle nozze: fa condurre sesto in scena pronto ad ucciderlo. sulle prime
Cornelia consegna il bambino:
e ancora:
anima mia, mio pegno,
emula i tuoi maggiori.
sei figlio di Pompeo,
romano sei. Va da romano, e mori.
l’ingresso del tremolo lento degli archi su queste parole di addio a sesto
evidenzia un discrimine rispetto alle parti di dialogo fra Cornelia e tolomeo,
intonate in recitativo semplice, e il confine risulta evidentemente marcato, poiché
dopo la cadenza strumentale e l’articolazione della pausa il tenore attacca solo,
senza il sostegno del basso continuo. Circostanza quanto mai patetica: una madre
che si rivolge angosciata al figlioletto muto ridotta a sacrificarlo, e una musica
che dispiega, per garantire la compassione dello spettatore, se non quella di
tolomeo, tutte le migliori risorse, quali l’accompagnamento degli strumenti,
l’accordo di settima diminuita che accoglie il riferimento alle ombre degli eroi
morti, il disegno languidamente discendente dei primi violini.
Il modello eccellente è già nell’Astianatte di salvi. In II.12 Creonte consigliere
di Pirro porge ad andromaca il bambino per un ultimo bacio prima che egli vada
a morte (si noti la coincidenza dell’incipit, della clausola in rima «del tuo gran
padre», del passaggio al discorso diretto, dell’idea d’un ricongiungimento negli
Inferi):
52
Il verso, necessario alla comprensione del passo, è tratto da roma 1728 e da Milano 1735.
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
– 151 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
53
PIerre CorneIlle, Œuvres complètes, a cura di raymond lebègue e andré stegmann, Paris,
seuil, 1963, p. 832.
54
elena sala dI FelICe, Virtù e felicità alla corte di Vienna, in Metastasio e il melodramma, a cura di
elena sala di Felice e laura sannia nowé, Padova, liviana, 1985, pp. 55-87. sul più esiguo repertorio
delle tragedie per musica: reInHard stroHM, Dramma per Musica: Italian Opera Seria of the Eighteenth
Century, cit., pp. 121-198.
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asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
55 GIan BIaGIo Conte, Memoria dei poeti e arte allusiva, «strumenti critici», 16, 1971, pp. 325-333.
– 153 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
56
l’aMor | tIrannICo | Drama per Musica | da rappresentarsi nel teatro | tron di s.
Cassano. | l’autunno dell’anno 1710. | dI doMenICo lallI. | A Sua Eccellenza il Sig. | FIlIPPo |
ranGonI, | sig. di spilembert, torre, Gorzano, Castel | novo, Campiglio, denzano, Villa Bianca, |
rosolà, e tavernelle, Co: di Cordigliano, | e s. Cassano; Barone di eermes in avi-| gnone, Marchese
di Montaldo nel Pie-| monte, ec. Marchese di rocca Bianca, | Fontanelle, telarolo, e stagno, ec. | In
VenezIa, MdCCX. | appresso Marino rossetti in Merceria, | all’Insegna della Pace. | Con Licenza
de’ Superiori, e Privilegio. (Copia consultata in I-Bc, lo 5812).
57
PIetro MetastasIo, Tutte le opere, cit., IV (lettere), p. 871, n. 697, Vienna, 30 novembre 1753, a
Carlo Broschi.
58
erMIone | AZIONE TRAGICA | dI | a. l. t. | da raPPresentarsI | nel real
teatro s. Carlo | Nella Quaresima del corrente | anno 1819. | naPolI, | della tIPoGraFIa
FlautIna | 1819. (Copia consultata in I-Bc, lo 4767).
– 154 –
asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
– 155 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
– 156 –
asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
otto versi del quartetto «Padre, oh dio! tanto rigor?» negli Odi delusi dal sangue
(Venezia, 1728, III.8) da antonio Maria lucchini, con le musiche di Galuppi e di
Pescetti, ai ventotto del quintetto «non v’è del mio» nella Berenice (Venezia, 1741,
II.11) di Vitturi e Galuppi, introdotti avanti la mutazione conclusiva del secondo
atto; una simile varietà si riscontra altresì nel tipo di relazione che intercorre fra
i caratteri, inclusa la possibilità di raggrupparli a seconda del punto di vista e
delle circostanze. la posizione all’interno del dramma collima con l’acme del
conflitto fra i personaggi, privilegiandosi la fine del secondo atto e, talvolta, del
primo, oppure l’istante subito precedente l’ultima mutazione del terzo atto, forse
per istituire un elemento di forte contrasto rispetto al consueto lieto fine, che dal
ricordo e dall’impressione di quello scontro dunque rischia di essere velato. Così,
ad esempio, si trovano al termine del secondo atto i terzetti «a un’alma infelice»
nell’Idaspe (1730, II.13) di Giovanni Pietro Candi e riccardo Broschi, «Perfidi già
che in vita» nel Demofoonte (1734-1735, II.10) intonato da Gaetano Maria schiassi,
«Morte a me! Fiero rigore» nel pasticcio Armida al campo d’Egitto (1738, II.14), «se
quella son, se mi ami» nel Gustavo I re di Svezia (1740, II.10) di Goldoni e Galuppi,
«sei troppo superbo» nella Cirene (1742, II.10) di Pietro Pellegrini, da un libretto
di silvio stampiglia, e il quartetto «Vuo’ vendetta, e il vostro sangue» nell’Adriano
in Siria (1733) di Giacomelli,62 mentre il terzetto «non merita clemenza» conclude
il primo atto della Zoe (1736, I.14) con musica di luca antonio Predieri, da un
libretto di Francesco silvani. In posizione eccentrica, sulle soglie dell’ultima
mutazione di scena, comune – come si è visto – al terzetto del Gianguir allestito
nel 1738 e al duetto dell’Artaserse di Metastasio, si colloca il quartetto «Il figlio
mi rendi» (dall’inizio marcato in dialogo simultaneo) nella Barsina (1742, III.8) di
Giuseppe antonio Paganelli, ancora da un libretto di silvani. occupa infine una
sede distintiva il quintetto, «non v’è del mio», che nell’Ergilda (1736, II.5) di
Vitturi e Galuppi corona – rarissima occorrenza in questa data – uno dei punti
drammatici sparsi all’interno del dramma (fine della prima mutazione del
secondo atto) e non un’ultima scena: segeste legge la lettera in cui il genero
Isdegarde condanna a morte la sposa ergilda per essere libero di legarsi a dantea,
la quale ha a sua volta liquidato il fedele Gandarte.
danIel Heartz, Hasse, Galuppi and Metastasio, in Venezia e il melodramma nel Settecento, a cura di Maria
teresa Muraro, premessa di Gianfranco Folena, Firenze, olschki 1978, pp. 309-337: 331 e reInHard
WIesend, Zum Ensemble in der Opera seria, in Colloquium Johann Adolf Hasse und die Musik seiner Zeit
(Siena 1983), a cura di Friedrich lippmann («analecta Musicologica», 25), laaber, laaber Verlag, 1987,
pp. 187-222.
62 la copia del libretto in I-Mb, racc. dramm. 2815 contiene invece quattro arie distinte per
adriano, osroa, Farnaspe ed emirena, la cui intonazione si conserva in una raccolta viennese, segnata
A-Wn, Mss. 17566 (sYlVIe MaMY, Il teatro alla moda dei rosignoli, cit., pp. lXXXIII-lXXXVII): è possibile
che il quartetto fosse aggiunto all’ultimo momento o per una recita successiva.
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FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
4. ConClusIone
negli anni trenta del settecento si verificò dunque nella gestione dei teatri
Grimani un passaggio di consegne fra domenico lalli e Carlo Goldoni (ma di
fatto l’avvenimento sembrerebbe non portare conseguenze sulle scelte dei
drammi da rappresentare), e il quadro della produzione operistica veneziana
rimase assai variegato. Metastasio, soprattutto, e zeno continuarono a dominare
le scene, accanto a libretti oramai vecchi, bisognosi di drastici accomodi per
corrispondere al gusto del pubblico moderno, seppure anche gli interventi sui
modelli recenti non andassero tanto per il sottile, riformulando talora
pesantemente gli obiettivi degli originali. Il ristretto repertorio qui discusso
istruisce su una maggiore fedeltà dei revisori nell’approssimarsi dello
scioglimento finale, essendo forse ammesso a quel punto un numero determinato
di soluzioni, oppure per il riconoscimento del merito della fonte nel pianificare
la catastrofe; con una vistosa ma banale eccezione: il Cesare in Egitto rifiuta
l’avvelenamento del vilain che nel testo di partenza garantisce il lieto fine, e la
disposizione degli eventi nel terzo atto diviene funzionale al nuovo explicit di
pura invenzione fondato sul perdono di tolomeo. In questo caso, il percorso di
drammi per musica da roma a Venezia, che si era dimostrato proficuo
nell’occasione delle riprese a brevissima distanza delle opere scritte da Metastasio
per la città capitolina, plausibilmente grazie alle conoscenze romane di lalli,63 si
compie mediante una deviazione intermedia, il teatro ducale di Milano, e forse
Giacomelli non fu del tutto estraneo alla decisione di riproporre un suo
recentissimo successo sul palcoscenico del san Giovanni Grisostomo.
rispetto ai coevi modelli metastasiani scritti per l’Italia o per la corte di
Vienna, le rappresentazioni veneziane appaiono senz’altro più esuberanti, o per
le scelte degli autori o per le interpolazioni dei revisori, tanto nel ricorso a
spettacoli di grande impatto per la vista e per l’udito, quanto per il reimpiego di
temi oramai illustri, prediletti dagli spettatori. Per altro il repertorio d’immagini,
argomenti, concetti stereotipati esercita un peso anche sul corpo dei drammi di
Metastasio, in cui si annoverano traduzioni elevatissime di situazioni
convenzionali, che finiscono per riverberarsi sulla tradizione con la forza d’urto
di esempi emblematici, forse per la considerevole facilità del poeta cesareo nello
scolpire il discorso, il quale «si arrichisce di que’ tocchi arditi e maestri che van
pronti ad internarsi negli animi e che si stampano tenacemente nella memoria».64
l’alternanza di culmini e di momenti trascorsi in attesa di un culmine offre
varie opportunità riguardo all’orditura del dramma, non sempre valorizzate
appieno, cui la musica di Giacomelli non manca di reagire con tutti i mezzi
tecnico-compositivi a disposizione. I processi d’intensificazione espressiva
passano attraverso un risparmio calcolato degli espedienti più seri ed eloquenti,
63
reInHard stroHM, The Neapolitans in Venice, cit., pp. 77-78.
64
ranIerI de’ CalzaBIGI, Dissertazione sulle poesie drammatiche del Sig. Abate Pietro Metastasio, in
Id., Scritti teatrali e letterari, a cura di anna laura Bellina, roma, salerno, 1994, I, pp. 22-146: 126.
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secondo la prassi del metodo di economia nell’impiego delle risorse, a livello non
solo della macrostruttura – per esempio nella distribuzione accorta del recitativo
obbligato, degli strumenti a fiato, del modo minore, delle tonalità, dei cambi di
andamento e di metro, dell’assenza dell’introduzione strumentale all’aria –, ma
ancora delle formule melodiche e metrico-ritmiche di sicuro effetto, talvolta in
relazione a una determinata tipologia di aria o di verso poetico (in qualche caso
connessi alla presenza di un interprete o registro vocale), oppure del colore
armonico, di accordi particolarmente tesi e toccanti o, ancora, delle figure
significative di accompagnamento, di effetti timbrici insoliti e del rapporto fra
canto e strumenti. In particolare, nelle opere di Giacomelli il mèlos quasi mai
assurge a quella straordinaria, vitale bellezza capace di impressionare anche
l’ascoltatore moderno con il fascino del canto semplice e immediato, brillante o
dolcemente patetico; sono invece segni dell’afferenza a uno stile che potrebbe
definirsi genericamente settentrionale la maggiore indipendenza e vivacità degli
strumenti, tanto nei ritornelli delle arie quanto nell’accompagnamento della voce,
e la strenua variazione dei motivi, soprattutto – e non desta meraviglia – degli inizi.
– 159 –
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– 160 –
asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
eseMPIo 6a. «Vanne, figlio, al grand’impegno», Epaminonda, I.1, p. 28, prima sezione di canto.
eseMPIo 6b. «Vanne, figlio, al grand’impegno», Epaminonda, I.1, p. 31, seconda sezione
di canto.
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– 162 –
asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
eseMPIo 9. «su guerrieri, all’armi all’armi», Epaminonda, I.11, p. 128, introduzione stru-
mentale.
eseMPIo 10a. «date, o trombe, il suon guerriero», Gianguir, III.4, p. 300, introduzione
strumentale.
eseMPIo 10b. «date, o trombe, il suon guerriero», Gianguir, III.4, pp. 306-307, prima parte.
eseMPIo 10c. «date, o trombe, il suon guerriero», Gianguir, III.4, p. 309, prima parte.
– 163 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
eseMPIo 12. «eccoti il seno, o barbaro», Gianguir, II.7, pp. 212-213, prima sezione di canto.
– 164 –
asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
eseMPIo 13. «non mi lusingo», Gianguir, I.7, p. 96, prima sezione di canto.
eseMPIo 15. «se il sangue mio tu brami», Cesare in Egitto, II.2, II, p. 17, prima sezione di canto.
– 165 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
– 166 –
asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
– 167 –
FranCesCa MenCHellI-ButtInI
eseMPIo 18a. «oppressa, tradita», Cesare in Egitto, II.7, II, p. 70, prima sezione di canto.
eseMPIo 18b. «oppressa, tradita», Cesare in Egitto, II.7, II, p. 71, prima sezione di canto.
– 168 –
asPettI delle oPere dI GeMInIano GIaCoMellI
eseMPIo 19. «ombra del caro sposo», Cesare in Egitto, III.8, III, pp. 77-78.
– 169 –
Francesca Menchelli-Buttini
summary
this article sets itself the task of evaluating the formal, musical and dramatic
aspects of four operas by Geminiano Giacomelli: Gianguir, Epaminonda, La Merope
and Cesare in Egitto, which were composed for the san Cassiano and san Giovanni
Grisostomo theatres on librettos by different authors.
the commentary begins with a consideration of the introductory sinfonias
forming an area governed by convention, to which is applied a standard set of
combinations regarding key, orchestral colouring, form and rhythmic-melodic
content. this is followed by an examination of the layout of act openings
according to the presence or absence of scenic effects, climactic situations and
delaying stratagems in preparation for a later climax. Folowing this excursus
dealing with act-openings, the analysis studies the occurrences having a
particular visual impact that call for instrumental insertions, such as the sinfonias
employed to announce an arrival on the stage or to accompany battles, whether
or not these are notated in the score. even though the representation of tangible
events offers points of interest in a gestural sense, the dialectic between words,
instruments, singing and sight can have much more complex outcomes in relation
to the dramatic and musical turning points of the operas. excellent instances of
this can be found in those situations that readily accommodate obbligato recitative,
which the theorists identified as a distinctive feature of monologues given to the
protagonists for the purpose of expressing uncertain or sorrowful states of mind.
a separate section deals with Cesare in Egitto, surveying its librettistical
tradition from the 1728 production in rome up to the 1735 production in Venice.
the Milanese text turns out to be quite faithful to the 1728 version and displays
a number of significant variants vis-à-vis the Venetian revival, extending to the
specification of vocal roles. In this case, too, an attempt has been made to pick
out the focal points of the tale, such as the introduction, starting in the 1728
production in rome, of the “mute” young son of Cornelia, which takes its cue
from a very successful device used by antonio salvi in his astianatte (1701).
– 170 –
Gabriele uggias
nella sezione «dictionary» del Vivaldi Compendium (2011), alla voce «sources»,
Michael talbot notava che «there is no catalogue listing comprehensively the
publications of Vivaldi’s music after 1800 or any subsequent date»,1 ribadendo
un’osservazione già fatta poco più di vent’anni prima, ossia che «purtroppo non
esiste alcun repertorio a cui rivolgersi per informazioni bibliografiche sulle
edizioni moderne di musica vivaldiana nei vari paesi».2 sebbene, infatti, vari
studiosi si siano soffermati su alcune tra le edizioni (o, per lo più, trascrizioni)
moderne più significative di musiche vivaldiane, concentrandosi in particolare
su quelle del primo novecento,3 non esiste uno strumento che offra una visione
d’insieme, il più possibile dettagliata, su queste fonti musicali, utili per fornire
ulteriori informazioni sul modo in cui veniva percepita, suonata e diffusa la
musica di Vivaldi prima della sua piena riscoperta.4 Il seguente catalogo cerca di
Antonio Vivaldi nel nostro secolo con particolare riferimento alle sue opere strumentali, cit.; FIaMMa
nIColodI, Vivaldi nell’attività di Alfredo Casella organizzatore e interprete, in Vivaldi veneziano europeo,
a cura di Francesco degrada, Firenze, olschki, 1980, pp. 303-332; ead., Gusti e tendenze del Novecento
musicale in Italia, Firenze, sansoni, 1982, pp. 163-204; ead., La riscoperta di Vivaldi nel Novecento, cit.;
Fonti critiche e storiografiche della riscoperta italiana di Vivaldi, cit.; raoul MelonCellI, Antonio Vivaldi
e il rinnovamento musicale a Roma tra le due guerre, «Chigiana», XlI, n.s. 21, 1989, pp. 65-112; MarIo
– 171 –
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rInaldI, Itinerario della rivalutazione vivaldiana, in Vivaldi veneziano europeo, cit., pp. 289-302; MICHael
talBot, Vivaldi. Fonti e letteratura critica, cit., pp. 11-20; eGIdIo PozzI, Antonio Vivaldi, Palermo,
l’epos, 2007, pp. 583-593.
5
MarC PInCHerle, Antonio Vivaldi et la musique instrumentale, II, Paris, Floury, 1948, pp. 70-74.
6
MarIo rInaldI, Antonio Vivaldi, Milano, Istituto d’alta Cultura, 1943, pp. 365-381, 533-545;
aGostIno GIrard – GIanCarlo rostIrolla, Catalogo delle opere di Antonio Vivaldi, «nuova rivista
Musicale Italiana», XIII, 1979, pp. 210-289. sempre talbot, in MICHael talBot, Vivaldi. Fonti e letteratura
critica, cit., p. 165, nota che il catalogo di Girard e rostirolla «è a sua volta largamente in debito colla
bibliografia di edizioni moderne contenuta nella voce su Vivaldi di rudolf eller nell’MGG (1966)».
7
sempre alla voce «sources» talbot ricorda che «there is no single reference work listing, with
shelfmarks, the pre-1800 prints of Vivaldi’s music. the ‘large’ ryom catalogues give the location of
only one specimen example per edition, and only the 1986 catalogue provides a shelfmark». delle
edizioni settecentesche pubblicate dopo la morte di Vivaldi, Pincherle (MarC PInCHerle, Antonio
Vivaldi et la musique instrumentale, cit., vol. I, pp. 55, 78, 219, 246, 261, 265, 269) e ryom (Peter rYoM,
Répertoire des Œuvres d’Antonio Vivaldi. Les compositions instrumentales, Copenaghen, engstrøm &
sødring, 1986, pp. 11, 19, 29, 37, 42, 52, 344, 345, 616) riportano: le ristampe dell’edizione le Clerc
dell’op. I (ca. 1751), op. III (ca. 1745, 1748, ca. 1751, ca. 1751) e op. VIII (1743, 1748); la ristampa del
1748 delle VI Sonates Violoncello Solo col Basso (Paris, le Clerc, 1748); il concerto rV 364a pubblicato ne
L’Elite des Concerto Italiens à Tre Violini, Alto Viola, Violoncello e Organo Del Sigr Antonio Vivaldi (Paris,
Mme Boivin et le Clerc, 1742-1751); una parte del primo movimento del concerto rV 383a contenuta
nella raccolta The Musical Pocket Book, london, J. simpson, ca. 1750; la Gavott by Vivaldi [rV 73 (V mov.)]
inclusa nella raccolta A Collection of Marches & Airs, edinburgh, n. stewart, 1761; il Laudate Dominum
de Coelis, Psaume 148, Motet à Grand Choeur arrangè dans le Concerto du Printems de Vivaldi di Michel
Corrette, comprendente varie sezioni del concerto La primavera, eseguito nel 1765 (edizione: a Paris,
aux adresses ordinaires de Musique et Chez l’auteur ruë des Prouvaires); il concerto rV 519,
intitolato Vivaldi’s Fifth Concerto, incluso nella raccolta A Collection of Easy genteel Lessons for the
Harpsicord Composed by Giovanni Agrell Book II. To which is added Vivaldi’s Celebrated 5th Concerto. Set
for the Harpsichord, London. Printed by Mess. Randall and Abell Successors to the late Mr Walsh in Catharine
Street in the Strand (1767); il Vivaldi’s Cuckow Concerto, london, J. longman, 1767-1769; la trascrizione
per flauto traverso senza accompagnamento de La primavera in Jean-JaCQues rousseau, Le printemps,
Paris, au bureau du Journal de Musique, 1775; gli estratti dei concerti rV 208a, 214, 269, 315, 293, 297,
345, 263a in MICHel Corrette, L’Art de se perfectionner dans le violon, Paris, Castagnery, 1782; il Largo
de la Sonate XVIIIe de Vivaldi Œuvre 2e Edition D’Amsterdam [rV 72 (I mov.)] in Jean-BaPtIste CartIer,
L’art du violon, Paris, decombe, 1798.
8 Il catalogo di Girard e rostirolla comprende edizioni pubblicate entro il 1979 (senza riportare
il luogo e l’anno). talbot (che sempre alla voce «sources» osserva che «the time is ripe for a general
catalogue of modern editions (preferably omitting arrangements), perhaps with 1946 as its starting
date») fornisce informazioni su quelle ritenute più importanti successive al 1979 in Vivaldi. Fonti e
letteratura critica, cit., pp. 165-168.
– 172 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
ventesimo secolo; e che solo a partire dal 1947, anno di fondazione dell’Istituto
Italiano antonio Vivaldi, si mise in atto un serio progetto di stampa, a fini
innanzitutto esecutivi, di tutte le opere strumentali di Vivaldi, con precisi criteri
editoriali e con maggiori pretese – nonostante gli errori e le critiche ricevute negli
anni successivi – di fedeltà agli originali.9 Quante e quali composizioni vivaldiane
(e possibilmente, in che anno) vennero stampate in questo ampio lasso di tempo
è ciò che ci si propone di illustrare nel presente lavoro.
l’elenco seguente ci permette innanzitutto un’osservazione di tipo
quantitativo, che illustra chiaramente la graduale ‘riscoperta’ del compositore
veneziano: se infatti lungo tutto il diciannovesimo secolo possiamo contare
(includendo le ristampe) 41 pubblicazioni vivaldiane, nella prima metà del
ventesimo secolo (sempre fino al 1946) il numero sale a 238.10 le edizioni reperite
sono dunque in tutto 279 (ristampe incluse).11 le composizioni (identificate) di
Vivaldi che son state scelte dagli editori lungo questi decenni sono 93 (escludendo
quelle appartenenti alla sezione Anhang), di cui: 24 sonate, 5 sinfonie o concerti
per orchestra d’archi, 55 concerti solistici per uno o più strumenti, 2 parti di messa
(Gloria e Credo), un inno (Stabat mater), 4 arie dal Juditha triumphans, 9 arie da
4 opere diverse (Arsilda, La verità in cimento, Ercole su’l Termodonte, L’Olimpiade),
2 sinfonie d’opera (L’incoronazione di Dario, L’Olimpiade). In ordine numerico
(comprese le ristampe) secondo il catalogo ryom:
9 si veda Cesare FertonanI, Il gusto del paradosso: a proposito di “Vivaldiana” di Gian Francesco
Malipiero, in Antonio Vivaldi. Passato e futuro, a cura di Francesco Fanna e Michael talbot (atti del
Convegno Internazionale di studi, 13-16 giugno 2007, Venezia, Isola di san Giorgio Maggiore),
Venezia, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, 2009, p. 397 (pubblicazione online: <www.cini.it/publications/
antonio-vivaldi-passato-e-futuro-it>): «l’impresa si proponeva di approntare delle edizioni, destinate
in prima istanza all’esecuzione, che fossero basate su principi di maggiore oggettività – e dunque di
maggior aderenza alle intenzioni dell’autore – rispetto alle edizioni pubblicate prima del punto di
svolta emblematicamente segnato dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale, segnando così una
discontinuità con il recente passato che d’altro canto non coincideva ancora con l’affermarsi dei
presupposti per un’edizione critica ispirata ad autentici criteri filologici e storico-critici». si vedano
anche FranCesCo deGrada, Malipiero e la tradizione musicale italiana, in Omaggio a Malipiero, a cura di
Mario Messinis, Firenze, olschki, 1977, pp. 144-145 e 147-148; MICHael talBot, Vivaldi. Fonti e
letteratura critica, cit., pp. 160-162.
10 dal computo sono escluse le composizioni di Kreisler, la rosa e Küchler.
– 173 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
– 174 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
– 175 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
– 176 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
12
Così ne parla talbot in MICHael talBot, The Chamber Cantatas of Antonio Vivaldi, Woodbridge,
Boydell Press, 2006, p. 11, citando il ricordo di Charles Burney: «although Vivaldi’s instrumental
music became a frequent item on concert programmes or in publishers’ catalogues only after the First
World War, a tiny sliver survived more or less continuously from the eighteenth century into the
nineteenth in the shape of his once famous but today rather neglected ‘Cuckoo’ (or ‘Cuckow’)
Concerto (rV 355), which was first published in 1717 by the london dealer daniel Wright. It was a
favourite ‘party piece’ of the Hereford innkeeper and violinist thomas Woodcock (brother of the
flautist-composer robert Woodcock). In Burney’s memoirs, preserved only in autograph fragments,
the historian recalled c.1742: “[Vivaldi’s] Cuckoo Concerto, during my youth, was the wonder and
tdelight of all frequenters of country concerts; and Woodcock, one of the Hereford waits, was sent far
and near to perform it”» (le parole di Burney sono state riprese da Memoirs of Dr Charles Burney, 1726–1769,
a cura di slava Klima, Garry Bowers, Kerry s. Grant, lincoln and london, university of nebraska
Press, 1988, p. 32). sulla storia e la fortuna settecentesca (specialmente sul suolo britannico) del concerto
– 177 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
non trascritto da Bach – a essere pubblicato non proviene dalle opere date alla
stampa durante la vita di Vivaldi (come invece accadrà il più delle volte per quel
che riguarda le edizioni di questo catalogo), ma fa parte dei manoscritti conservati
a dresda (scoperti all’inizio degli anni sessanta dell’ottocento):13 è il concerto per
tre violini rV 551, edito da edmund Medefind nel 1878. spetta invece a Ferdinand
david il merito di aver dato avvio alle pubblicazioni di sonate vivaldiane con
l’edizione della sonata rV 31, data alla luce nel 1867 e poi ripresa – assieme a
poche altre sonate – da diversi trascrittori nel corso del secolo e in quello
successivo.
Gli importanti studi di luigi torchi e arnold schering di inizio secolo14 – che
danno avvio alla vera e propria rivalutazione del compositore veneziano – non
hanno effetti diretti sulle pubblicazioni del primo decennio del novecento, le
quali, se dal punto di vista quantitativo sono sì quasi il doppio rispetto al
decennio precedente, dal punto di vista qualitativo riprendono in buona parte le
composizioni vivaldiane pubblicate nel secolo passato. tra le novità si segnala
l’esplorazione di nuove sonate, ad opera dello stesso schering e di alfred Moffat
(nonché quella edita da ottorino respighi nel 1908, prima edizione italiana
moderna di musica strumentale vivaldiana), il secondo movimento del concerto
rV 341 proveniente dai manoscritti di dresda (già edito da Witvogel nel 1735),
sempre pubblicato da schering ma di difficile datazione, e soprattutto il concerto
rV 522a edito nel 1909 da sam Franko che conoscerà notevole fortuna nelle
esecuzioni di importanti direttori e virtuosi dell’epoca.
Ciò non fu naturalmente sufficiente per abbattere il diffuso scetticismo che
circondava la figura di Vivaldi; tant’è che se nel 1910 Fausto torrefranca
rivendicava con orgoglio l’importante influsso che ebbe Vivaldi su Bach, l’anno
dopo si contrapponeva la voce del Grove, curata da reginald lane Poole, che in
sostanza riassumeva i passi meno benevoli sul compositore veneziano tratti dalle
pagine di John Hawkins, Charles Burney, Philipp spitta e François-Joseph Fétis.15
Il lavoro di torrefranca ebbe comunque i suoi frutti, ispirando alla fine del
rV 335 si veda ancora MICHael talBot, Migrations of a Cuckoo and a Nightingale: Vivaldi’s Concerto
RV 335 and a Reconsideration of RV 335a and RV Anh. 14, «studi vivaldiani», 16, 2016, pp. 53-86. si veda
anche MarC PInCHerle, Antonio Vivaldi et la musique instrumentale, cit., pp. 209-210, 265-267.
13 Moritz Fürstenau ne fa accenno in Zur Geschichte der Musik und des Theaters am Hofe zu Dresden,
arnold sCHerInG, Geschichte des Instrumentalkonzerts, leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1905. In precedenza si
era occupato di Vivaldi, analizzando le trascrizioni bachiane, Paul Waldersee (Paul Waldersee, Antonio
Vivaldis Violinconcerte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der von J.S. Bach bearbeiteten, «Vierteljahrschrift
für Musikwissenschaft», I, 1885, pp. 356-380).
15 Fausto torreFranCa, L’Italia musicale del Settecento, «nuova antologia», XlV, 16 luglio 1910,
pp. 243-253; reGInald lane Poole, Vivaldi, in Grove’s Dictionary of Music & Musicians, V, new York,
1911, pp. 356-357. si veda FIaMMa nIColodI, La riscoperta di Vivaldi nel Novecento, cit., pp. 167-170;
ead., Fonti critiche e storiografiche della riscoperta italiana di Vivaldi, cit., pp. 34-36.
– 178 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
decennio lo studio di alceo toni, che di lì a poco riporterà alle stampe Le quattro
stagioni (in riduzione pianistica con il titolo «Concerti delle stagioni»).16 Gli anni
dieci videro comunque un ulteriore incremento di edizioni vivaldiane: trentadue
(dieci in più rispetto al decennio precedente), metà circa delle quali di musiche
non ancora edite in tempi moderni. si tratta sempre, naturalmente – è bene
precisarlo – di composizioni tratte dalle opere date alla stampa negli anni di vita
di Vivaldi. Ben poche, fino a quel momento, erano state le edizioni ricavate da
manoscritti: le uniche, derivate dal repertorio conservato a dresda, erano state
infatti quelle già citate di Medefind,17 schering e respighi (rV 10), e il secondo
movimento della sonata rV 5,18 sempre di schering, del 1904. a queste si
aggiunse, nel 1918, il concerto rV 342 edito da Francesco de Guarnieri, tratto dal
Fitzwilliam Museum di Cambridge. da ricordare inoltre in questi anni le edizioni
di nachéz e di siloti per quanto riguarda i concerti, e quelle di Chaigneau delle
sonate per violoncello.
I già citati Concerti delle stagioni, orchestrati successivamente dallo stesso toni
nel 1924 e da Bernardino Molinari nel 1927, aprono un decennio cruciale per la
riscoperta vivaldiana, ricco di importanti studi dedicati al compositore,19 e di
edizioni – ne contiamo 66 (di cui 24 da musiche inedite in tempi moderni) tra le
quali ricordiamo il concerto in do minore di Moffat, le sonate di Joseph salmon,
i concerti di nachéz, le sonate rV 12 e 26 (provenienti da dresda),20 i concerti di
emilio Pente e i primi concerti editi da alfred einstein –, ma soprattutto segnato
dalla scoperta nel 1926 dell’imponente corpus di manoscritti vivaldiani (27 vo-
lumi, quasi tutti autografi) della famiglia durazzo, che diventerà la raccolta
Foà-Giordano dopo essere acquisito dalla Biblioteca di torino tra il 1927 e il 1930,
grazie al lavoro di luigi torri e alberto Gentili.21
16
alCeo tonI, Una nuova antica gloria musicale italiana: Antonio Vivaldi, «Il primato artistico
italiano», I, 1919, pp. 31-34. degli stessi anni è inoltre il primo catalogo tematico della musica di
Vivaldi, pubblicato da alberto Bachmann in Les Grands Violinistes du passé, Paris, Fischbacher, 1913.
17
ripresa poi da Bachmann (1910?) e togni (1926).
18
edita anche da emilio Pente nel 1924.
19
Il catalogo tematico (sia delle opere a stampa che di alcuni manoscritti) in WIlHelM altMann,
Thematischer Katalog der gedruckten Werke Antonio Vivaldis, «archiv für Musikwissenschaft, IV, 1922,
pp. 262-279; la sezione su Vivaldi del Geschichte des Violinspiels, M. Hesse, Berlin, 1923 di andreas
Moser; le importanti biografie di arcangelo salvatori (arCanGelo salVatorI, Antonio Vivaldi (Il Prete
Rosso): note biografiche, «rivista mensile della città di Venezia», VII, 1928, pp. 325-46) e Marc Pincherle
(MarC PInCHerle, Antonio Vivaldi: saggio biografico, «la rassegna musicale», II, 1929, pp. 513-26 e
599-605).
20 uniche edizioni del decennio a provenire da manoscritti, oltre al citato rV 551 di togni del
1926.
21 Quest’ultimo provvide a una prima descrizione della parte Foà della raccolta in alBerto
GentIlI, La raccolta di rarità musicali «Mauro Foà» alla Biblioteca Nazionale di Torino, «accademie e
biblioteche d’Italia», I, 1927-28, pp. 36-50.
– 179 –
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tale fondamentale acquisizione non ebbe sulla produzione editoriale gli effetti
dirompenti che avrebbe potuto avere, dato che la raccolta fu concessa in esclusiva
a Gentili – il quale, oltre a completare la descrizione della collezione,22 ricavò dai
manoscritti le edizioni dei concerti rV 258, 327 e 390 (1932, 1936), rV 409 (1934,
1936, 1937), rV 152 (1936) – e i manoscritti rimasero così indisponibili alla
pubblicazione fino alla fine degli anni trenta. ad ogni modo la scoperta della
raccolta contribuì a rilanciare definitivamente la figura del Prete rosso, non tanto
nell’immaginario comune del pubblico generico – per il quale bisognerà aspettare
gli anni ’50 – quanto nella produzione accademica e concertistica. tra i vari
studiosi che si occuparono di Vivaldi in questi anni,23 alcuni realizzarono delle
importanti serie di concerti che diedero ampio spazio al compositore veneziano:
negli ultimi anni del decennio, a partire dal 1938, ezra Pound organizzò a rapallo
varie esecuzioni di composizioni vivaldiane provenienti da microfilm dei
manoscritti di dresda, parte dei quali vennero poi ceduti al conte Guido Chigi
saracini dell’accademia Chigiana;24 quest’ultimo, grazie all’intercessione del
Ministero dell’educazione e al lavoro di alfredo Casella, ottenne il materiale
necessario per dar vita alla prima ‘settimana musicale senese’ (16-21 settembre
1939), incentrata completamente su lavori di antonio Vivaldi, presentando al
pubblico composizioni quali i concerti rV 151, 334, 439, il Credo rV 591, il Gloria
rV 589, lo Stabat mater rV 621, l’opera L’Olimpiade, rV 725.25 nel frattempo
nascono le prime associazioni dedicate interamente a Vivaldi: è la stessa
accademia Chigiana che fonda nel 1938 con olga rudge, fervida collaboratrice
di Pound, il Centro di studi Vivaldiani;26 la società antonio Vivaldi, invece, fu
22 alBerto GentIlI, La raccolta di antiche musiche «Renzo Giordano» alla Biblioteca Nazionale di Torino,
1930; MarC PInCHerle, Vivaldi e gli ospedali di Venezia, «la rassegna musicale», X, 1937, pp. 357-368;
susanne ClerCX, À propos des sinfonies de Vivaldi, «la revue internationale de musique», I, 1938,
pp. 632-635; rodolFo Gallo, Antonio Vivaldi, il Prete Rosso, «ateneo veneto», CXXIV, 1938; Antonio
Vivaldi. Note e documenti sulla vita e sulle opere, a cura di sebastiano a. luciani, siena, accademia
Musicale Chigiana («numeri unici per le settimane Musicali senesi», I), 1939; VIrGIlIo MortarI,
«L’Olimpiade» e il teatro musicale di Antonio Vivaldi, in Antonio Vivaldi. Note e documenti sulla vita e sulle
opere, cit., pp. 23-26; MarIo rInaldI, Antonio Vivaldi autore di musica sacra, in «rassegna dorica», X,
n. 10, 20 ottobre 1939, pp. 354-356.
24
si veda CatHerIne Paul, Ezra Pound, Alfredo Casella and the Fascist Cultural Nationalism of the
Vivaldi Revival, in Ezra Pound, Language and Persona, a cura di Massimo Bacigalupo e William Pratt,
Genova, university of Genoa, 2008, pp. 91-112.
25
a questi concerti vanno aggiunti quelli dati dall’accademia di santa Cecilia a roma, che
presentò al pubblico ben 120 composizioni vivaldiane all’interno dei 1290 concerti dati tra il 1914 e il
1945; cfr. raoul MelonCellI, Antonio Vivaldi e il rinnovamento musicale a Roma tra le due guerre, cit.,
pp. 65-68. a p. 69 si precisa: «Preferito fu l’Estro armonico, peraltro mai eseguito integralmente, di cui
vennero eseguiti di preferenza i nn. 11 (nella revisione di siloti), 8 (revisione Molinari), e 6, anche in
trascrizioni di sam Franko, alfredo Casella e Georges dandelot».
26
alla rudge si deve il Catalogo tematico dei concerti inediti nella Biblioteca di Torino, in Antonio
Vivaldi. Note e documenti sulla vita e sulle opere, cit., pp. 47-59. un’analisi di alcuni manoscritti torinesi
è inoltre fornita in alFredo BonaCCorsI, Contributo alla storia del Concerto grosso, «rivista Musicale
Italiana», XXXIX, n. 4, 1932, pp. 467-492.
– 180 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
27 MICHelanGelo aBBado, Antonio Vivaldi, torino, arione, 1942; MarIo rInaldI, Antonio Vivaldi,
Milano, Istituto alta Cultura, 1943; Id., La data di nascita di Antonio Vivaldi, «Quaderni dell’accademia
Chigiana», V, siena, ticci, 1943; Id., Catalogo numerico tematico delle composizioni di A. Vivaldi, roma,
Cultura moderna, 1945. appaiono inoltre in quegli anni: La scuola veneziana (secoli XVI-XVIII). Note e
documenti raccolti in occasione della settimana celebrativa (5-10 settembre 1941), «numeri unici per le
settimane Musicali senesi», III, a cura di sebastiano a. luciani, siena, accademia Musicale Chigiana,
1941; olGa rudGe, Catalogo tematico delle opere vocali inedite e dei microfilms della Biblioteca Chigi Saracini,
in La scuola veneziana (secoli XVI-XVIII). Note e documenti raccolti in occasione della settimana celebrativa
(5-10 settembre 1941)cit., pp. 74-80; Fausto torreFranCa, Modernità di Antonio Vivaldi, «nuova
antologia», n. 77, 1 agosto 1942; olGa rudGe, Lettere e dediche di Antonio Vivaldi, «Quaderni
del’accademia Chigiana», I, siena, ticci, 1942.
28 In ordine cronologico: rV 151, 334, 523, 270 e le arie rV 710 (1940), rV 621 e 589 (1941), rV 591
– 181 –
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29 oltre ai cataloghi bibliotecari online e cartacei, sono stati di particolare riferimento i cataloghi
di adolph Hofmeister del Musikalisch-literarischer Monatsbericht per gli anni 1829-1900; il Catalogue of
Title Entries (1891-1909) e il Catalogue of Copyright Entries (1910-1947), pubblicati dalla library of
Congress a Washington; Franz PazdIreK, Universal-Handbuch der Musikliteratur aller Zeiten und Völker,
Wien, Pazdirek & Co., 1904-1910; anna HarrIett HeYer, Historical Sets, Collected Editions, and
Monuments of Music, 2 voll., Chicago, american library association, 1980.
30
MICHael talBot, Vivaldi. Fonti e letteratura critica, cit., p. 165.
– 182 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
1820 (?) The Celebrated Cuckoo Solo for the violin or Piano Forte [rV 335 (I mov.)], london,
W. sibley.
1822 (?) The Celebrated Cuckoo Solo, for the Violin [rV 335 (I mov.)], london, r. W. Keith.
1844 J. s. BaCH, Concert in D minor für die Orgel mit 2 Manualen und dem Pedale [op. III,
n. 11, rV 565], ed. Friedrich Conrad Griepenkerl, leipzig, Peters, 1844; leipzig,
Breitkopf, 1897, 1912.
1851 J. s. BaCH, XVI Concertos d’après des Concertos pour le Violon de Antoine Vivaldi,
arrangés pour le Piano seul par Jean Sebastien Bach. Publiés pour la premier fois par
S. W. Dehn et F. Roitzsch [BWV 972–987 (sei da Vivaldi: BWV 972 (op. III, n. 9,
rV 230), BWV 973 (op. VII, n. 8, rV 299), BWV 975 (rV 316/op. IV, n. 6,
rV 316a), BWV 976 (op. III, n. 12, rV 265), BWV 978 (op. III, n. 3, rV 310),
BWV 980 (rV 381/op. IV, n. 1, rV 383a)], in Oeuvres complettes, vol. XV, leipzig,
Bureau de Musique de C. F. Peters, 1851.
1852 J. s. BaCH, Concert n. 3 in Am, Concert n. 4 in C [BWV 593 (op. III, n. 8, rV 522);
BWV 594 (rV 208)], in Compositionen f. Orgel. 8ter Band. Kritisch-correcte Ausgabe,
ed. Friedrich Conrad Griepenkerl e Ferdinand roitzsch, leipzig, Peters, 1852.
1859 W. F. BaCH (attr. a), Concert fur die Orgel: mit zwei Manualen und dem Pedal [J. s.
BaCH, BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11, rV 565)], arr. pf. 4 mani Carl Plato, leipzig,
Peters, 1859.
1865 W. F. BaCH (attr. a), Concert für die Orgel mit 2 Manualen und dem Pedale, für Piano
eingerichtet von Adolf Golde [J. s. BaCH, BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11, rV 565)], Berlin,
trautwein, 1865.
1867 Sonate [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], in Die hohe Schule des Violinspiels: Werke berühmter
Meister des 17ten u. 18ten Jahrhunderts; zum Gebrauch am Conservatorium der Musik
in Leipzig und zum öffentlichen Vortrag; für Violine und Pianoforte, ed. Ferdinand
david, leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1867; 1870; 1872; 1879; 1891; ed. vla pf.
Friedrich Hermann, leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1899; rev. vl. pf. F. Hermann,
leipzig, Peters, 1901; rev. vl. pf. Henri Petri, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1902.
1870 J. s. BaCH, Compositions pour piano seul de J. Seb. Bach [6 da Vivaldi: BWV 972 (op.
III, n. 9, rV 230), BWV 973 (op. VII, n. 8, rV 299), BWV 975 (rV 316/op. IV, n. 6,
rV 316a), BWV 976 (op. III, n. 12, rV 265), BWV 978 (op. III, n. 3, rV 310), BWV
980 (rV 381/op. IV, n. 1, rV 383a)], ed. Carl Czerny, Friedrich Conrad Griepenkerl
e Friedrich august roitzsch, leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1870.
1876 Giga [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], trascr. pf. Henry lahee, london, ashdown & Parry, 1876.
– 183 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
1877 Sonate en Ré mineur [a. MarCello, Concerto in Re minore per oboe, archi e basso
continuo s.z799 (rV anh. 16)], in Sonates pour Violon avec Accompagnement de
Piano arrangées et harmonisées en vue de l’exécution au Concert par L. A. Zellner, arr.
vl. pf. leopold alexander zellner, leipzig, Cranz, 1877, 1896.
1878 Conzert für 3 Violinen mit unbeziffertem Baß [rV 551], ed. 3 vl. pf. edmund
Medefind, Berlin, o. Wernthal, 1878; orchestraz. Georg schumann, Berlin,
o. Wernthal, 1927.
1880 Un certo non so che [Arsilda, rV 700; Ercole su’l Termodonte, rV 710], in Arien und
Gesänge älterer Tonmeister, ed. canto pf. Carl Banck, leipzig, Kistner, 1880.
1882 J. s. BaCH, Overture, aria and bourrée [Overture e bourrée BWV 1006, Aria BWV 593
(op. III, n. 8, rV 522, II mov.)], trascr. pf. rafael Joseffy, new York, G. schirmer,
1882.
1882 (?) Adagio; Prestissimo, in Popular Pieces by old Italian composers, for the clavecin.
Selected from the most celebrated works of the 17th & 18th centuries. Partly arranged,
supplemented with signs of expression and marks for the metronome, revised & edited
by Ernst Pauer [attr. a Vivaldi: alessandro MarCello, Concerto in Re minore per
oboe, archi e basso continuo s.z799 (II mov.) (arr. J. s. BaCH, BWV 974) (rV anh. 16);
Benedetto MarCello, Concerto a cinque, con violino solo, e violoncello obbligato,
Op. 1 n. 2 (Prestissimo) (arr. J. s. BaCH, BWV 981)], london, augener & Co.
1883 Sonate [op. II, n. 2, rV 31 (III mov.)], in Duettensammlung für den elementaren
Violinunterricht, vol. VIII, ed. 2 vl. pf. Josef Hiebsch, Wiener neustadt, Wedl,
1883.
1884 (?) The celebrated Cuckoo Solo, for the violin [rV 335 (I mov.)], ed. vl. pf., london,
Howard & Co.
1885 Un certo non so che [Arsilda, rV 700; Ercole su’l Termodonte, rV 710], in Arie
Antiche, vol. I, ed. canto pf. alessandro Parisotti, Milano, ricordi, 1885; trad.
theodore Baker, new York, schirmer, 1894.
Concert für Flöte mit Begleitung von zwei Violinen, Viola und Continuo, Op. 10.
No. 3. Für Flöte und Pianoforte bearbeitet von Paul Graf Waldersee [op. X, n. 3,
rV 428], leipzig, Kistner, 1885.
1886 (?) Vivaldi’s celebrated Cuckoo Solo for the violin [rV 335 (I mov.)], ed. vl. pf. John
Pridham, london, e. ashdown, 1886.
1889 Sonate für Violine und bezifferten Bass, op. 2, n° 2 [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], «Klassische
Violinmusik berühmter Meister des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts», 2a serie, ed. vl.
pf. Gustav Jensen, london, augener, 1889; Mainz, schott, 1911.
Giga [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], «tonperlen älterer Meister für Flöte mit
Pianofortebegleitung», trascr. fl. pf. Max schwedler, leipzig, Merseburger,
1889.
– 184 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
1891 J. s. BaCH, Joh. Seb. Bach’s Orgelwerke. Dritter Band. Erste Abtheilung. Praeludien,
Fugen, Fantasien und andere Stücke. Zweite Abtheilung: Concerte nach Antonio
Vivaldi. Anhang I. Variante zu Nr. XIV und unvollendete Stücke. Anhang II.
Compositionen, deren Aechtheit nicht völlig verbürgt ist. Anhang III. Erster Satz des
zweiten Concertes in Vivaldis Original [zweite abt.: BWV 593, 594 (op. III, n. 8,
rV 522, 208); anhang III: op. III, n. 8, rV 522 (I mov.)], in Bach-Gesellschaft
Ausgabe, vol. XXXVIII, ed. ernst naumann, leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1891.
Giga [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], in Classical Gleanings Ancient & Modern, ed. pf. eugène
saint ange, london, Weekes & Co, 1891.
1894 J. s. BaCH, Joh. Seb. Bach’s Clavierwerke. Fünfter Band. Umarbeitungen eigener und
fremder Compositionen. Verschiedene Präludien, Fugen und andere Stücke, deren
Ächtheit wahrscheinlich ist; Anhang I. Compositionen, deren Ächtheit nicht sicher
verbürgt ist, und einige Varianten.; Anhang II. Concert Nr.2 von Vivaldi und Fuge
von Erselius in der Originalgestalt [BWV 972–987 (sei da Vivaldi: BWV 972 (op. III,
n. 9, rV 230), BWV 973 (op. VII, n. 8, rV 299), BWV 975 (rV 316/op. IV, n. 6,
rV 316a), BWV 976 (op. III, n. 12, rV 265), BWV 978 (op. III, n. 3, rV 310),
BWV 980 (rV 381/op. IV, n. 1, rV 383a); Anhang II: op. VII, n. 8, rV 299], in
Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe, vol. XlII, ed. ernst naumann, leipzig, Breitkopf &
Härtel, 1894.
J. s. BaCH, Joh. Seb. Bach’s Kammermusik. Achter Band. Drei Sonaten für Flöte und
bezifferten Baß; Sonate und Fuge für Violine und bezifferten Baß; Sonate für zwei
Claviere; Concert für vier Claviere nach Antonio Vivaldi; Anhang: Concert für vier
Violinen von Antonio Vivaldi in der Originalgestalt [BWV 1065 (op. III, n. 10, rV 580);
anhang: op. III, n. 10, rV 580], in Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe, vol. XlIII, n. 1, ed.
Paul Waldersee, leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1894.
1896 (?) Cuckoo Solo for Violin [rV 335 (I mov.)], ed. vl. pf. Henry Farmer, london,
J. Williams.
1897 Sonate (G), in Album classique pour Violoncelle et Piano, vol. IV, trascr. pf. vc. oskar
Brückner, london, augener & Co, 1897.
W. F. BaCH (attrib. a), Konzert für die Orgel [J. s. BaCH, BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11,
rV 565)], elab. pf. august stradal, leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1897, 1906.
1899 Sonate (Gm) [op. II, n. 1, rV 27], «Meister schule der alten zeit», n. 10, ed. vl.
pf. alfred Moffat, Berlin, simrock, 1899.
– 185 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
1900 J. s. BaCH, 2e Concerto d’orgue [BWV 593 (op. III, n. 8, rV 522)], trascr. 2 pf. Isidor
Philipp, Paris, a. durand, 1900.
1900 (?) Premiers Solos. Extraits des Grands Concertos Célèbres Revues et doigtés par V.
Candela [7 estratti: Concerto in la min. (op. III, n. 6, rV 356, I mov.), Concerto
in la min., Concerto in sol magg., Concerto in do magg., Concerto in sol min.,
Concerto in fa magg., Concerto in sib magg.], ed. vl. pf. V. Candela, Paris,
a. Gury.
VIValdI-BaCH, Adagio [a. MarCello, Concerto in Re minore per oboe, archi e basso
continuo s.z799 (II mov.) (arr. J. s. BaCH, BWV 974) (rV anh. 16)], in Alte
Meisterstücke für Klavier: die berühmtesten Compositionen der alten Klaviermeister,
vol. II, ed. Julius epstein, Wien, universal edition.
1901 Corrente [op. V, n. 4, rV 35], in Kleine Studien: 12 Sätze aus classischen Violin-
Sonaten, arr. vl. pf. alfred Moffat, Berlin, simrock, 1901.
1902 Trio-Sonate d moll [op. I, n. 8, rV 64 (II, III movv.)], «trio-sonaten alter Meister
für 2 Violinen und Violoncello (ad lib.) mit hinzugefügter Klavierbegleitung
nach der originalausgabe für 2 Violinen mit beziffertem Bass bearbt.», n. 4, arr.
2 vl. vc. (ad lib.) e cemb. alfred Moffat, Berlin, simrock, 1902.
1903 Gigue de la suite en la majeur, transcr. pour le piano par François Testard [op. II, n.
2, rV 31], «la revue Musicale», III, number supplement, Paris, W. Chaumet,
15 June 1903.
1904 Largo aus einer Violonsonate: für Violine und Klavier oder Orgel [rV 5 (III mov.)],
«Perlen alter Kammermusik deutscher und italienischer Meister», ed. vl. (2° vl.
ad lib.) org. arnold schering, leipzig, Kahnt, 1904.
1904 (?) Largo von Wilhelm Friedemann Bach [J. s. BaCH, BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11, rV 565)],
ed. vc. org. Willy deckert, leipzig, Kahnt, [rist. 1925?].
1905 Qui sait et me dira, in Airs classiques. Nouvelle édition avec paroles françaises, d’après
les textes primitifs revus et nuancés par Amédée-Louis Hettich. Maîtres italiens voix
élevées, vol. X, Paris, rouart, 1905.
1906 Cantabile [op. X, n. 3, rV 428 (II mov.)], «sammlung beliebter stücke für Flöte
und Pianoforte», n. 30, ed. fl. pf. Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Barge, leipzig,
Forberg, 1906.
1906 (?) Giga (da una Sonata per Violino) [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], in Biblioteca d’oro, vol. I, ed.
pf. alessandro longo, Milano, ricordi.
1907 J. s. BaCH, 16 Konzerte für Klavier solo nach Konzerten von Antonio Vivaldi, Benedetto
Marcello, Herzog Ernst v. Sachsen-Weimar, Georg Philipp Telemann und unbekannten
– 186 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
Meistern [BWV 972–987 (sei da Vivaldi: BWV 972 (op. III, n. 9, rV 230), BWV 973
(op. VII, n. 8, rV 299), BWV 975 (rV 316/op. IV, n. 6, rV 316a), BWV 976 (op. III,
n. 12, rV 265), BWV 978 (op. III, n. 3, rV 310), BWV 980 (rV 381/op. IV, n. 1,
rV 383a)], a cura di C. Czerny, F. C. Griepenkerl e F. a. roitzsch, n. ed. arnold
schering, leipzig, Peters, 1907.
1908 Sonata in re maggiore [rV 10], realiz. vl. pf. ottorino respighi, Milano, ricordi,
1908, 1921.
1909 Concerto in A minor for string orchestra [rV 522a], arr. 2 vl. orch. archi sam
Franko, new York, G. schirmer, 1909.
Sonate en la majeur [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], «les Maîtres du violon au XVIIIe siècle»,
ed. vl. pf. Joseph Jongen e Joseph debroux, Paris, senart, roudanez, 1909.
Sonate d moll [op. II, n. 3, rV 14], «Kammer-sonaten des 17ten & 18ten
Jahrhunderts», n. 10, ed. vl. pf. alfred Moffat, Mainz, schott, 1909.
Praeludium C moll [op. II, n. 7, rV 8], in Alte Meister des Violinspiels, für den
praktischen Gebrauch zum ersten Mal herausgegeben für Violine und Klavier von
Arnold Schering, leipzig, Peters, 1909.
1909 (?) Largo (Aus einem Violinkonzert) [rV 341 (II mov.)], «Perlen alter Kammermusik
deutscher und italienischer Meister», ed. vl. pf. arnold schering, leipzig,
Kahnt.
1910 Concerto pour 4 violons et orchestre à cordes [op. III, n. 10, rV 580], ed. 4 vl. pf.
bc., 4 vl. orch. d’archi Charles Bouvet, Paris, demets, 1910; Paris, Max eschig &
Cie, 1921.
Sarabanda seriosa [op. II, n. 4, rV 20], in Les vieux maîtres du violon, vol. II, ed. vl.
pf. alfred Moffat, Paris, a. durand, 1910.
Sonate à tre [op. I, n. 2, rV 67 (I, II, III movv.); op. I, n. 4, rV 66 (V mov.)], «trio-
sonaten alter Meister für 2 Violinen und Violoncello (ad lib.) mit hinzugefügter
Klavierbegleitung nach der originalausgabe für 2 Violinen mit beziffertem Bass
bearbt.», n. 14, arr. 2 vl. pf. con vc. ad lib. alfred Moffat, Berlin, simrock, 1910.
1910 (?) Adagio tiré du Concerto pour trois violons, d’Antonio Vivaldi [rV 551], trascr. vl. pf.
alberto Bachmann, Paris, J. Hamelle.
Sonate en sol mineur [op. I, n. 1, rV 73], rev. 2 vl. cemb. (con vc. non obbl.) Jean
Peyrot e J. rebufat, Paris, M. senart.
1911 W. F. BaCH (attrib. a), Concerto en Ré mineur pour deux claviers et pédale [J. s. BaCH,
BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11, rV 565)], ed. alexandre Guilmant, Mainz, B. schott’s
söhne, 1911.
– 187 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
Adagio [a. MarCello, Concerto in Re minore per oboe, archi e basso continuo s.z799
(II mov.) (rV anh. 16)], in Klassische Meisterwerke für Violine: aus dem 17. und 18.
Jahrhundert, arr. pf. vl. tivadar nachéz, Berlin, simrock, 1911; london, emily
nachéz, 1939.
W. F. BaCH (attrib. a), Konzert für Orgel [J. s. BaCH, BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11,
rV 565)], arr. pf. Michael von zadora, Berlin, simrock, 1911.
Certain je ne sais quoi (Un certo non so che): ariette, chant et piano [Arsilda, rV 700;
Ercole su’l Termodonte, rV 710], Milano, G. ricordi e C, 1911.
1911 (?) Sonate [a. MarCello, Concerto in Re minore per oboe, archi e basso continuo s.z799
(II mov.) (rV anh. 16)], in Réminiscences classiques. Trois transcriptions pour violon
et piano. Transcrit, nuancé et la basse réalisée par Robert Montfort, Paris, G. legouix.
Sonate en ut majeur [op. I, n. 3, rV 61], rev. 2 vl. cemb. (con vc. non obbl.) Jean
Peyrot e J. rebufat, Paris, M. senart.
1912 Sonate G dur [op. II, n. 8, rV 23], «Meister schule der alten zeit», n. 36, arr. vl.
pf. alfred Moffat, Berlin, simrock, 1912; london, 1940.
Concert in G moll [op. XII, n. 1, rV 317], arr. vl. pf., vl. orch. d’archi org. tivadar
nachéz, Mainz, B. schott, 1912; london, emily nachéz, 1940.
Concerto in A moll [op. III, n. 6, rV 356], arr. vl. pf., vl. orch. d’archi org. tivadar
nachéz, Mainz, B. schott, 1912; london, emily nachéz, 1940.
1912 (?) Sonate en mi mineur [op. I, n. 2, rV 67], rev. 2 vl. cemb. (con vc. non obbl.) Jean
Peyrot e J. rebufat, Paris, M. senart.
1913 Un certo non so che [Arsilda, rV 700; Ercole su’l Termodonte, rV 710], in Arie italiane
antiche, vol. II, trascr. canto pf. Ida Isori, Wien, universal edition, 1913.
Concerto (re min.) pour orchestre [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], arr. orch. alexander siloti,
Berlin, russischer Musikverlag, 1913.
1914 Adagio [a. MarCello, Concerto in Re minore per oboe, archi e basso continuo s.z799
(II mov.) (rV anh. 16)], «I Classici Violinisti Italiani. scelta di pezzi liberamente
elaborati ed armonizzati per cura di Mario Corti», 1a serie, n. 2, ed. vl. pf.,
Milano, Carisch & Jänichen, 1914.
Courante A-Dur [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], in Klassisches Vortrags-Album, vol. IV, ed.
vl. pf. Paul Klengel, leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1914.
Adagio [a. MarCello, Concerto in Re minore per oboe, archi e basso continuo s.z799
(II mov.) (rV anh. 16)], in Klassische Meisterwerke für Violoncell, ed. tivadar
nachéz, arr. vc. pf. Jacques van lier, Berlin, simrock, 1914; london, 1942.
– 188 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
1915 Concerto in D for four solo violins, with accompaniment of string instruments (violas,
cello and bass) and piano (cembalo) [op. III, n. 10, rV 580], arr. 4 vl. orch. archi pf.
Frank damrosch, ed. Franz Kneisel, new York, C. Fischer, 1915; new York,
Hetty damrosch, 1943.
1916 6 sonates originales pour violoncelle et piano [rV 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47], ed. vc. pf.
Marguerite Chaigneau e Walter Morse-rummel, Paris, senart, 1916.
W. F. BaCH (attrib. a), Largo [J. s. BaCH, BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11, rV 565)], lib.
trascr. vl. pf. arthur Hartmann, new York, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1916.
1916 (?) Sonate [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], in Alte Meister des Violinspiels, vol. II, rev. vl. pf.
arthur seybold, Hamburg, Benjamin.
1917 Concerto grosso in D minor [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], arr. 2 vl. vc. orch. archi sam
Franko, new York, schirmer, 1917; 1944.
1918 Concerto in la per violino con accompagnamento di quintetto d’archi e cembalo [rV 342],
realiz. vl. pf., vl. quintetto archi e cemb. Francesco de Guarnieri, Milano,
ricordi, 1918.
1919 (?) Gigue [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], in Danses anciennes des maîtres du XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle,
librement traitées et écrites pour violon et piano, par Daniel Herrmann, Paris, ricordi.
Largo [op. III, n. 11, rV 565 (III mov.)], ed. vl. pf. Hjalmar von dameck, Berlin,
raabe et Plothow, 1920.
– 189 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
J. s. BaCH, Concertos d’après Vivaldi [BWV 592-595 (op. III, n. 8, rV 522; rV 208)],
in Œuvres complètes pour Orgue. Révision par Gabriel Fauré, nouvelle édition revue
par Joseph Bonnet, vol. III, Paris, durand, 1920.
Concerto ut mineur – c moll [op. XI, n. 5, rV 202], ed. vl. pf. alfred Moffat, Mainz,
schott, 1920.
Concerto Op. III n. 11 [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], ed. pf. alceo toni, Milano, società
anonima notari, 1920.
1920 (?) W. F. BaCH (attr. a), Concerto pour orgue [J. s. BaCH, BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11,
rV 565)], trascr. 2 pf. Isidor Philipp, Paris, a. durand.
1921 12e Concerto pour Violon et Piano [op. III, n. 12, rV 265], rid. vl. pf. eugène Borrel,
Paris, senart, 1921.
Largo [op. III, n. 11, rV 565 (III mov.)], «I classici violinisti italiani. scelta di
pezzi liberamente elaborati ed armonizzati», 2a serie, n. 2, ed. vl. pf. Mario Corti,
Milano, Carisch, 1921.
Concerto in Sol minore per due violini e violoncello [op. III, n. 2, rV 578], ed. 2 vl.
vc. orch. Bernardino Molinari, Milano, ricordi, 1921.
Concerto G-Dur [op. IV, n. 12, rV 298], ed. vl. pf., vl. orch. d’archi e org. tivadar
nachéz, Mainz, schott, 1921.
Concerto B-Dur [op. XII, n. 5, rV 379], ed. vl. pf., vl. orch. d’archi e org. tivadar
nachéz, Mainz, schott, 1921.
Sonate ut mineur [op. II, n. 3, rV 14], armoniz. vc. pf., vl. pf. Joseph salmon,
Paris, ricordi, 1921.
Sonate mi mineur [rV 40], armoniz. vc. pf., vl. pf. Joseph salmon, Paris, ricordi,
1921.
Sonate si bémol majeur [rV 46], armoniz. vc. pf., vl. pf. Joseph salmon, Paris,
– 190 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
Concerto L’Estro armonico (op. 3, n. VI) [op. III, n. 6, rV 356], rid. vl. pf. eugène
Borrel, Paris, senart, 1922.
La Procella [op. VIII, n. 5, rV 253], ed. vl. pf. emilio Pente, london, schott, 1922.
1923 Intermezzo, from the Concerto grosso in D minor [op. III, n. 11, rV 565 (III mov.)],
trascr. vl. o vla. pf. sam Franko, new York, G. schirmer, 1923; london,
Chappell, 1925.
J. s. BaCH, Concerto d’orgue n° 2 [BWV 593 (op. III, n. 8, rV 522)], trascr. pf.
Isidor Philipp, Paris, a. durand, 1923.
W. F. BaCH (attr. a), Concerto pour orgue [J. s. BaCH, BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11,
rV 565)], trascr. pf. Isidor Philipp, Paris, a. durand, 1923.
1923 Adagio [a. MarCello, Concerto in Re minore per oboe, archi e basso continuo s.z799
(II mov.) (rV anh. 16)], in Trascrizioni per violoncello: pezzi estratti dalla raccolta I
classici violinisti italiani liberamente elaborati ed armonizzati per cura di Mario Corti,
trascr. vc. pf. arturo Bonucci, Milano, Carisch, 1923.
1924 Classique et moderne. Sammlung der berühmtesten Compositionen für Violine und
Pianoforte, Band VIII. Stimmhefte für Violine und Klavier, ed. J. Marák, Prag,
urbanek, 1924.
Sonata in do minore [rV 5], arr. vl. pf. emilio Pente, london, schott, 1924.
1925 Concerto for strings [op. IV, n. 2, rV 279], «oxford orchestral series», n. 4, arr.
orch. archi alfred Mistowski, london, oxford university Press, 1925.
Preludio e allegro fugato [rV 26 (I, II movv.)], arr. vl. pf. emilio Pente, london,
schott, 1925.
VIValdI-BaCH, Andante [BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11, rV 565, III mov.)], trascr. vl.
pf. alfred Pochon, new York, C. Fischer, 1925.
Amato ben. Transcription et réalisation de la Basse cont. par G. Tailleferre [rV 749.2
(La verità in cimento, rV 739)], in Les maîtres du chant: airs italiens, vol. VI, ed.
canto pf. Germaine tailleferre, trad. e adatt. franc. Henry Prunières, Paris,
Heugel, 1925.
– 191 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
1925 (?) Sonate en la majeur [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], Capriccio: de la XIIe sonata [rV 32 (?)],
«l’École du violon aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles», ed. vl. pf. Joseph debroux,
Joseph Jongen e Henri dallier, Paris, Henry lemoine.
Largo, Giga [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], elab. vl. pf. Giorgio Consolini, Milano, ricordi.
1926 Concerto en la mineur pour violon et piano [op. III, n. 6, rV 356], arr. vl. pf. Mathieu
Crickboom, Bruxelles, schott, 1926.
Sonata [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], in L’antica scuola del violino: raccolta di sonate per violino
con accompagnamento di pianoforte. Libro primo, da Die hohe schule des violinspiels,
ed. vl. pf. Ferdinand david, con varianti ed aggiunte di Marco anzoletti,
Milano, ricordi, 1926.
Concerto grosso für Streichorchester mit Soli (Violine und Violoncello) und Pianoforte
(Cembalo), op.3 n.3 [op. III, n. 3, rV 310 (I, III movv.); alessandro MarCello,
Concerto in Re minore per oboe, archi e basso continuo s.z799 (II mov.) (arr. J. s.
BaCH, BWV 974) (rV anh. 16)], ed. vl. vc. pf. orch. archi arthur egidi, Berlin,
Vieweg, 1926.
Concerti grossi, Op. 3, N. 10, 11 [op. III: n. 10, rV 580; n. 11, rV 565], ed. alfred
einstein, leipzig, ernst eulenburg, 1926.
Concerto (re mineur – d moll) [op. XII, n. 2, rV 244], ed. vl. pf., vl. orch. archi org.
tivadar nachéz, Mainz, schott, 1926.
Concerto (la mineur – A moll) [op. III, n. 8, rV 522], ed. 2 vl. pf., 2 vl. orch. archi
org. tivadar nachéz, Mainz, schott, 1926.
1927 Concerto en ré mineur [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], «Œuvres anciennes pour violon et
piano», n. 13, arr. 2 vl. pf., 2 vl. orch. archi pf. Georges dandelot, Paris, eschig,
1927.
Concerto für Violino Solo mit Streichorchester a-Moll op. 3, No. 6 [op. III, n. 6,
rV 356], ed. alfred einstein, leipzig, Wien, eulenburg, 1927.
Concerto in B minor: for strings [op. III, n. 10, rV 580], «oxford orchestral series»,
n. 47, arr. orch. archi Michele esposito, london, oxford university Press, 1927.
Concerto (C dur) aus dem Manuskript herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Fritz Kreisler
[FrItz KreIsler (rV anh. 62)], ed. vl. pf., Mainz, schott, 1927; ed. vl. orch. archi
org., new York, Carl Fischer, 1928.
Concerto in re Minore [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], rid. pf. aldebrando Madami, roma,
studio Mus. romano, 1927.
Le quattro stagioni: quattro concerti per orchestra [op. VIII: n. 1, rV 269; n. 2, rV 315;
n. 3, rV 293; n. 4, rV 297], trascr. orch. Bernardino Molinari, Milano, ricordi,
1927.
– 192 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
VIValdI-BaCH, Concerto in D minor [BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11, rV 565)], arr. pf.
William Murdoch, london, augener, 1927.
1928 Adagio D minor, arr. org. John stuart archer, london, W. Paxton & Co, 1928.
Concerto G moll für Violine und Streichorchester Op. 6 No. 1 [op. VI, n. 1, rV 324],
ed. alfred einstein, leipzig, eulenburg, 1928.
Concerto (La majeur - A dur) [op. IV, n. 5, rV 347], ed. vl. pf., vl. orch. archi org.
tivadar nachéz, Mainz, schott, 1928.
1928 (?) Toccata, in Vier Stücke für Flöte (Violine), Klarinette (Bratsche oder Violine), Fagott
(Violoncello) und Harfe (Klavier); nach Caldara, Rameau, Pergolesi und Vivaldi, arr.
Karl Hermann Pillney, Mönchengladbach, Volksvereins-Verlag.
1929 J. s. BaCH, Concerto A moll (Vivaldi) für orgel [BWV 593 (op. III, n. 8, rV 522)],
arr. pf. samuel Feinberg, Wien, universal edition, Moskau, staatsverlag, 1929.
Violin-Konzert (g-Moll, Op. 4, Nr. 6) [op. IV, n. 6, rV 316a], ed. vl. orch. archi, vl.
pf. sam Franko, Berlin, ries & erler, 1929.
Larghetto [op. III, n. 11, rV 565 (III mov.)], arr. vl. pf. Jascha Heifetz, london,
Hawkes & son, 1929.
Concerto in G minor for strings [op. IV, n. 6, rV 316a], «oxford orchestral series»,
n. 77, arr. orch. archi alfred Mistowski, london, oxford university Press, 1929.
Fifty classic masterpieces for violin and piano. Vol. 2: Lotti to Vivaldi, arr. Karl
rissland, Boston, ditson, 1929.
1929 (?) Concerto grosso d moll op. 3 Nr. 11 für Schülerorchester [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], 2
vl. vc. orch. archi e bc., arr. Hermann schroeder, ed. Heinrich lemacher e Paul
Mies, Köln, tonger.
1930 Suite A-Dur [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], arr. vl. pf. adolf Busch, leipzig, Breitkopf &
Härtel, 1930.
Concerto en sol majeur op. 3 no. 3 [op. III, n. 3, rV 310], «Œuvres anciennes pour
violon et piano», n. 15, arr. vl. pf., vl. orch. archi Georges dandelot, rev. vc. pf.
Maurice Maréchal, Paris, eschig, 1930.
– 193 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
Concerto D dur für Flöte mit Streichorchester Op. 10 Nr. 3 [op. X, n. 3, rV 428],
ed. alfred einstein, leipzig, ernst eulenburg, 1930.
Konzert in D moll op. 3 n. 11 [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], arr. 2 vl. pf. Paul Klengel,
leipzig, Peters, 1930.
Konzert in A moll op. 3 n. 6 [op. III, n. 6, rV 356], ed. Ferdinand Küchler, arr. vl.
pf. Paul Klengel, leipzig, Peters, 1930.
Konzert op. 10 no. 3 für Flöte mit Streichorchester und Cembalo [op. X, n. 3, rV 428],
ed. Gustav lenzewski, Berlin-lichterfelde, Vieweg, 1930.
Concerto in la minore per archi, cembalo ed organo [op. III, n. 8, rV 522], trascr.
orch. archi cemb. org. Bernardino Molinari, Milano, ricordi, 1930.
Concerto grosso D moll op. 3 n. 11 [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], ed. 2 vl. vc. orch. archi
bc. Günter raphael, ed. cemb. rudolf Moser, leipzig, Breitkopf & Hartel, 1930.
Concerto (in la maggiore) con violino principale ed altro violino per eco lontano [rV 552],
ed. Karl straube, ed. cemb. Günter raphael, leipzig, Breitkopf & Hartel, 1930.
1930 (?) Largo [op. III, n. 11, rV 565 (III mov.)], «Bearbeitungen für Violoncello und
Klavier», n. 9, trascr. vc. pf. Joachim stutschewsky, zurich, Hug.
1931 Il pastor fido: sonate pour violon et violoncelle [anh. 95.4 (olim rV 59)], ed. vl. vc.
Paul Bazelaire, Paris, leduc, 1931.
Pastorale, für Flöte (Violine, Oboe), obligates Violoncello und Orgel (Cembalo), aus
Op. 13, Nr. 4 (1737) [anh. 95.4 (olim rV 59)], «nagels Musik-archiv», n. 18,
ed. Walter upmeyer, Hannover, adolf nagel, 1931.
Op. 10, Nr. 3, Concert für Flöte mit Begleitung von zwei Violinen, Viola und Continuo
[op. X, n. 3, rV 428], arr. fl. pf. Paul Graf Waldersee, n. ed. Hermann zanke,
leipzig, Kistner & ziegel, 1931.
1932 Giga, in Four 18th century transcriptions: suite for strings and piano, arr. pf. orch.
archi anthony Collins, london, Boosey & Hawkes, 1932.
Concerto grosso a-Moll für zwei Violinen und Streichorchester: op. 3 No. 8 [op. III,
n. 8, rV 522], ed. alfred einstein, leipzig, eulenburg, 1932.
Concerto per violino in mi b maggiore [rV 258], ed. vl. pf., trascr. armoniz. alberto
Gentili, rev. vl. Carlo zino, Milano, G. ricordi & C, 1932.
– 194 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
Concerto per violino in sol minore [rV 327], ed. vl. pf., trascr. armoniz. alberto
Gentili, rev. vl. Mario Corti, Milano, ricordi, 1932.
Concerto per violino in si minore [rV 390], ed. vl. pf., trascr. armoniz. alberto
Gentili, rev. vl. remy Principe, Milano, ricordi, 1932.
Sonate en sol majeur, in Recueil de sonates, pour l’étude du style classique. Arrangées
et transcrites pour la clarinette par Auguste Périer. 3e cahier, Paris, alphonse leduc,
1932.
J. s. BaCH, Konzert a-moll für vier Cembali mit Streichorchester nach dem Konzert
für 4 Violinen und Streichorchester in h-Moll von Antonio Vivaldi von Johann
Sebastian Bach [BWV 1065 (op. III, n. 10, rV 580)], ed. arnold schering, leipzig,
eulenburg, 1932.
1932 (?) Concerto en mi majeur (La primavera) [op. VIII, n. 1, rV 269], rid. vl. pf. alberto
Bachmann, Paris, Gallet.
Concerto D dur für Viola d’Amour [rV 392], arr. vla d’am. pf. Cor Kint, leipzig,
Günther.
1933 Violin-Konzert (B-Dur, Op. 4, Nr. 1) [op. IV, n. 1, rV 383a], arr. vl. pf. stefan
Frenkel, Berlin, ries & erler, 1933.
Konzert E Dur für Violine solo mit Streichorchester, op. 3 Nr. 12 [op. III, n. 12, rV 265],
arr. vl. pf. Ferdinand Küchler e otto Wittenbecher, Frankfurt, Peters, 1933.
arMando la rosa ParodI, Omaggio a Vivaldi: per piccola orchestra, pf. archi 2 fl.
ob. fg. 2 tb., Milano, ricordi, 1933.
Concerto G-Dur [op. VII, n. 8, rV 299], «Werke aus dem 18. Jahrhundert», n. 26,
ed. vl. orch. robert sondheimer, Berlin, Basel, Bernoulli, 1933.
1934 Concerto per violoncello, in mi min. [rV 409], arr. vc. pf. alberto Gentili, Milano,
ricordi, 1934.
Konzert g moll für Violine mit Streichorchester und Cembalo (Klavier) oder Orgel. Op. 6
Nr 1. [op. VI, n. 1, rV 324], «nagels Musik-archiv», n. 106, ed. ludwig
Gerheuser, Hannover, adolph nagel, 1934.
Concerto Grosso in re minore op. 3 n. 11 [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], arr. pf. alessandro
Kelberine, Milano, ricordi, 1934.
Concerto in do minore per pianoforte [J. s. BaCH, BWV 981], lib. trascr. pf. Wilhelm
Kolischer, Milano, G. ricordi e C., 1934.
– 195 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
W. F. BaCH (attr. a), Grave [J. s. BaCH, BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11, rV 565, III mov.)],
trascr. vc. pf. Maurice Maréchal, Paris, eschig, 1934.
Sonate in G moll [op. II, n. 1, rV 27], arr. vl. pf. alfred Moffat, leipzig, simrock, 1934.
Adagio D minor, in The pianist’s music shelf. Vol. I. The days of the harpsichord: eighty
compositions by English, French, German and Italian masters of the harpsichord period,
ed. pf. albert e. Wier, new York, Harcourt, 1934.
Die 4 Jahreszeiten, 4 orchesterkonzerte, für solo viol. m. streichorch. u. cemb. [op. VIII:
n. 1, rV 269; n. 2, rV 315; n. 3, rV 293; n. 4, rV 297], ed. H. Wollheim, Berlin,
afa-Verlag, 1934.
Largo, in Die alte Geige. Vergessene Weisen großer Meister für Geige und Klavier,
Wien, universal edition, 1934.
1935 Sonate pour violoncelle et piano [rV 40], arr. pf. vc. Georges dandelot, rev. vc.
Geneviève Martinet, Paris, M. eschig, 1935.
Concerto G-Dur [op. III, n. 3, rV 310], ed. vl. pf., vl. orch. Ferdinand Küchler e
Kurt Herrmann, leipzig, Hug, 1935.
Sinfonia n. 3 [rV 149], ed. orch. archi cemb. ludwig landshoff, Frankfurt,
Peters, 1935.
Konzert A-Dur für Violine und Streichorchester [rV 340], ed. vl. pf., vl. orch.
ludwig landshoff, leipzig, Peters, 1935.
Zwei kleine Sinfonien für Streichorchester [rV 719, 146] ed. orch. archi cemb.
ludwig landshoff, leipzig, Peters, 1935.
1935 (?) Sonata da camera e-moll [op. I, n. 2, rV 67], in Gradus ad symphoniam. Ein
Musikschatz aus der Zeit der Vorklassiker bis zur Gegenwart für Schulorchester und
Hauskonzert. Oberstufe, vol. I, ed. 2 vl. vla. vc. cb. pf., Berlin-lichterfelde, lienau.
1936 Concerto grosso g-Moll: für 2 Violinen, Violoncell und Streichorchester; Op. 3 No. 2
[op. III, n. 2, rV 578], ed. 2 vl. vc. orch. archi, samuel Baud-Bovy, leipzig,
eulenburg, 1936.
Concerto grosso in re minore per orchestra d’archi [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], arr. pf.
alfredo Casella, Milano, ricordi, 1936.
6 Concerti für Flöte, Streichorchester und Generalbaß (Cembalo oder Klavier): Op. 10
No. 4. No. 5. [op. X: n. 4, rV 435; n. 5, rV 434], «antiqua: eine sammlung alter
Musik», ed. fl. orch. cemb. Wolfgang Fortner, Mainz, schott, 1936.
Concerto d’orchestra: in sol minore [rV 152], elab. orch. archi bc. alberto Gentili,
Milano, ricordi, 1936.
– 196 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
Concerto per violino in mi b maggiore [rV 258], armoniz. orchestraz. vl. orch.
alberto Gentili, rev. vl. Carlo zino, Milano, ricordi, 1936.
Concerto per violino in sol minore [rV 327], armoniz. orchestraz. vl. orch. alberto
Gentili, rev. vl. Mario Corti, Milano, ricordi, 1936.
Concerto per violino in si minore [rV 390], armoniz. orchestraz. vl. orch. alberto
Gentili, rev. vl. remy Principe, Milano, ricordi, 1936.
Concerto per violoncello in mi minore [rV 409], armoniz. orchestraz. vc. orch.
alberto Gentili, Milano, ricordi, 1936.
1936 (?) Concerto con viola d’amore e flauto, 2 viol., viola e basso [rV 540], arr. vla. d’am., fl.
cemb. Cor Kint, leipzig, Günther.
1937 Concerto in do minore per violino solo ed archi [op. IX: n. 11, rV 198a (I, III movv.);
n. 3, rV 334 (II mov.)], ed. vl. orch. archi alfredo Casella, Wien, universal-
edition, 1937.
Concerto per violoncello in mi minore [rV 409], ed. vla. pf., armoniz. alberto
Gentili, trascr. vla. Mario Fighera, Milano, ricordi, 1937.
FerdInand KüCHler, Concertino im Stil von Antonio Vivaldi, vl. pf., leipzig,
Bosworth, 1937.
arMando la rosa ParodI, Omaggio a Vivaldi, rid. Illuminato Culotta per piccola
orch. con pf. solista, Milano, G. ricordi & C, 1937.
Trio-Sonate in E moll [op. I, n. 2, rV 67], arr. 2 vl. pf. con vc. ad lib. alfred Moffat,
london, 1937.
Recitativo per violoncello e pianoforte: dai concerti di Vivaldi trascritti per organo da
J. S. Bach [BWV 594 (rV 208, II mov.)], trascr. vc. pf. luigi silva, Padova,
zanibon, 1937.
Concerto in sol minore n. 1 [rV 576], «la Polifonia Istrumentale Italiana», trascr.
ob. e vl. soli 2 fl. 2 ob. fg. (bassone) orch. archi 2 cemb. Fausto torrefranca,
collab. roberto lupi, Milano, Carisch, 1937.
1937 (?) Concerto con viola d’amore, 2 violini, viola e basso [rV 397], arr. vla. d’am., orch.
archi, pf. theodor schulz, leipzig, Günther.
1938 Concerto Op. 3 n.8 [op. III, n. 8, rV 522], ed. 2 vl. orch. samuel Baud-Bovy,
leipzig, eulenburg, 1938.
Concerto in do minore per violino solo ed archi [op. IX: n. 11, rV 198a (I, III movv.);
n. 3, rV 334 (II mov.)], ed. vl. pf. alfredo Casella, Wien, universal-edition, 1938.
6 Concerti für Flöte, Streichorchester und Generalbaß (Cembalo oder Klavier): Op. 10.
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. [op. X: n. 1, rV 433; n. 2, rV 439; n. 3, rV 428], «antiqua:
eine sammlung alter Musik», ed. fl. orch. archi cemb. Wolfgang Fortner, Mainz,
schott, 1938.
– 197 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
Adagio und Allegro [op. II, n. 3, rV 14 (III, II movv.)], in Sonatinen und Stücke für
Violine und Klavier, vol. II, ed. vl. pf. Gustav lenzewski, Mainz, schott, 1938.
Gavotte, in Zeitschrift für Spielmusik, Vol. 69. Duette alter Meister: für Sopran-
Blockflöten oder andere Instrumente, Celle, Moeck, 1938.
1939 Allegro [op. III, n. 11, rV 565 (I mov.)], in Musiche antiche nella trascrizione per
quattro violini, Serie I, ed. Vittorio Fael, Padova, zanibon, 1939.
Konzert für Violine mit Streichorchester, E-dur, op. 3 nr. 12 [op. III, n. 12, rV 265],
ed. Heinrich Husmann, leipzig, eulenburg, 1939.
Konzert für Violine mit Streichorchester, A-moll, op. 3 nr. 6 [op. III, n. 6, rV 356],
ed. Heinrich Husmann, leizpig, eulenburg, 1939.
Concerto grosso für zwei Violinen mit Streichorchester, A-moll, op. 3 nr. 8 [op. III,
n. 8, rV 522], ed. Heinrich Husmann, leipzig, Wien, eulenburg, 1939.
Concerto grosso für 2 Violinen und Violoncell mit Streichorchester, D-moll, op. 3
Nr. 11 [op. III, n. 11, rV 565], ed. Heinrich Husmann, leipzig, eulenburg, 1939.
Adagio and allegro (for violin and figured bass) [rV 12 (I, II movv.)], arr. vla. pf.
Gordon Jacob, london, novello, 1939.
Zwei Konzerte für violine, Streichorchester und Cembalo [op. III, n. 6, rV 356; op. XII,
n. 1, rV 317], ed. vl. pf. Gustav lenzewski, schott, Mainz, 1939.
Sinfonia nell’opera “Olimpiade” [rV 725], elab. Virgilio Mortari, Milano, Carisch,
1939.
Concerto in si minore di Antonio Vivaldi, libera trascrizione con alcune aggiunte per
pianoforte ed orchestra d’archi dall’elaborazione per clavicembalo di G. S. Bach
[BWV 979], trascr. pf. orch. archi, e rid. 2 pf. alessandro tamburini, Milano,
ricordi, 1939.
Concerto in B minor, opus 3, n. 10: for four violins and orchestra, with cembalo (organ)
ad lib. [op. III, n. 10, rV 580], ed. 4 vl. orch. archi cemb. Waldemar Woehl,
london, Hinrichsen, 1939.
Intermezzo from the Concerto Grosso in D minor [op. III, n. 11, rV 565 (III mov.)],
trascr. cb. pf. oscar G. zimmerman, new York, G. schirmer, 1939.
1940 Siciliana; from Organ concerto in D minor, by Antonio Vivaldi & W. F. Bach [BWV 596
(op. III, n. 11, rV 565, III mov.)], trascr. pf. Gilbert Beard, ed. Henry Harris,
Philadelphia, elkan-Vogel co., 1940.
– 198 –
CataloGo delle edIzIonI VIValdIane (1800-1946)
Concerto alla rustica per archi e basso continuo [rV 151], rev. orch. archi cemb.
alfredo Casella, Milano, Carisch, 1940.
Il riposo: concerto in mi per violino solista, orchestra d’archi e cembalo [rV 270], elab.
alfredo Casella, Milano, G. ricordi e C., 1940.
Concerto III (da “La Cetra”): per violino solista ed archi in sol minore [op. IX, n. 3,
rV 334], elab. alfredo Casella, Milano, Carisch, 1940.
Concerto in la minore per due violini ed orchestra d’archi [rV 523], elab. alfredo
Casella, Milano, ricordi, 1940.
Due arie dall’opera Ercole sul Termodonte: per soprano, orchestra d’archi e cembalo
[«Chiare onde», «dai due venti» (rV 710)], rev. sopr. orch. archi cemb., sopr.
pf. alfredo Casella, Milano, Carisch, 1940.
Concerto in D minor [BWV 596 (op. III, n. 11, rV 565)], trascr. orch. dezso
d’antalffy, london, Hawkes & son, 1940.
Violin Concerto in A minor, op. 3, no. 6; violin concerto in G minor, op. 6, no. 1
[op. III, n. 6, rV 356; op. VI, n. 1, rV 324], in Classic violin concertos, ed. albert
e. Wier, new York, longmans, Green & co., 1940.
Concerti grossi, op. 3, nos 2, 8, 10, 11 [op. III: n. 2, rV 578; n. 8, rV 522; n. 10,
rV 580; n. 11, rV 565], in Chamber suites and concerti grossi, ed. albert e. Wier,
new York, longmans, Green & co., 1940.
1941 Sonata a tre per violino, violoncello e pianoforte [I. largo maestoso (op. V, n. 6,
rV 72, I mov.), II. allemanda (op. V, n. 5, rV 76, II mov.), III. aria (op. V, n. 6,
rV 72, III mov.), IV. Corrente (op. V, n. 5, rV 76 (III mov. + fin.?)], elab. alfredo
Casella, Milano, G. ricordi e C., 1941.
Gloria: per soli, coro a 4 voci miste e orchestra [rV 589], elab. alfredo Casella,
Milano, ricordi, 1941.
Stabat Mater: per contralto solo e pianoforte [rV 621], elab. alfredo Casella, Milano,
Carisch, 1941.
1941 (?) Concerto en la mineur opus 3, n° 6 [op. III, n. 6, rV 356], rev. vl. pf. lucien Garban,
Paris, durand et C.ie.
1942 Concert en mi mineur [rV 40], real. vc. orch. archi Paul Bazelaire, alphonse
leduc, 1942.
Concerto op. 8 no. 9 [op. VIII, n. 9, rV 236], ed. vl. solo (o ob.) archi org., n. ed.
org. sydney Beck, new York, new York Public library, 1942.
Credo [rV 591], trascr. coro orch. alfredo Casella, Milano, ricordi, 1942.
Giga: for B b clarinet and piano, trascr. cl. pf. domenico de Caprio, Chicago,
Gamble Hinged Music Co., 1942.
– 199 –
GaBrIele uGGIas
J. s. BaCH, Organ concerto in A minor, based on themes by Vivaldi [BWV 593 (op. III,
n. 8, rV 522)], ed. orch. archi Paul Glass, new York, Broadcast music, 1942.
Concerto in d minor [rV 128], ed. orch. archi bc. (pf.) ludwig landshoff, new
York, Music Press, 1942.
Siciliano [op. III, n. 11, rV 565 (III mov.)], in Master Melodies, arr. fl. pf. t. s.
(thomas stanley) Walker, london, schott & Co, 1942.
1942 (?) J. s. BaCH, Adagio d Moll aus dem Orgelkonzert a Moll nach Vivaldi; Concerto G Dur
nach Vivaldi [BWV 593 (op. III, n. 8, rV 522), BWV 973 (op. VII, n. 8, rV 299)],
in Ausgewählte Werke für die Kleinorgel (Positiv) oder andere Tasteninstrumente
(Cembalo, Clavichord, Klavier), ed. Hermann Keller, leipzig, Peters.
1943 Concerto per orchestra in Do maggiore [rV 558], elab. 2 fl. heckelphon 2 tr. 2 arpe
2 mandolini orch. archi cemb. alfredo Casella, Milano, Carisch, 1943.
Concerto en la mineur. L’estro harmonico. 1er Tempo [op. III, n. 6, rV 356 (I mov.)],
in Premiers solos en forme de morceaux de concours extraits des concertos célèbres pour
violon et piano, rev. vl. pf. raoul daniel, Gallet et Fils, 1943.
Concerto in A minor op. 3, no. 6 [op. III, n. 6, rV 356], ed. vl. pf. George Perlman,
new York, C. Fischer, 1943.
1944 Sonata in A major for violin (or viola) and piano [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], rev. Ferdinand
david, ed. vl. Friedrich Hermann, new York, International Music Comp, 1944.
1945 Gloria [rV 589], elab. alfredo Casella, rid. canto pf. Maffeo zanon, Milano,
ricordi, 1945.
1946 Sonata in La maggiore per violino e pianoforte [op. II, n. 2, rV 31], ed. Ferdinand
david, rev. alberto Poltronieri, Milano, Carisch, 1946.
Concerto G minore [op. XII, n. 1, rV 317], arr. org. Paul eraly, amsterdam,
Heuwekemeijer, 1946.
Sei arie per canto e pianoforte [«Vieni, vieni, o mio diletto» (Ercole su’l Termodonte,
rV 710), «se cerca, se dice» (L’Olimpiade, rV 725), «Quo cum patriae», «o servi,
volate», «sì fulgida per te», «armatae face et anguibus» (Juditha triumphans,
rV 644)], elab. alberto Gentili, Milano, ricordi, 1946.
Il pastor fido, sonata n. 6 in G-minor; for flute or oboe or violin and piano (with cello
or bassoon optional) [anh. 95.6 (olim rV 58)], «Music for wind instruments by
18th Century masters», n. 1, ed. Josef Marx, bc. erwin Bodky, new York, Ginnis
& Marx, 1946.
Due concerti [rV 523, 151], ed. pf. luciano tomelleri, Milano, suvini zerboni, 1946.
– 200 –
Gabriele uggias
summary
– 201 –
MIsCellanY
Compiled by Michael Talbot
the literature on Vivaldi has frequently referred to the Te Deum and solemn
Mass performed in Venice at S. Maria Gloriosa dei Frari on 1 February 1712
under the direction of its maestro di cappella fra’ Ferdinando Antonio Lazzari.
the occasion for celebration was the coronation of Charles VI as Holy roman
emperor, and it was Charles’s ambassador in Venice, Prince Filippo ercolani,
who instigated its commemoration there. the Te Deum itself and the Mass, both
probably composed by lazzari, are lost, but the remaining music, which
comprises a choral motet and three solo motets by lazzari plus three concertos,
each differently scored and by a different composer, is preserved in a sumptuous,
calligraphically executed manuscript in Vienna entitled Austriaco laureato Apollini
Musarum mæcenati earumdem obsequia et vota.1 the three composers of the
instrumental items were: Giuseppe Perroni (with a cello concerto featuring
himself as soloist which, now that Vivaldi’s ‘Horneck’ concertos are thought to
date from considerably later than previously believed,2 must count as one of the
very earliest of its species); Francesco Veracini (with the celebrated Concerto a otto
stromenti where, similarly to Vivaldi’s Concerto fatto per la solennità della S. Lingua
di S. Antonio performed in Padua only twelve days later, the solo violinist stands
out spectacularly); and lazzari himself (an unpretentiously attractive concertante
sonata in the Bolognese tradition for two trumpets and strings that casts the
central slow movement, by way of an even-handed tribute, in the form of a duet
for Veracini and Perroni). these seven compositions are now made available for
study in a scrupulously scholarly edition from the Centro studi antoniani in
Padua.3 the prefatory essay by the editor, Francesco lora, encyclopaedic in scope,
is an important contribution to knowledge in its own right.
there is just one small critical point I would like to make for the record and
also as a practical suggestion for performance. In the Vienna manuscript the third
movement of Perroni’s concerto is notated on systems of three staves: the upper
staff is for viola (in crotchets); the central one for solo cello (in running
semiquavers reinforced intermittently by percussive chords); and the lowest one
– by implication for basso continuo – completely void of notes. lora takes the
text at face value, failing to explain why, if continuo is not required, a third staff
is needed at all. In pragmatic terms, a much more satisfactory musical effect is
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MIsCellanY
achieved if the continuo doubles the viola in the lower octave, and preferably
also sub-octave. Could it be that the copyist of the manuscript forgot to include
(or overlooked) an instruction for the continuo to double the viola – or even that
he omitted to copy notes present in his exemplar?
In his recent article for this journal on the musical interests and activities of
Francis Stephen, duke of Lorraine and future emperor, Jóhannes Ágústsson
discusses Vivaldi’s presentation or sale of compositions to him, for which a
reference to “questi umilissimi parti della mia debole penna” in a covering letter
dated 28 May 1729 sent by the composer to his patron provides clear evidence.5
Ágústsson very cogently argues that a likely identity for these “parti” is the set
of twelve concerti a quattro in the hand of Giovanni Battista Vivaldi today widely
known, for convenience of reference, as the “Paris Concertos” on account of their
preservation in the library of the Paris Conservatoire today housed in the
Bibliothèque nationale de France.6 Ágústsson does not, however, offer any
suggestion as to how the concertos ended up in Paris beyond mentioning
Vivaldi’s close connection with the French ambassador to Venice (Jacques-
Vincent languet, count of Gergy) and his circle in the late 1720s, a possible route
that many students of Vivaldi, myself included, have hypothesized in the past.
4
MICHael talBot, Certainly Milanese, Possibly Swiss: the Violinist and Composer Johann Friedrich
Schreivogel (fl. 1707–1749), “schweizer Jahrbuch für Musikwissenschaft”, neue Folge, 34/35, 2014/2015,
pp. 41-68.
5
JÓHannes ÁGústsson, “La perfetta cognitione”: Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Patron of Vivaldi, “studi
vivaldiani”, 15, 2015, pp. 119-182: 128-131.
6
F-Pc, ac e4 346.
– 204 –
MIsCellanY
7
D-B, Mus. ms. theor. K. 828. the entire catalogue is digitized and consultable online at <http://
digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dms/werkansicht/?PPn=PPn641724616&PHYsId=PHYs_0001&use=800>.
the “Paris Concertos”, numbered 1-12, occupy f. 5r (nos. 1-7) and f. 5v (nos. 8-12). they are followed
lower down on f. 5v by a pair of concertos numbered 1-2, which are identifiable as rV 523 and rV 189,
respectively.
8
Peter rYoM, Le catalogue thématique d’Aloys Fuchs, “Vivaldi Informations”, 1, 1971-1972, pp. 41-71.
9
this interpretation implies that the twelve concertos of the manuscript La cetra collection (today
A-Wn, Mus. Hs. 15996) listed in the inventory were not inspected by Fuchs in the imperial library
but originally formed part of his private collection.
10
F-Pc, d. 10778 and d. 8659, respectively.
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MIsCellanY
11 these two concertos, not numbered, are entered on f. 6v immediately below the last four op. 1
sonatas and above the flute concerto rV 436, which Fuchs evidently took from the Breitkopf
catalogues and did not possess as a manuscript.
12 Fuchs’s catalogue does not include the published La cetra, so this concerto in manuscript must
have reached him by a different route (staccato dots in the first two bars not present in the print point
in the same direction). Could this also have been a version not employing scordatura, given the
conventional (actual sounds) notation of the incipit?
13 their incipits are added on vacant staves following the last five op. 3 concertos on f. 4v.
– 206 –
MIsCellanY
disclosure. two years ago I became aware of a Vivaldi sinfonia for four-part
strings of undoubted genuineness (especially since its second and third
movements are cut-down versions of those in the sinfonia to Ottone in villa). It is
contained in a set of five manuscript partbooks transmitting an Italian
instrumental repertory dating mainly from the 1720s that has more recently
passed to a new owner – I suspect private rather than institutional – whose
identity and geographical location are unknown to me. ever since I learned of
this unpublicized sale I have thought long and hard about how to communicate
at least part of the information I have on this work and manuscript to the musical
and musicological community without breaching confidentiality. after reflection,
I think it will be in order at least to give the incipits of the three movements, which
are:
If the present owner should see these lines, my request is merely that he or
she confirm in some way that the manuscript of the work exists. any further
information would of course be welcome, but even the mere confirmation by its
owner of the sinfonia’s existence would enable it to take its due place in the
Vivaldi catalogue. Meanwhile, Vivaldi-watchers will want to make a mental note
of these incipits just in case this sinfonia surfaces in a saleroom at some point in
the future and a new opportunity arises to secure it for a public collection.16
16 the twenty-eighth work in the same collection of thirty compositions, all described in their
headings (without more precise generic distinction) as sonatas, is similarly attributed to Vivaldi. In
that instance, however, the attribution is clearly false, since thematic concordances link the work to
the Milanese composer Giuseppe Ferdinando Brivio. A-Wn, Mus. Hs. 17569.
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MIsCellanea
A cura di Michael Talbot
– 208 –
MIsCellanea
nel suo recente articolo – ospitato sulle pagine di questa rivista – sugli
interessi e le attività musicali di Francesco Stefano, duca di Lorena e futuro
imperatore, Jóhannes Ágústsson ha segnalato la scoperta di una lettera
accompagnatoria spedita da Vivaldi al proprio mecenate il 28 maggio 1729 in cui
4 MICHael talBot, Certainly Milanese, Possibly Swiss: the Violinist and Composer Johann Friedrich
Schreivogel (fl. 1707–1749), «schweizer Jahrbuch für Musikwissenschaft», neue Folge, 34/35, 2014/2015,
pp. 41-68.
– 209 –
MIsCellanea
5
JÓHannes ÁGústsson, “La perfetta cognitione”: Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Patron of Vivaldi, «studi
vivaldiani», 15, 2015, pp. 119-182: 128-131.
6
F-Pc, ac e4 346.
7
D-B, Mus. ms. theor. K. 828. l’intero catalogo è accessibile online, in forma digitale,
all’indirizzo:<http://digital.staatsbibliothekberlin.de/dms/werkansicht/?PPn=PPn641724616
&PHYsId=PHYs_0001&use=800>. I «Concerti di Parigi», numerati progressivamente dall’1 al 12,
occupano la c. 5r (nn. 1-7) e 5v (nn. 8-12). subito dopo, in fondo alla c. 5v, segue una coppia di concerti
(numerati 1-2), identificabili come rV 523 e rV 189.
8
Peter rYoM, Le catalogue thématique d’Aloys Fuchs, «Vivaldi Informations», 1, 1971-1972, pp. 41-71.
9
Questa interpretazione implica che i dodici concerti della raccolta manoscritta intitolata La cetra
(odierna collocazione A-Wn, Mus. Hs. 15996) elencati nell’inventario non furono esaminati da Fuchs
presso la biblioteca imperiale, bensì che facessero originariamente parte della sua collezione privata.
– 210 –
MIsCellanea
10
F-Pc, d. 10778 e d. 8659.
11
Questi due concerti, privi di numerazione, sono elencati alla c. 6v, dopo le ultime quattro sonate
dell’op. I e prima del concerto per flauto rV 346, che Fuchs trasse evidentemente dai cataloghi
Breitkopf e di cui non possedeva i manoscritti.
12
Poiché il catalogo di Fuchs non comprende la versione a stampa de La cetra, il manoscritto di
questo concerto deve essere entrato in suo possesso per altre vie (i punti di staccato nelle prime due
battute, assenti nella versione a stampa, sembrano avvalorare questa supposizione). Potrebbe questo
manoscritto aver riportato una versione che non richiedesse la scordatura, visto che la notazione
dell’incipit è convenzionale (cioè in suoni reali)?
13
I rispettivi incipit sono stati aggiunti sui pentagrammi vuoti dopo gli ultimi cinque concerti
dell’op. III, sulla c. 4v.
– 211 –
MIsCellanea
stessi concerti oggi conservati in copia unica presso la biblioteca della Gesellschaft
der Musikfreunde di Vienna.14 l’aggiunta del cognome «salzmann» (sia pur con
piccole differenze ortografiche) sul margine inferiore della carta iniziale di
entrambi i manoscritti, potrebbe rimandare a Carl Gottfried salzmann (1797-
1871), professore di armonia e basso cifrato presso il Conservatorio della
Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde fino al 1840, allorché fondò una propria scuola di
musica a Vienna. è piuttosto improbabile che tali manoscritti abbiano un
rapporto diretto con Francesco stefano, almeno per ciò che riguarda il periodo
in cui questi risiedette a Vienna, giacché sono entrambi di provenienza romana.15
essi, tuttavia, potrebbero essere stati acquistati prima del 1737, all’epoca della
sua presenza a Firenze in qualità di Gran duca di toscana.
Poiché è probabile che tutti e sei i concerti attribuiti a Vivaldi elencati in
maniera indipendente all’interno del catalogo di Fuchs (rV 111, 189, 227, 348, 523
e – qualora ne fosse accertata l’autenticità – anh. 64a) risalgono grossomodo alla
fine degli anni Venti del settecento, varrebbe la pena indagare più in profondità
la possibilità che alcuni di essi siano giunti in suo possesso tramite la biblioteca
personale del duca di lorena, che potrebbe a sua volta averli ricevuti diretta-
mente dal compositore.
14
A-Wgm, IX. 8285 e IX. 8284.
15
sono debitore di questa informazione a Jóhannes Ágústsson, che me l’ha comunicata in forma
privata.
– 212 –
MIsCellanea
16 Il ventottesimo lavoro contenuto nella medesima raccolta di trenta composizioni, tutte descritte
nelle loro intestazioni come sonate (senza ulteriori e più precise specificazioni) è analogamente
attribuito a Vivaldi. In questo caso, tuttavia, si tratta di una attribuzione chiaramente falsa, vista
l’esistenza di concordanze tematiche che lo indicano come opera del compositore milanese Giuseppe
Ferdinando Brivio.
– 213 –
dIsCoGraPHIe VIValdI 2016/2017
Aux soins de Roger-Claude Travers
Nouveautés
sont répertoriés les disques nouvellement édités, ou jamais signalés dans ces
colonnes, malgré une parution plus ancienne.
Chaque disque est classé suivant un numéro arbitraire indiquant l’année
examinée et un chiffre (cette année: 2016-17/n° ..., traitant des parutions
2016/2017).
les transcriptions du XVIIIème siècle (Chédeville, rousseau, etc.) sont
indiquées, à l’exception des transcriptions de Jean-sébastien Bach.
les disques sont classés par ordre alphabétique des maisons d’édition.
les références des compact-discs (Cd et saCd), des dVd audio et vidéo, des
cassettes audio ou vidéo (VHs), et des téléchargements mp3 sur internet sont
indiquées dans le recensement annuel, précédées des lettres Cd, saCd, dVd,
Cassette vidéo et mp3 download. les informations essentielles liées
éventuellement à un site internet sont mentionnées.
l’année d’enregistrement est indiquée, précédée par le sigle (ø): par exemple
(ø 2017). ou bien (c. ø) si l’année d’enregistrement n’est pas connue précisément,
TPQ [terminus post quem (TPQ ø)] ou TAQ [terminus ante quem (TAQ ø], précisant
les limites connues de la date d’enregistrement. le titre éventuel du disque est
mentionné entre guillemets, pour aider à son identification.
Précisions, Rééditions
Cette rubrique donne les références précises des disques dont la réédition
mérite un signalement, soit insuffisamment ou mal répertoriés dans ces colonnes
lors d’une discographie précédente, et même parfois encore méconnus lors de
leur parution. Chaque disque est classé suivant un numéro arbitraire indiquant
l’année examinée et un chiffre: cette année: (2016-17/r n°...) pour les rééditions
et (2016-17/P n°...) pour les Cd oubliés dans les discographies précédentes.
Documentation
Cette rubrique donne les références des enregistrements consacrés à d’autres
compositeurs, utiles comme base documentaire à la connaissance vivaldienne.
Chaque disque est classé suivant un numéro arbitraire indiquant l’année
examinée et un chiffre (cette année: 2016-17/d n° ...).
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dIsCoGraPHIe
2016-17/2 «Vivaldi the Folk seasons» – Le quattro stagioni, op. VIII n° 1-4; Concerto
per 2 violini rV 522 [op. III n° 8]; Concerto per archi rV 114; Concerto per
2 violini rV 511 (trascrizione country-folk)
Kreeta Maria Kentala, siiri Virkkala (violino), Barocco Boreale [Finland]
alBa/saCd aBCd 402 (ø taQ 2016)
2016-17/3 «Concerti for viola d’amore, guitar and viola» – Concerto per viola
d’amore e liuto rV 540; Concerto per viola d’amore rV 392; Concerto da
camera per liuto e 2 violini rV 93
donald Maurice (viola d’amore), Jane Curry (chitarra), orkiestra ars
longa, eugeniusz dabrowski (dir.)
aCte PrÉalaBle/Cd aPo 373 (ø taQ 2016)
(+ Graupner)
2016-17/4 Le quattro stagioni, op. VIII n° 2-4; Concerti per flauto traverso La tempesta
di mare rV 433 [op. X n° 1], La notte rV 439 [op. X n° 2], Il gardellino
rV 428 [op. X n° 3]; nicolas CHÉdeVIlle: Les Saisons amusantes (secondo
i Concerti dall’op. VIII di antonio Vivaldi): Printemps
les Musiciens de saint Julien: david Greenberg, reynier Gerrero, sophie
Iwamura (violini), nils de dinechin (viola da gamba), andré Henrich
(tiorba), Christian staude (contrabbasso), Pierre Gallon (clavicembalo),
François lazarevitch (flauti, zampogna, dir.)
alPHa ClassICs/Cd alpha 281 (ø 2017)
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dIsCoGraPHIe
2016-17/7* «alma oppressa – Handel Vivaldi arias» – arie Alma oppressa (La fida ninfa,
I,9), Dite oimè! Ditelo, al fine (La fida ninfa, III, 10), Sovvente il sole (rV 749.27);
sinfonie de L’Incoronazione di Dario rV 719, Armida al campo d’Egitto rV 699
Julie Boulianne (mezzosoprano), Clavecin en Concert, luc Beauséjour
(dir.)
analeKta/Cd an 2 8780 (ø 2016)
(+ Händel)
2016-17/8 «Venezia 1700» – sonata per violino rV 759; sonata a tre La follia rV 63
[op. I n° 12]
les accents, thibault noally (violino e dir.)
aParte/Cd aP 128 (ø taQ 2016)
(+albinoni, Bonporti, Caldara, dall’abaco, torelli)
2016-17/9 «Catharsis» – aria per alto Gelido in ogni vena (Farnace, II,6)
Xavier sabata (controtenore), armonia atenea, George Petrou (dir.)
aParte/Cd aP 143 (ø taQ 2016)
(+ ariosti, Caldara, Conti, Händel, Hasse, orlandini, sarro, torri)
2016-17/10 Concerto per violino rV 310 [op. III n° 3] (trascrizione per tromba e
orchestra)
Guido segers (tromba), Czech Chamber Philharmonic orchestra
Pardubice
arCo dIVa/Cd uP 0185 2016 (ø taQ 2016)
(+ albinoni, Bach, Bellini, tartini, telemann)
2016-17/12 Concerti per oboe rV 453, rV 457, rV 461; Concerti per fagotto rV 483,
rV 484, rV 493; Concerto per oboe e fagotto rV 545
simon Fuchs (oboe), Matthias racz (fagotto), Kurpfälzisches Kammer-
orchester, Johannes schlaefli (dir.)
ars ProduKtIon/saCd ars 38 208 (ø 2016)
– 217 –
dIsCoGraPHIe
2016-17/13* «Vivaldi alla Moda» – Cantate per soprano Aure, voi più non siete rV 652,
Fonti del pianto rV 656, Il povero mio cor rV 658, Sorge vermiglia in ciel la bella
Aurora rV 667; sonata per violoncello rV 46
Camilla de Falleiro (soprano), sophie lambertbourg (violoncello),
accademia apollinea
ars ProduKtIon/saCd ars 38 226 (ø 2015)
2016-17/14 «nederlands dans theater celebrates Jirí [Jiří] Kylián» – Concerto per 2
mandolini rV 532 (andante estratti)
nederlands dans theater orchestra
artHaus MusIK/dVd 102099 [16:9, ntsC] (ø 2005)
(+ Mozart, Pergolesi, torelli)
2016-17/16 «the Italian Job» – Concerto per archi Alla rustica rV 151; Concerto per
fagotto rV 467
Peter Whelan (fagotto), la serenissima, adrian Chandler (dir.)
aVIe/Cd aV 2371 (ø taQ 2016)
(+ albinoni, Caldara, Corelli, tartini, torelli)
2016-17/17 «au Coeur de l’oreille» – Concerto per 2 violini rV 522 [op. III n° 8]
(trascrizione per trio di chitarre)
Berlin Guitar trio [david Bartelt, aurélie olivéros, Philipp niedrich]
(chitarre)
Bartlet MusIC/Cd 4 250953 2000019 (ø taQ 2017)
(+albeniz, Bach, Bellinati, Haydn, Milhaud, Pujol)
– 218 –
dIsCoGraPHIe
2016-17/20 «Brass Christmas» – Concerto per violino rV 310 [op. III n° 3] (trascrizione
per ottoni di Matthias Höfs)
German Brass
BerlIn ClassICs /Cd 0300847BC (ø taQ 2016)
(+Bach, Händel, Humperdinck, reger, tchaikowski)
2016-17/22* «Cello sonatas» – sonate per violoncello rV 40, rV 41, rV 43, rV 45,
rV 46, rV 47
Francesco Galligioni (violoncello), l’arte dell’arco: Paolo zuccheri
(violone), Ivano zanenghi (liuto), roberto loreggian (clavicembalo,
organo), Francesco Batoni (organo)
BrIllIant ClassICs/Cd 95346 Br (ø 2013)
2016-17/23* «Violin Concertos opp. 11 & 12» – 6 Concerti per violino (5) e per oboe (1)
op. XI (integrale); 6 Concerti per violino (5) e per archi (1) op. XII
(integrale)
Federico Guglielmo (violino), l’arte dell’arco
BrIllIant ClassICs/2Cd 95048 Br (ø 2014)
2016-17/24* «Concerti di Parigi» – 12 Concerti per archi: rV 157 (n° 1), rV 133 (n° 2),
rV 119 (n° 3), rV 136 (n° 4), rV 114 (n° 5), rV 154 (n° 6), rV 160 (n° 7),
rV 127 (n° 8), rV 164 (n° 9), rV 121 (n° 10), rV 150 (n° 11), rV 159 (n° 12)
(integrale)
Il delirio fantastico, Vincent Bernhardt (dir.)
CallIoPe/Cd Cal 1740 (ø 2015)
1 Voir: https://www.tradebit.com.
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dIsCoGraPHIe
2016-17/28 «a Violin for all seasons» – Le quattro stagioni, op. VIII n° 1-4
tasmin little (violino e dir.), BBC symphony orchestra
CHandos/saCd CHsa 5175 (ø 2016)
(+ Panufnik)
2016-17/30 «Baroque swing Vol. II» – Concerto per violino La primavera rV 269
[op. VIII n° 1] (trascrizione di Charl du Plessis par Jazz trio)
Charl du Plessis trio
ClaVes/Cd 1609 (ø taQ 2016)
(+Bach, Gerschwin, Gluck, Händel)
2016-17/31* Concerto per flautino rV 443; Concerto per flauto diritto rV 441; Concerto
per flauto traverso La tempesta di mare rV 433 [op. X n° 1], La notte rV 439
[op. X n° 2]; Nisi Dominus rV 608 (Cum dederit), Concerto per 2 mandolini
(andante), aria Vedrò con mio diletto (Giustino, I,8) (trascrizioni per flauto
diritto); Le Printemps de Vivaldi arrangé pour une flûte sans accompagnement
di J. J. rousseau, da La primavera rV 269 [op. VIII n° 1]
lucie Horsch (flauto diritto soprano, alto, tenore, flautino), amsterdam
Vivaldi Players
deCCa/Cd 4830896 (ø 2014)
2
Voir Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsvC86xeyiw.
– 220 –
dIsCoGraPHIe
2016-17/37 «Bravura» – arie Siam navi all’onde algenti (L’Olimpiade, II.5), Agitata da due
venti (Griselda, II,2), Armatae face (Juditha triumphans, 53 [XXVII]); sinfonia
de L’Olimpiade rV 725 (allegro I)
Gabriella di laccio (soprano), Musica antiqua Clio, Fernando Cordella
(dir.)
draMa MusICa/Cd draMa 001 (ø taQ 2016)
(+ Händel)
2016-17/39 «Bach & Vivaldi for Mandolin» – Concerto per 2 mandolini rV 532;
Concerto da camera per liuto e 2 violini rV 93 (trascrizione per mandolino
e chitarra); Concerto per 4 violini e violoncello rV 580 [op. III n° 10]
– 221 –
dIsCoGraPHIe
2016-17/40* «nuit Blanche» – Nisi Dominus rV 608 (estratto: Cum dederit) (trascrizione
libera per strumenti e quartetto d’archi)
François Couturier (pianoforte), anja lecher (violoncello), Jean-Marc
larché (sassofono), Jean-louis Matinier, (fisarmonica), tarkovsky Quartet
eCM/Cd 5729067 (ø 2016)
(+ Couturier)
2016-17/41 «Carnevale di Venezia» – arie Siam navi all’onde algenti (L’Olimpiade, II.5),
Vedrò con mio diletto (Giustino, I,8), Sento in seno (Glustino, II,1), Gelido in
ogni vena (Farnace, II,6), Farà la mia spada (Il Tigrane, II.12), Armatae face
(Juditha triumphans, 53 [XXVII]); Mottetto Longe mala, umbrae, terrores rV 629
(aria I); sinfonie de L’Olimpiade rV 725, Il Giustino rV 717, Il Farnace rV 711
Miriam albano (mezzosoprano), natalia Kawalek (mezzosoprano), Jakub
Josef [Jósef] orlinski [orliński] (controtenore), Cappella dell’ospedale
della Pietà, stefan Plewniak (dir.)
eVoe MusIC/Cd eVoe 003 (ø 2016)
2016-17/43 «Inner lights» – Concerti per flauto traverso La notte rV 439 [op. X n° 2],
Il gardellino rV 428 [op. X n° 3] (trascrizione per flauto traverso e
clavicembalo)
Barbara Kortmann (flauto traverso), sabine erdmann (clavicembalo)
GuenIn/Cd Gen 17457 (ø taQ 2016)
(+ Piazzolla)
2016-17/44* Handel: Catone HWV a7 [rV anh. 80] (london, Haymarket, 1732,
Pasticcio da Catone in Utica di leonardo leo, con arie di Hasse, leo,
PorPora, VInCI e arie di VIValdI): Vaghe luci, luci belle (Ipermestra, I,1),:
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So che nascondi [Benche nasconda la serpe] (Orlando furioso II,2); Agitato da più
venti (rV anh. 59.16)
sonia Prina (Catone/contralto), roberta Invernizzi (Marzia/soprano),
raffaella Milanesi (emilia/soprano), Kristina Hammerström
(arbace/mezzo-soprano), riccardo novaro, (Cesare/tenore), auser Musici,
Carlo Ipata (dir.)
Glossa/2Cd GCd 923511 (ø 2016)3
2016-17/45* «Concerti Per due Violini» – Concerti per 2 violini rV 505, rV 507, rV 510,
rV 513, rV 527, rV 529; Concerto per archi rV 127 (ricostruzione di
olivier Fourés della versione primitiva)
amandine Beyer, Giuliano Carmignola (violini), Gli Incogniti
HarMonIa MundI/Cd HMC 902249 (ø 2015)
2016-17/46 «recordare Venezia» – Concerto per flautino rV 444; Concerto per flauto
traverso Il gardellino rV 428 [op. X n° 3], sonata per flauto diritto e fagotto
rV 86
Ingeborg Christophersen (flauto diritto), Barokkanerne
laWo/Cd lWC1114 (ø 2016)
2016-17/48 «l’Inverno degli Flauti» – Concerto per violino L‘inverno rV 297 [op. VIII
n° 4] (trascrizione per ensemble di 14 flauti traversi)
die 14 Berliner Flötisten, andreas Blau (flauto traverso e dir.)
MdG/Cd 308 1932-2 (ø 2015)
(+ Bach, Corelli,debussy, eilemberg, Humperdinck, liadov, Martin,
odermatt, saint-saëns)
3
Il existe également: download mp3 broadcast, capté lors du Festival de Halle en 2016, avec
l’emilia de lucia Cirillo.
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2016-17/51 «4 seasons for 3 Pianos» – Le quattro stagioni, op. VIII n° 1-4 (trascrizione
di Matej Meštrovic per 3 pianoforti)
Matej Meštrovic, Matija dedic (pianoforte), Hakan ali toker (pianoforte
e fisarmonica)
naVona reCords/Cd nV 6114 (ø 2017)
2016-17/53 «dan dean – songs without Words» – Concerto da camera per liuto e
2 violini rV 93 (trascrizione libera di dan dean per voce)
dan dean (voce)4
orIGIn ClassICal/Cd 33021 (ø taQ 2017)
(+ albinoni, Bach, Moussorgsky, rimsky-Korsakoff)
2016-17/54 «this is me» – arie Certo timor ch’ho in petto (La Candace, I,10), Alma oppressa
(La fida ninfa, I,9)
susanna andersson (soprano), Helsingborg symphony orchestra, tecwin
evans (dir.)
orlando reCords/Cd or 0029 (ø 2015)
(+ alfvén, delibes, Grieg, Händel, Kleiman, legrand, Mozart, Puccini,
schubert, schnelzer, strauss, stravinsky)
2016-17/56 «Grand tour – Baroque road trip» – Concerto da camera per liuto e
2 violini rV 93; Concerto per flautino rV 443
Karl nyhlin (gallichon), elisabeth Champollion (flautino), new dutch
academy, simon Murphy (dir.)
Pentatone/Cd PtC 5186668 (ø 2016)
(+ Bach, Händel, telemann, Wassenaer)
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2016-17/57 «Vivaldi senza fine» – Le quattro stagioni, op. VIII n° 1-4; Concerto per archi
rV 157 (allegro III)
Pablo suárez Calero (violino), ensemble Praeteritum
1.QtV ClassICs/Cd/sYntonIa MusIKProduKtIon/Cd 51 (© 2015)
(+ cadenze di Calero)
2016-17/60 «the Vivaldi album» – Concerto da camera per liuto e 2 violini rV 93;
Concerto per mandolino rV 425; Concerto per 2 mandolini rV 532; trii
per liuto e violino rV 82, rV 85; Concerto per violino rV 356 [op. III n° 6]
(trascrizioni per chitarra)
thibault Cauvin (chitarra), Xuefei Yang (chitarra) [rV 532], orchestre de
Chambre de Paris, Julien Masmondet (dir.)
sonY ClassICal/Cd 88985342192 (ø 2014)
2016-17/61 «reflecting the seasons» – Le quattro stagioni, op. VIII n° 1-4 (trascrizione
libera di tim Kliphuis per Jazz trio e orchestra)
tim Kliphuis (violino), roy Percy (contrabbasso), nigel Clark (chitarra),
stellenbosch Camerata
sonY ClassICal/Cd 88985352002 (ø 2016)6
2016-17/62 «aus Kaiserlicher zeit» – Concerto per 2 violini e violoncello rV 565 [op. III
n° 11] (largo e spiccato) (“larghetto”: trascrizione di Heifetz per violino
e pianoforte)
elena denisova (violino), Gustav Mahler Chamber ensemble, alexei
Kornienko (dir.)
sonY ClassICal/Cd 88985458142 (ø 2016)
(+ Haydn, Hummel)
5 Voir: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBvud3k5lP0.
6 Voir: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fh0d-tzMPfk.
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2016-17/63 «Francesco Grillo – the Four seasons» – Le quattro stagioni, op. VIII n° 1-4
(libera trascrizione di Francesco Grillo per pianoforte)
Francesco Grillo (pianoforte)
sonY ClassICal/Cd 88985403742 (ø 2016)
(+ Bach)
2016-17/67 «Italian ancient arias performed on Horn & Piano» – aria Un certo non so
che (Arsilda Regina di Ponto, II,1) (trascrizione per corno e pianoforte forse
da Parisotti)7
nilo Caracisti (corno), Giancarlo Guarino (pianoforte)
VerMeer/Cd 40010 (ø taQ 2016)
(+ Caccini, Caldara, Cesti, Cimarosa, durante, Falconieri, Giodani, B. Marcello,
Paisiello, Pergolesi, a. scarlatti)
II. PrÉCIsIons
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2016-17/P2 «Barocke Misik für trompete und orgel» – Concerto per oboe rV 452
(trascrizione per tromba)
Martin Weller (tromba), Martin Hofmann (organo)
CoVIello ClassICs/Cd 20401 (ø taQ 2004 – © 2004)
(+ Gabrielli, Händel, Krebs, loeillet, Pepusch, Purcell, stubley)
2016-17/P3 «arie senza Parole» – Juditha triumphans rV 644 (estratti: Agitata infido
flatu, 19 [X], Armatae face, 53 [XXVII]) (trascrizioni per tromba); Stabat Mater
rV 621 (estratti: Fac ut ardeat, Eja Mater) (trascrizioni per clarinetto);
Mottetto Nulla in mundo pax sincera rV 630 (estratti: Nulla in mundo pax
sincera [aria I] (trascrizione per oboe), Alleluia (trascrizione per tromba);
Magnificat rV 610 (estratto: Et exultavit) (trascrizione per flauto traverso,
oboe, clarinetto); Laudate pueri Dominum rV 601 (estratto: Laudate pueri
Dominum [aria I]) (trascrizione per tromba)
Giona saporiti (flauto traverso), anzia Cattaneo (oboe), Federico allegro
(clarinetto), Pierantonio Merlini (tromba), orchestra dell’accademia
Musicale ‘G. rossini’ di Busto arsizio, renato Beretta (dir.)
duCale/Cd Cdl 026 (ø 1999 – © 1999)
(+ Bononcini, durante, Giordani, Pergolesi, Perti, d. scarlatti, Vallotti,
Veracini)
2016-17/P4 «recital ainhoa arteta» – aria Sposa son disprezzata (Bajazet, II,7)
ainhoa arteta (soprano), alejandro zabala (pianoforte)
ensaYo/Cd enY-Cd-9810 (ø taQ 2000 – © 2000)
(+Faure, Garcia abril, Guridi, Montsalvage, Puccini, respighi, turina,
Verdi)
2016-17/P7 «Concerti per organo» – trascrizioni di anonimo da: Concerti per violino
rV 230 [op. III n° 9], rV 265 [op. III n° 12]; Concerto per 2 violini rV 519
[op. III n° 5]; Concerto per 4 violini e violoncello rV 567 [op. III n° 7]
(Ann Dawson’s Book, Manchester)
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2016-17/P8 Le quattro stagioni, op. VIII n° 1-4 (trascrizione per flauto traverso)
shigenori Kudo (flauto traverso), orchestre de Chambre Jean-François
Paillard, Jean-François Paillard (dir.)
sMJI/saCd sIGC-19 (ø taQ 2002 – © 2002)
2016-17/P9 «trio nahual» – Concerto per 2 mandolini rV 532 (trascrizione per 3 chitarre)
trio nahual (chitarre)
soundset reCordInGs/Cd Far-004 (ø taQ 2010 – © 2010)
(+ damase, de Biasi, Hindemith, l’Hoyer)
III. rÉÉdItIons
2016-17/r2* «Pinchas zukerman plays Vivaldi» – Le quattro stagioni, op. VIII n° 1-4
(2 versioni); rV 356 [op. III n° 6], Concerti per violino rV 204 [op. IV n° 11],
La tempesta di mare rV 253 [op. VIII n° 5], Il piacere rV 180 [op. VIII n° 6],
rV 242 [op. VIII n° 7], rV 332 [op. VIII n° 8], rV 236 [op.VIII n° 9],
La caccia rV 362 [op.VIII n° 10], rV 210 [op.VIII n° 10], rV 178 [op.VIII
n° 12], rV 187, rV 195, rV 197, Il sospetto rV 199, rV 209, rV 364; Concerto
per 2 violini rV 522 [op. III n° 8]; Concerto per 4 violini e violoncello rV 580
[op. III n° 8]; Concerto per 2 violini e violoncello rV 565 [op. III n° 8];
Concerto per 3 violini rV 551
Pinchas zukerman (violino), english Chamber orchestra, st. Paul
Chamber orchestra
rCa/6Cd 88985370982 (ø 1972, 1973, 1974, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1992)
2016-17/r3* «I Musici – the Columbia records 1953-1954» – Concerti per viola d’amore
rV 394, rV 396; Concerti per archi Madrigalesco rV 129, rV 158
Bruno Giuranna (viola d’amore), I Musici
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IV. doCuMentatIon
MusIQue InstruMentale
2016-17/d2* «the Italian Job» – Caldara: sinfonia con 2 oboi, 2 trombe, timpani e
archi in do maggiore; CorellI: sinfonia per santa Beatrice d’este in re
minore; tartInI: Concerto per violino, d 51; alBInonI: Concerto per
2 oboi op 9 n° 3; torellI: sinfonia con 4 trombe, timpani, 2 oboi, 2 fagotti
e archi G 33
la serenissima, adrian Chandler (dir.)
aVIe/Cd aV 2371 (ø 2016)
(+ Vivaldi)
2016-17/d6* JIrÁneK: Concerti per oboe Jk 15 Jk 17; Concerto per fagotto Jk 20;
Concerto per flauto traverso Jk 11; Concerto per flauto traverso, violino,
viola d’amore Jk 22; Concerto per violino Jk ap. 1 [rV anh. 8]
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MusIQue VoCale
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2016-17/d14* «arias for domenico annibali – the dresden star Castrato» – arie d’opere
di Feo, HÄndel, Hasse, latIlla, PorPora, rIstorI, zelenKa
Flavio Ferri-Benedetti (controtenore), Il Basilico, eva saladin (dir.)
Pan ClassICs/Cd PC 10341 (ø 2015)
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8
«Gramophone», février 2017, p. 59.
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9
<https://www.thestrad.com/vivaldi-violin-concertos-opp11-and-12/6490.article>.
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est rude pour la jeune génération. daniel Hope, accompagné par le zürcher
Kammerorchester (2016-17/33) déçoit. Impression résumée parfaitement par
Philip Kennicott:10 une version classique enjouée et propre, sans être
particulièrement perspicace ou innovante. les insectes nuisibles de l‘Adagio de
L’estate sont plus du genre que l’on trouve peints méticuleusement sur une nature
morte qu’une véritable nuisance, et les figurations de violons accompagnant les
«venti tempestuosi» sont si scrupuleusement rendus que l’on n’a pas de doute
que ce soit une image d’une tempête, en non une tempête en elle-même. Il n’y a
pas de faute à trouver ici dans la tenue impeccable de l’archet, mais rien qui reste
profondément mémorable. les interprètes sur archet baroque n’impressionnent
pas davantage. Comme l’écrit Brian Wilson11 évoquant la version de shunske sato
(2016-17/19), en dépit d’un excellent jeu, de moments très intéressants et d’effets
stimulants, cette parution reste anecdotique. soulignons une prise de son sans
coupures. dans les deux premiers mouvements de La primavera, il n’y a pas de
surprise particulière. Il faut atendre la Danza pastorale curieusement accentuée,
continuant l’humeur somnolente du mouvement lent troisième mouvement, pour
observer «l’idée de la liberté» dont se revendique sato. L’estate tranquille, plus
doux que d’habitude, ne subit de réel changement climatique riche en contrastes
qu’avec la capture réussie des vents réellement impétueux. notons aussi quelques
embellissements de violon en début de L’Autunno, avant que la musique ne se
cale sagement dans les sillons mille fois explorés dans tant d’autres versions. où
se terrent les sonorités folles, rugueuses et chaleureuses dont se targue le
Concerto Köln ? Gunar letzbor et ars antiqua austria (2016-17/27) choisissent
des tempos considérablement plus lents que ceux auquels nous ont habitués les
Baroqueux. Ils privilégient des contrastes dynamiques que charpente une large
basse d’archets, plébéienne en diable, appréciée dans les scènes de libations
villageoises. l’aboiement rauque des chiens dans La primavera est
particulièrement idiomatique, par exemple, comme le rappelle Charlotte
Gardner.12 de même, letzbor lui-même est passionné, mais souvent aussi assez
décousu dans ses attaques. une conception d’ensemble acceptable dans des
concertos à programme, mais dont les excès privent le violoniste autrichien de
figurer parmi les meilleurs serviteur de l’œuvre emblématique de Vivaldi.
10
«Gramophone», juin 2017, pp. 42-43.
11
<http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2017/Mar/Vivaldi_seasons_0300829BC.htm>.
12
«Gramophone», février 2017, p. 42.
13
«diapason», mai 2017, p. 127.
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rien de tel ici. toute crainte est dissipée dès les premiers échanges. la magie
opère. l’osmose est parfaite, les dialogues équilibrés, sincères et francs, malicieux,
presque coquins même parfois, les sonorités épanouies rappelant un vieux
souvenir: la version pionnière entre les matous sten et oïstrakh, apprivoisés par
un ormandy sous le charme. Il faut encore quelques écoutes pour comprendre
les subtilités d’approche de l’un et de l’autre, occupant chacun la partie de violon
I dans trois concertos (rV 507, 529 et 513 pour Carmignola, rV 505, 527 et 510
pour Beyer). Giuliano ouvre et ferme le récital avec des cadences originales écrites
par Vivaldi pour pimenter les concertos les plus arrogants (le rare rV 507 et le
mature rV 513), agrémentant volontiers ses saillies de petits commentaires
nerveux, que sa partenaire reprend sans sourciller, avec aplomb et élégance. Pas
de gagnant au jeu de l’affrontement commencé sous les auspices de Mars et
d’apollon. amandine réplique en convoquant Vénus pour le séduisant rV 527,
jamais entendu depuis l’unique version de Musici de 1968 et séléné pour le
mélancolique rV 510. son rV 505 captive, révélant des beautés insoupçonnées à
l’écoute de la terne lecture du Collegium Musicum 90. Calquant le son et le
rythme au moindre désir des solistes, Gli Incogniti comprennent le moindre
enjeu, comme ces caresses sensuelles du Largo ou les interjections lancées du tac
au tac pour accompagner les violons taquins dans le finale. un récital qui fera
date. Par goût du contraste, signalons la première édition numérisée des tout
premiers enregistrements réalisés par les légendaires I Musici à leurs débuts
(2016-17/r3), parus en 1954 et 1954 sous label Columbia et disparus des
catalogues depuis soixante ans et plus. en Vivaldi, seuls manquent à l’appel de
cette vaste anthologie les op. III n° 9 et 11, moult fois réenregistrés par la suite
pour la Philips, et le rV 551 avec, comme solistes, Franco tamponi, Felix ayo et
Walter Gallozzi. le professeur de ces jeunes étudiants, remy Principe, les avait
poussés à se réunir en orchestre de chambre. refusant tout de suite la dictature
du chef d’orchestre, ils choisirent de travailler seuls, de peaufiner la cohésion de
l’ensemble, jusqu’à devenir une sorte de quatuor à cordes hypertrophié, avec
l’assise rythmique d’un continuo immuable, la contrebasse de lucio Buccarella,
donnant cette impulsion rythmique bonhomme entre toutes reconnaissable, et le
clavecin divinement réalisé par son épouse, Maria teresa Garatti. dès l’origine,
I Musici se situèrent à part. Fasano s’était intuitivement identifié à «l’estro
vivaldiano». eux imposèrent un Vivaldi en dehors de toute référence stylistique,
marqué par un souci impérieux de classicisme, de perfection formelle et de
splendeur sonore, dont témoignent ici le rV 158 et leur premier Madrigalesco
rV 129. la place prépondérante offerte à la viole d’amour s’inscrit dans la logique
des années cinquante pendant lesquelles dominaient les virtuoses de l’instrument
Johan van Helden, Harry danks, renzo sabatini et Bruno Giuranna. Par une
science de l’ornementation complexe, une sonorité généreuse et un phrasé très
élégant, ce dernier reste aujourd’hui encore un modèle. une réédition précieuse.
le violoncelle concertant est, cette année, très bien servi avec deux excellents
enregistrements. le premier vient d’Italie. en 2010, enrico dindo enregistrait en
live son premier récital vivaldien, passé malheureusement un peu inaperçu hors
de la péninsule.14 le serein dindo récidive aujourd’hui avec le même orchestre
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18
«Gramophone», mai 2017, p. 47.
19
«Fanfare», octobre-novembre 2016, p. 622.
20
«diapason», mars 2017, p. 89.
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sont ainsi identifiés et servis avec un bonheur inégal. l’immense ann Hallenberg
(«Farinelli» et «Carnevale 1729» (2016-17/d10), avec notamment des arie
d’albinoni inconnues), une des meilleures interprètes actuelles de ce répertoire,
domine le lot par la pureté de son timbre, par sa virtuosité, autorisant sa voix à
se couler dans ces pages sans la moindre difficulté apparente. Constamment
maîtresse d’elle-même, ses réserves de souffle semblent inépuisables. l’agilité et
la pureté vocale du soprano espagnol nuria rial sont les atouts du récital «sacred
duets » (2016-17/d8), le jeune contre-ténor Valer sabadus obtenant les arias les
plus athlétiques. dans les duos, rial, lumineuse, apporte de la profondeur et de
la couleur au mélange, tout en conservant sa propre identité tonale. les contre-
ténors laissent d’ailleurs une impression mitigée. si l’outrance expressive de
sabata dans le Gelido in ogni vena de Vivaldi «Catharsis» (2016-17/d12) déçoit, la
passion et la musicalité viscérale de Vistoli «arias for nicolino» (2016-17/d13)
séduisent davantage bien que les embellissements débridés tutoient l’outrance.
le récital le plus intéressant pour les recherches vivaldiennes est porté par l’inégal
Flavio Ferri-Benedetti: «arias for domenico annibali – the dresden star
Castrato» (2016-17/d14). Citons david Vickers.21 annibali fut employé à l’opéra
de la cour de dresde de 1730 jusqu’à sa retraite en 1764. onze arie de son
répertoire sont explorés dans un récit habilement varié. le gracieux Bellezze
adorate de Le Fate de ristori (dresde, 1736) est chanté avec un goût éloquent,
tandis que le Cervo al bosco du Cleofide de Hasse (dresde, 1731) a un chant fleuri
qui est à la fois précis et ombragé poétiquement, porté par les cordes vigoureuses
d’Il Basilico. Parmi les scories de cette anthologie originale, regrettons
particulièrement l‘ornementation extravagante descendant profondément dans
le registre du baryton dans le Quel nocchier che vana ogn’opra de l’Andromaca de
Feo (rome, 1730). néanmoins, cette exploration du répertoire vocal dresdois reste
un document des plus utile.
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