Fluid Power Engineering

Reg.No:

FLUID POWER ENGINEERING

4TH SEMESTER

LABORATORY MANUAL

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
AHMEDABAD

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Fluid Power Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms./Mrs._______________________

Reg.No._________________of __________________________

Class has satisfactory completed the course in

____________________________________________________

at INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING,

Rancharda, Ahmedabad.

Date of Submission: ____________________________

Concern Faculty: ______________________________

Head of Department: __________________________

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FLUID POWER ENGINEERING

(INDUS UNIVERSITY)
Contents in Manual
Sr. Title Remarks
No Pages
1. Performance practical on impact
of jet.
2. Performance practical on
Centrifugal pump characteristics.
3. Performance practical on
Centrifugal pump characteristics
(Double Stage).
4. Performance practical on
Centrifugal pump characteristics
(Variable speed).
5. Performance practical on Gear
pumps characteristics.
6. Performance practical on
Francis Turbine.
7. Performance practical on Pelton
wheel turbine.
8. Performance practical on
Kaplan Turbine.
9. Study of various hydraulic
devices.
10. Study of Centrifugal
Compressor.
11. Study about double stage
compressor.

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* INSTRUCTIONS *

 This laboratory manual gives the details of the Apparatus available in Fluid Power

Laboratory for your information and use in writing the Experiments conducted by you.

 You have to write the experiments conducted in a separate Laboratory Record.

 Get your Lab Record at the end of the performance of each practical.

FORMAT FOR WRITING THE EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED

1. Objectives of the Experiment

2. Apparatus Used

3. Theory of the Experiment Conducted

4. Description of the Experimental set up

5. Method conducting the experiment and calculations

6. Observations/ Measurements made in experiment ( in

tabular form)

7. Calculations and Results

8. Discussions and Conclusions.

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Teaching and Examination Scheme

Subject Teaching Exam Theory Theory Pract./ Total

Scheme Paper Marks TW
Theory Lab/
Pract
FLUID POWER 04 02 Mid Sem 1.5 Hrs 30 10 100
University 2.5 Hrs 60
ENGINEERING

Syllabus
(As per Indus university)

Fluid power engineering

UNIT I

Boundary Layer Theory : Boundary layer definition and characteristics, momentum equation,
Laminar and turbulent boundary Layer, Total drag, separation and control. Flow around submerge
bodies Force exerted by flowing fluid on a body: Drag and lift; stream lined and bluff body, Drag on
sphere and cylinder, circulation and lift on circular cylinder, lift of an air foil, induced drag.

UNIT II
Impact of Free Jets: Impulse momentum principle, force exerted by the jet on stationary flat and
curved plate, hinged plate, moving plate and moving curve vanes, jet propulsion of ship.
Impulse Turbine: Classification of turbine, impulse turbine, Pelton wheel, Construction working,
work done, head efficiency and Design aspects, Governing of impulse turbine.

UNIT III
Reaction Turbine : Radial flow reaction turbine, Francis turbine: construction, working, work done,
efficiency, design aspect, advantages & disadvantages over Pelton wheel. Axial flow reaction turbine
Propeller and Kaplan turbine, bulb or tubular turbine, draft tube, specific speed, unit quantities,
cavitation, degree of reaction, performance characteristics, surge tanks, governing of reaction turbine.

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UNIT IV
Centrifugal Pumps : Classification of Pumps, Centrifugal pump, Construction, working, work done,
heads, efficiencies, multistage centrifugal pump, pump in series and parallel, specific speed,
characteristic, net positive suction head, cavitation.

Special Purpose Pump: Mixed flow pump, Special Purpose pump (Submersible Pump, Fire Fighting
Pump, Pump for Viscous fluid, Booster Pump, Hydraulic Ram) Basic Requirements of Pumping Unit.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering – D.S. Kumar– Kataria & Sons -Delhi
2. Fluid Mechanics- Yunush A Cengel, John M. Cimbala- TMH, Delhi
REFERENCES BOOKS:
1. A text of Fluid Mechanics – R. K. Rajput – S. Chand & Company Ltd., Delhi
2. Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics Machines-R.K.Bansal- Laxmi Publications, Delhi
3. Mechanics of Fluid – B.S. Massey – English Language Book Society (U.K.)
4. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines – S.K. Som and G. Biswas- TMH, Delhi
5. Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics Including Hydraulic Machine- PN Modi, & SM Seth-Standard,
Delhi
6. Hydraulic Machines: Fundamentals of Hydraulic Power Systems – P. Kumar – BSP Books Pvt, Ltd.,
Hyderabad

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PRACTICAL: 1
Performance practical on impact of jet

Objective: Study of hydraulic force (Impact of Jet).

Aim: To Study the effect of force on following type of vanes:
1. Hemispherical Vane
2. Flat Plate Vane
Introduction:
When a plate is placed in the path of a jet, the jet exerts a force on the
plate. This force can be calculated from the impulse momentum equation.
Momentum equation is based on Newton‟s Second law of motion, which states
that “The algebraic sum of external forces applied to control
Volume of fluid in any direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum
in that direction.” The external forces include the components of the weight of
the fluid and of the forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of the
control volume.
Theory:
If a vertical water jet moving with velocity „v‟ is made to strike a target,
which is free to move in the vertical direction, then a force will be exerted on the
jet by the impact of jet. According to momentum equation, this force (which is
also equal to the force required to bring back the target in its original position)
must be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the jet flow in the same
direction.
Due to impact of the jet on the flat stationary plate, the entire velocity of
the jet is destroyed and due to the rate of change of momentum, force acts on

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the plate. The jet after striking will move along the plate. But the plate is at right
angles to the jet. Hence the components of the velocity of the jet in the direction
of the jet after striking it will be zero. The force exerted by the jet on the flat
plate in the direction of the jet,
Fx = Rate of change of momentum in the direction of force
Finalmomentum initialmomentum
=
time
Ma ss Fina lvelocity Ma ss Initia lvelocity
=
time
Ma ss
= Fina lvelocity Initialvelocity
time
= Av v o
= Av 2
Similarly:
For Hemispherical vane:
Fx AV 2 1 cos

Assuming Φ= 0
So Fx = 2ρAV2
Description:
The experimental setup primarily consists of a nozzle through which a
water jet emerges vertically in such a way that it may be conveniently observed
through the transparent sheet. It strikes the target vane positioned above it. The
force applied on the vane by the jet can be measured by applying weights to
counteract as a reaction force for the impact of jet. Vanes are interchangeable
i.e. flat plate & hemispherical.
Arrangement is made for the movement of the plate under the action of the
jet and also because of the weight placed on the loading pan. A scale is provided

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for carrying the vanes to its original position i.e. as before the jet strikes the
vane. A collecting tank is used to find the actual discharge & velocity through the
nozzle.
Experimental Procedure:
Starting Procedure:
1. Clean the apparatus and make all tanks free from dust.
2. close the drain valves provided
3. fix desired vane on the apparatus
3
4. fill sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles
4
are there
5. ensure that all on/off switches given on the panel are at off position
6. now switch on the main power supply
7. switch on the pump
8. regulate flow of water through channel with the help of given flow
control valve
9. put known valve of weight on the plate
10. now control the valve so that the applied weight on the top is
counter balanced by the impact of jet
11. measure flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch
12. repeat the experiment with different weights
Closing Procedure:
1. when experiment is over, switch off pump
2. switch off power supply to panel
3. drain water from all three tanks with the help of given drain valves
Specification:
Test plates : material brass (2 nos.)
1. Flat plate

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2. Hemispherical cup
Chamber : Material SS, having opposite sides made of glass.
Water circulation : FHP pump
Flow measurement : using measuring tank & stop watch
Sump tank : material SS, capacity 60 Ltrs.
Formula:
Rate of change of momentum in the direction of force:
1. For flat plate vane,
Fx = ρaV2
2. For Hemispherical vane,
Fx = 2ρaV2
3. Velocity of Jet,
V=Q/a

4. Discharge,
AR
Q
t 100
R1 R 2
R
100
5. Theoretical force,
Fth = Wg
W = WD+R + wF + wA (for flat vane)
W = WD+R + WH + WA (for Hemispherical vane)
6. % Error,
F Fth
Error 100%
F

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Observation & Calculation:

g = m/sec2
d = m
a = m2
A = m2
ρ = kg / m3
WD+R = kg
WF = kg
WH = kg
WA = kg

Observation Table:
Sr.No. WA (kg) R1 (cm) R2(cm) t (sec)
1
2
3

Calculation Table:
Sr.No. W (kg) Fx, N Q V Fth,N Error(%)
(m3/s) (m/s)
1
2
3

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Nomenclature:
ρ = Density of water, kg/m3
A = Area of measuring tank, m2
a = Cross section area of nozzle, m2
d = Diameter of nozzle,m
Fx = Rate of change of momentum (actual force), N
Fth = Theoretical force, N
Q = Actual discharge, m3/s
R = Rise of water level in measuring tank, m
R1 = Final height of water in measuring tank after time t, cm
R2 = Initial height of water in measuring tank, cm
t = time for R, sec
V = Velocity of jet, m/s
W = total weight, kg
WA = Weight applied on the disc, kg
WD+R = Weight of aluminum disc + rod, kg
WF = Weight of flat plate vane, kg
WH = Weight of hemispherical vane, kg

Data Sheet:
Standard Data
g = 9.81 m/sec2 ρ = 1000 kg/m3
Equipment data
d = 0.010 m a = 7.85 x 10-5 m2
A = 0.1 m2 WD+R = 0.347 kg
WF = 0.227 kg WH = 0.218 kg

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WA = 0.200, 0.300, 0.500 kg

PRACTICAL: 2
Performance practical on Centrifugal pump
characteristics
OBJECTIVE:
Study of Centrifugal pump characteristics.
AIM:
To determine the characteristics of Centrifugal Pump and to find out:
1. Total head
2. Pump efficiency
3. Overall efficiency
To plot the following performance characteristics:-
1. Head Vs Discharge
2. Pump efficiency Vs Discharge.
INTRODUCTION:
The hydraulic machines, which convert the mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy, are called pumps. The hydraulic energy is in the form of
pressure energy. If the mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by
means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called
centrifugal pump.
THEORY:
The centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction
turbine. This means that the flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward
directions.
The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow, which
means that when an external torque rotates a certain mass of liquid, the rise in

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pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any
point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of tangential velocity of
(i.e. rise in pressure head = V2/ 2g or 2 2
r /2g) the liquid at that point. Thus, at
the outlet of the impeller where radius is more, the rise in pressure head will be
more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high- pressure head.
Due to this high-pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level.
Centrifugal Pump is a mechanical device, which consists of a body, impeller
and a rotating mean i.e. motor, engine etc. Impeller rotates in a stationary
body, sucks the fluid through its axes, and delivers through its periphery.
Impeller has an inlet angle, outlet angle and peripheral speed, which affect the
head and discharge. Impeller is rotated by motor or i.e. Engine or any other
device.

DESCRIPTION:

Centrifugal Pump Test Rig consists of a sump, a centrifugal pump, an AC

motor and measuring tank. To measure the head, pressure and vacuum gauges
are provided. To measure the discharge, a measuring tank is provided. Flow
diversion system is provided to divert flow from sump tank to measuring tank
and from measuring tank to sump tank. A valve is provided in pipeline to change
the rate of flow.

UTILITIES REQUIRED:

1. Water Supply.
2. Drain.
3. Electricity 440V AC, Three Phase.
4. Space required: 1.6 x 0.6 m.

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Schematic Diagram for Centrifugal Pump Test Rig

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Starting Procedure:

1. Clean the apparatus and make All Tanks free from Dust.
2. Close the drain valves provided.

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3. Fill Sump tank ¾ with 0Clean Water and ensure that no foreign particles
are there.
4. Open Flow Control Valve given on the water discharge line and Control
valve given on suction line.

5. Ensure that all On/Off Switches given on the Panel are at OFF position.
6. Now switch on the Main Power Supply (220 V AC, 50 Hz) and switch on the
Pump.
7. Set the desired speed of motor / pump with the help of step cone pulley
arrangement.
8. Operate the Flow Control Valve to regulate the flow of water discharged by
the pump.
9. Operate the Control Valve to regulate the suction of the pump.
Record discharge pressure by means of Pressure Gauge, provided on
discharge line.
10. Record suction pressure by means of Vacuum Gauge, provided at
suction of the pump.
11. Record the power consumption by means of Energy meter, provided
in panel.
12. Measure the flow of water, discharged by the pump, using Stop
Watch and Measuring Tank.

13. Repeat the same procedure for rest of the two speeds of motor /
pump.
Closing Procedure:
1. When experiment is over, gate valve is proper open provided on the
discharge line.

2. Reduce the RPM of the pump with the help of DC Drive.

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3. Switch OFF the pump first.

4. Switch OFF Power Supply to Panel.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Pump : 1 HP/ 0.75KW, 250 RPM, single phase, 220 volts
Pressure Gauge : Bourdon type.
Control Panel Comprises of :
RPM measurement : Digital RPM Indicator with Proximity sensor.
Energy measurement : Electronic Energy meter, L&T make.
MCB : For overload protection.
Standard make On/Off Switch, Mains Indicator, etc.
The whole set-up is well designed and arranged in a good quality painted
structure.

FORMULAE:

1. Electrical input,

--------------------- (1)
2. Shaft output,
H .P.Shaft H .P.Elect .* motor --------------------- (2)

Efficiency of motor = 0.8 (assumed)

3. Discharge,

A* R
Q --------------------- (3)
t

4. Total Head,

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Ps
H 10 * Pd 1 --------------------- (4)
760
5. Pump output,
*Q * H
H .P.Pump --------------------- (5)
75
6. Overall efficiency,
H .P.Pump
O *100 --------------------- (6)
H .P.Elect.
7. Pump efficiency,
H .P.Pump
p *100 --------------------- (7)
H .P.Shaft

OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

DATA:

EMC (Energy meter constant) = 3200 Pulses/Kw -hr

A = Area of measuring tank = 0.128 m2
= Density of fluid (water) = 1000 kg/m3

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. RPM of Gauge Vacuum Water Time tp /10

No. the pressure (mm Height for R, t pulses.
pump (Kg Hg ) in tank, (sec) (sec)
/cm2) R (cm)

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CALCULATION TABLE:

S. H.P. H.P. Discharge Total H.P. p o

3
No. elec. Shaft Q (m /s) head H pump Pump Overall
(m of % %
water)

NOMENCLATURE:

A = Area of collecting tank base, m2

EMC = energy meter constant
N = Speed of Pump, r.p.m.
ηp = Pump efficiency,
ηO = Overall efficiency.
H = Total Head, m
P = Pulses of energy meter
Q = Discharge, m3/s
R = Rise of height in collecting tank, m
t = Time taken by R, sec
tp = Time taken by P, sec
= Density of fluid, Kg/ m3

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PRACTICAL: 3
Performance practical on Centrifugal pump
characteristics (Double Stage).
OBJECTIVE:
Study of Centrifugal pump characteristics(Multi stage).
AIM:
To determine the characteristics of Centrifugal Pump and to find out:
Total head
Pump efficiency
Overall efficiency

To plot the following performance characteristics:- Plot the graph of

discharge vs. total head, overall efficiency.

MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG

Centrifugal pump are basically rotodynamic pumps which develops dynamic

pressure for liquid. In centrifugal pumps, liquid in impeller is made to rotate by
external force, so that it is thrown away from the center of rotation. As constant
supply of liquid is as made available at the center of rotation, supply liquid can be
supplied at higher level.

Normally, head produced by a single impeller depends upon the peripheral speed
of the impeller. In order to produce higher heads, either rotational speed or
diameter of impeller has to be increased, which increases stresses in the material
of impellers. Hence, two pumps in series can be used to produce higher heads.
Now, this method is replaced by multistage pumps. In multistage pumps, two or
more impellers are arranged on a single shaft so that liquid discharged by first

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stage impeller at certain head passes to eye of next stage impeller, where the
head is increased, till the liquid finally enters into delivery pipe.

The unit consists of a two stage centrifugal pump driven by a three phase
induction motor. An energy meter provided measures electrical input to the
motor and a measuring tank provided enables to measure the discharge of the
pump.. A gate valve is fitted at the discharge side of the pump to vary the head.
Thus performance of the pump can be estimated at various heads.
SPECIFICATION:
1) Centrifugal pump- 38 x 38 mm size pump , monoblock, drive motor,
3 phase induction motor, 5 h.p.
2) Measuring tank- 600x600x600 mm height, fitted with gauge
glass tube for water level measurement , and 50 mm (2”) drain ______ valve,
mounted on sump tank.
3) Sump tank - 2000 X 500 X 300 mm height.
4) Gate valve to control the head.
5) Pressure gauge 0- 7 kg/cm2, to measure the head.
6) Vacuum gauge, 0 -760 mm Hg to measure suction vacuum.
7) Energy meter to measure input power of motor.
8) Starter for motor.
9) Stop watch
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -
1) Fill up water in the tank
2) Open gate valve (priming) top of the pump. FHI up water so that air in the
pump will be releases. Close the gate valve.
3) Shut off the discharge valve.
4) Start the pump. As discharge valve is closed, no discharge will be observed,

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but pressure gauge is showing some reading .This is called „shut off head‟ of the
pump.

5) Now slowly open the discharge valve, so that small discharge is observed.
6) Note down the discharge head (by pressure gauge on discharge pipe) and
suction vacuum.
7) Note down time required for 100mm height. Water collection in measuring
tank.
8) Note down the time required for 10 of energy meter.
9) Repeat the procedure by varying the discharge valve opening and fill up the
observation table
OBSERVATIONS:

Time for
Discharge - Time for
Suction
10 puls.of
Sr. pressure Pd 100mm.
No kg / cm2 vacuum water rise
energy meter
Ps mm.
„tm‟ sec.
„te‟ sec.

CALCULATIONS: -
1) Discharge pressure, Pd= kg / cm2
for water, 10 meters of water corresponds to 1 kg / cm2.

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Discharge head, hd = Pd x 10 m of water.

2) Discharge Q: -

Discharge Q =0.6 x.0.6 xO.1 m3/sec.

tm

2) Suction Head -
Suction vacuum, Ps = mm of Hg.
Suction head, hs= Ps X 13.6 Where, sp. gravity of hg = 13.6
1000 1 sp. gravity of water = 1

3) Including height of delivery pipe above pressure gauge , total loss of head in
suction and delivery pipes is assumed to be 2 m of water.
Total head = H = hd + hs + 2 m of water.

4) Output power (or water power)

WP= W.Q.h kw
1000
Where,
W = Specific weight of water = 9810 N / m3
Q = discharge m3 /sec.
ht = total head m.

6) Electrical Input -
Let time required for 10 rev, of energy meter disc be te - Sec.

Electrical input power, I P = 10 x 3600 kw.

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te 640
Energy meter constant = 640

7) Over all efficiency of the pump -

η o =WP x 100 %

I.P

RESULT TABLE:-

Total
Sr. Discharge Output power Input power Pump
head H
No. Q m3 /sec kw kw efficiency %
(m)

1) Graph -
Operating characteristics - Plot the graph of discharge vs. total head, overall
efficiency.

2) CONCLUSION
From the operating characteristics, it is noted that -

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1) Shut -off head of pump (head at zero discharge) is m.

2) Maximum efficiency occurs at the discharge of m3 /sec. & is %.
3) Maximum power input to pump is Kw.
4) Maximum discharges of pump is m3 /sec

3) PRECAUTIONS:
1) Priming is must, before starting the pump. Pump should never be run
empty.
2) Observe the direction of rotation of pump. If it is reverse, interchange any
two of the three connections of motor.
3) Use clean water in the sump tank.
4) Use all the controls and switches carefully.
5) Do not disturb the pressure gauge connections.
6) Drain all the water after completion of experiment.

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PRACTICAL: 4
Performance practical on Centrifugal pump
characteristics (Variable speed).
OBJECTIVE:
Study of Centrifugal pump characteristics (Variable speed).
AIM:
To determine the characteristics of Centrifugal Pump and to find out:
Total head
Pump efficiency
Overall efficiency

Plot the graphs of discharge vs total head, I/P power and overall efficiency at
different speeds.

Centrifugal pump are basically rotodynamic pumps which develops dynamic

pressure for liquid. In centrifugal pumps, liquid in impeller is made to rotate by
external force, so that it is thrown away from the center of rotation. As constant
supply of liquid is as made available at the center of rotation, supply liquid can be
supplied at higher level.

Normally, head produced by a single impeller depends upon the peripheral speed
of the impeller. In order to produce higher heads, either rotational speed or
diameter of impeller has to be increased, which increases stresses in the material
of impellers. Hence, two pumps in series can be used to produce higher heads.
Now, this method is replaced by multistage pumps. In multistage pumps, two or
more impellers are arranged on a single shaft so that liquid discharged by first
stage impeller at certain head passes to eye of next stage impeller, where the
head is increased, till the liquid finally enters into delivery pipe.

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The unit consists of a two stage centrifugal pump driven by a three phase
induction motor. An energy meter provided measures electrical input to the
motor and a measuring tank provided enables to measure the discharge of the
pump.. A gate valve is fitted at the discharge side of the pump to vary the head.
Thus performance of the pump can be estimated at various heads.

SPECIFICATION:
1) Centrifugal pump- 25 x 25mm size pump , monoblock, drive motor,
3 phase induction motor, 5 h.p.
2) Measuring tank- 500x500x600 mm height, fitted with gauge
glass tube for water level measurement , and 50 mm (2”) drain ______ valve,
mounted on sump tank.
3) Sump tank - 2000 X 500 X 300 mm height.
4) Gate valve to control the head.
5) Pressure gauge 0- 7 kg/cm2, to measure the head.
6) Vacuum gauge, 0 -760 mm Hg to measure suction vacuum.
7) Energy meter to measure input power of motor.
8) Starter for motor.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -
1) Fill up water in the tank
2) Open gate valve (priming) top of the pump. FHI up water so that air in the
pump will be releases. Close the gate valve.
3) Shut off the discharge valve.
4) Start the pump. As discharge valve is closed, no discharge will be observed,
but pressure gauge is showing some reading .This is called „shut off head‟ of the
pump.

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5) Now slowly open the discharge valve, so that small discharge is observed.
6) Note down the discharge head (by pressure gauge on discharge pipe) and
suction vacuum.
7) Note down time required for 100mm height. Water collection in measuring
tank.
8) Note down the time required for 10 of energy meter.
9) Repeat the procedure by varying the discharge valve opening and fill up the
observation table
OBSERVATIONS:

Sr. Pump Discharge Suction Time for 100 Time for 10

impulse of
No Speed Pressure Vacuum mm Water
energy
2
(RPM) Kg/ Cm (mm of Rise(Sec)Tw meter
(Sec)„te‟
N Pd Hg) Ps

CALCULATIONS: -
1) Discharge pressure, Pd= kg / cm2
for water, 10 meters of water corresponds to 1 kg / cm2.
Discharge head, hd = Pd x 10 m of water.
2) Discharge Q: -

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Discharge Q =0.5 x.0.5 xO.1 m3/sec.

tw

3) Suction Head -
Suction vacuum, Ps = mm of Hg.
Suction head, hs= Ps X 13.6
1000 1
Where, sp. gravity of hg = 13.6
sp. gravity of water = 1
4) Total head

Including height of delivery pipe above pressure gauge , total loss of head in
suction and delivery pipes is assumed to be 2 m of water.
Total head = H = hd + hs + 2 m of water.
5) Output power (or water power)
WP= W.Q.ht kw
1000
Where,
W = Specific weight of water = 9810 N / m3
Q = discharge m3 /sec.
ht = total head m.
6) Electrical Input -
Let time required for 10 rev, of energy meter disc be te - Sec.

Electrical input power, I P = 10 x 3600 kw.

te 3200
Energy meter constant = 3200

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Taking motor efficiency as 75 %, we have I/P shaft power

S.P = Elect. I/P x 0.75

7) Over all efficiency of the pump -
ηo =WP x 100 %

S.P

8) Graph –

Main Characteristics: plot the graphs of discharge vs total head, I/P power and
overall efficiency at different speeds.

Operating characteristics - Plot the graph of discharge vs. total head, overall
efficiency, I/P power and water power at rated speed.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Priming is must, before starting the pump. Pump should never be run empty.
2) Observe the direction of rotation of pump. If it is reverse, interchange any two
of the three connections of motor.
3) Use clean water in the sump tank.
4) Use all the controls and switches carefully.
5) Do not disturb the pressure gauge connections.
6) Drain all the water after completion of experiment.

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PRACTICAL: 5
Performance practical on Gear pumps
characteristics.
Objective: Study of Gear pumps characteristics.
Aim: To determine the characteristics of Gear Pump and to find out:
a) Total head
b) Pump efficiency
c) Overall efficiency
To plot the following performance characteristics:-
a) Head Vs Discharge
b) Pump efficiency Vs Discharge
Introduction:
In general, a pump may be defined, as a Mechanical Device which when
interposed in a pipe line, converts mechanical energy supplied to it from some
external source into hydraulic energy thus resulting in the flow of liquid from a
lower to a higher potential head.
Theory:
The pumps are of major concern to most engineers and technicians. The
types of pump vary in principle and design. The selection of pump for any
particular application is to be done by understanding their characteristics. The
most commonly used pumps are classified under major headings, namely; Roto-
Dynmic, Positive Displacement and Air operated pumps.
While the operation of other pumps discussed elsewhere in standards
books, the Gear Pump failing under the category of positive displacement pumps,
which is of our present concern, has a pair of accurately ground meshed gears
housed in a casing. As the gears rotate, the fluid is trapped between the gear
teeth and the casing thus transferring the liquid from inlet end of one gear to the

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outlet end of the other gear. During each revolution a certain volume of liquid is
transferred. The discharge rate depends on speed, size of gear teeth.
Description:
The present Gear Pump Test Rig is a self contained unit operated on closed
circuit (recirculation) basis. The main components are gear pump; collecting &
sump tank, control panel, and all these are mounted on rigid framework. The test
rig has the following provisions:
a) To measure the overall power input to the motor using energy meter.
b) To measure the delivery and suction heads using pressure and vacuum
gauges separately
c) To change the head and flow rate using control valves.
d) To measure the discharge using collecting tank fitted with tank level
indicator/gauge glass.

Schematic Diagram for Gear Pump Test Rig

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Experimental Procedure:
Starting Procedure:
a) Clean the apparatus and make all tanks free from dust.
b) Close the drain valves provided
c) Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
d) Open flow control valve given on the water discharge line and control valve
given on the suction line.
e) Ensure that all on/off switches given on the panel are at off position
f) Set the speed of motor / pump with the help of 3 speed step cone pulley
g) Now switch on the main power supply and switch on the pump
h) Operate the flow control valve to regulate the flow of water discharged by
the pump
i) Operate the control valve to regulate the suction of the pump
j) Record discharge pressure by means of pressure gauge, provided on
discharge line.
k) Record suction pressure by means of vacuum gauge, provided at suction of
the pump
l) Note down the time required for 10 pulses with the help of stop watch to
calculate the power consumption.
m) Note down the RPM
n) Measure the flow of water, discharged by the pump, using stop watch and
measuring tank
o) Repeat the same procedure for different pressure head
p) Repeat the same procedure for different RPM with the help of step cone
pulley
Closing Procedure:

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a) When experiment is over, properly open the gate valve provided on

discharge line
b) Switch off the pump first
c) Switch off power supply to panel
Specification:
Pressure Gauge : Bourdon type
Medium flow : Clear oil
Drive : Motor with thyristor controlled DC drive
for variable speed
Sump tank : Made of stainless steel
Flow measurement : Using measuring tank with piezometer
Stop watch : Electronic
Control panel comprises of
Energy measurement : Energy meter electronic
MCB : For overload protection
Formula:
a) Power input,
P 3600
Ei kw
tP EMC
b) Shaft output,
ES = Ei*ηmotor
ηmotor = 0.8 (assumed)

c) Actual discharge,
A R 3
Q act m / sec
t
d) Theoretical discharge,

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2* a* L* N 3
Qtheo m / sec
60
e) Total Head,
Ps
H 10 * Pd h pg
760

f) Pump output,
w*Q* H
Eo kw
1000
g) Overall efficiency,
Eo
o * 100%
Ei
(h) Pump efficiency,
Eo
p * 100 %
ES

(i) Volumetric efficiency,

Q act
vol * 100%
Qtheo

Observation & calculation:

DATA:
EMC =
ηmotor =
a =
L =
A =
=

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. RPM of Gauge Vacuum Water Time 10

No. the pressure (mm Height for R, t pulses.
pump (Kg Hg) in tank, (sec) tp
/cm2) R (cm) (sec)

CALCULATION TABLE:

S. H. H.P Theoreti Actual Total H.P. p o v

N P. . cal Dischar head pum Ove Volu

o. ele Sha Dischar ge H p Pum r- -
c. ft ge Q (m3 (m of p all metr
Q (m3 /s) wate % % ic
/s) r) %

Nomenclature:
A = Area of measuring tank
a = Area of cylinder
EMC = Energy meter constant
Ei = power input
Eo = Pump output

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ES = Shaft output
g = acceleration due to gravity
H = total head
hpg = Height of pressure gauge from vacuum gauge
L = Length of stroke
P = Number of pulses
Pd = Delivery Pressure
PS = Discharge pressure
Qact = Actual discharge
Qthei = Theoretical discharge
R = Rise of water in measuring tank
tP = Time required for P pulses
ρ = Density of water
ηmortor = Efficiency of motor

ηp = Pump efficiency.
ηo = Overall efficiency.
ηvol = Volumetric efficiency.

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PRACTICAL:6
Performance practical on Francis Turbine

Aim: To Study about Francis Turbine.

Introduction:

Hydraulic turbine is a prime mover where energy possessed by water,

either in form of pressure energy or kinetic energy, is utilized to put stationary
unit into motion. Water stored in dam possesses large potential energy. When
water from dam is taken to turbine house, kinetic energy increase. When water is
passing through the turbine, kinetic and pressure energy is converted into
mechanical energy, hence turbine is made to rotate. Mechanical energy at turbine
is used to run generator coupled with turbine to produce electricity.
Francis turbine is a reaction turbine. Francis turbine operates under a
medium head and medium quantity of water. Water through penstock under
pressure enters the runner from the guide vanes in radial direction and it leaves
the runner vanes axially towards the draft tube. Water with kinetic energy and
pressure energy enters the turbine. The pressure energy of water reduces and
hence pressure at inlet is more than that at outlet. So water flows in closed
conduit thought. The difference in pressure at stationary guide blades and
moving runner is responsible for the motion of runner vanes. Hence Francis
turbine is a reaction turbine. In Francis turbine, the runner is full of water. Finally
water is discharged to the tail race through a draft tube.

COMPONETS OF FRANCIS TURBINE:-

The main components of Francis turbine are-

 Penstock
 Spiral casing

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 Guide blades
 Governing mechanism
 Runner
 Draft tube
PENSTOCK

Penstock is a large diameter conduit which carries water from a dam or a

reservoir to the turbine house. Since Francis turbine requires large volume of
water than pelton wheel, size of penstock is bigger in case of Francis turbine.
Generally penstock is made of steel. Trace rack are provides at the inlet of
penstock to ensure that no debris and other foreign matter enters in to the
penstock.
SPIRAL CASING

Water from penstock enters in to the spiral casing or scroll casing through guide
blades. Scroll casing is a spiral conduct having maximum area at the entrance
and nearly zero at the tip. Area of spiral casing decreases uniformly along the
circumference. Water from penstock, through */guide vanes uniformly distributes
over the runner vanes. Hence quantity of water flowing through the spiral casing
uniformly decreases. In odder to ensure the velocity of water is constant along
the path. The area of spiral casing decreases in proportion to the decreasing
volume of water to be handled.
In large capacity Francis turbine, the inside circumference is with several
stay vanes to the direct the water correctly over the guide vanes so there may
not be any eddy formation. For low head concrete casing with steel plate lining,
for medium head welded rolled steel plate casing and for high head cast steel
casing are used.

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GUIDE BLADES

Guide blades are of airfoil shape. They are fixed between two rings in form of a
wheel. They are fixed in position; they can swing about their own axis. The water
quantity passing through guide blades depend on the position of the guide blade.
Guide blades are generally made of cast steel.
RUNNER

It is the most important component of the Francis turbine. Water with high
kinetic and pressure energy flows through the runner and makes runner to
rotate, generates power. In Francis turbine runner the flow of water is
combination of radial and axial. Water enters the runner in radially inward
direction and leaves the runner in a parallel to axis of rotor.
The size of runner depends on the specific speed. The higher the speed
more is the height of runner. The runner of the Francis turbine is either cast as a
single piece of made of separate steel plates welded to gather depending on size
of runner. For small power turbine material for the shaft is forged steel and for
runner is cast iron. For large capacity turbine, material for runner is cast steel. If
water contains chemical impurity or corrosive in nature, the runner may be made
of stainless steel or bronze to avoid corrosion. The number of runner vanes
usually varies between 16 to 24. The number is keyed to the shaft which may be
horizontal or vertical.
GOVERNING MECHANISM

Turbine must rotate at constant speed irrespective of load variation on

generator. Governing mechanism keeps the speed of turbine constant by
controlling the quantity of water to the turbine. Guide blades can move on its
pivot centre sand hence can change the area of flow. Depending on load
fluctuations, governing mechanism change the position of guide blades and hence

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the area of flow so that turbine rotates with constant speed. The movement of
the guide blade is regulated by a regulating shaft which in turn is operating by a
governor through a servo mechanism.

DRAFT TUBE

It is a tube or pipe having gradually increasing cross sectional area towards

its outlet end.
Draft tube connects the outlet of turbine with tail race. Water after doing
work on the runner passes through the tail race through a draft tube. It is either
made of riveted steel plate or a concrete. Draft tube should be submerged
approximately by 1 m in tail race. The function of the draft tube are-
(i) By providing a draft tube, a turbine can be installed above the tail race
without loss of any head. This helps to make inspection and maintenance of a
turbine easy.
If the water is discharge freely from the runner of a turbine into tail race as
in case of impulse-turbine, turbine will work under a head equal to the height of
head race above the runner out-let. With an air tight draft tube which connects
turbine outlet with tail race, net head is increased by an amount equal to the
height of the runner outlet above the tail race.
(ii) When water flows though the turbine. It‟s kinetic and pressure energy is
utilized to generate shaft power. Even though when water leaves the turbine it
possesses high kinetic energy. If water is discharge freely to tail race, this kinetic
energy is lost. If water is discharge through the draft tube having gradually
increasing cross sectional area, the velocity is largely reduced at the outlet of the
draft, and thus resulting in a gain in kinetic head. This increases the negative
pressure head at the turbine runner exit so that net working head on the turbine
increase. In turn output of turbine and efficiency also increases.

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QUIZ:-

 How does governing of Kaplan turbine differ from that of Francis

turbine?

 Justify: Kaplan turbine is best suited for part load operation?

 What is cavitation? How can it be avoided in a reaction turbine?

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PRACTICAL: 7
Performance practical on pelton wheel turbine

Objective: To Study the operation of a Pelton Turbine.

Aim:
 To determine the output power of Pelton Turbine.
 To determine the efficiency of the Pelton Turbine.
Introduction:
The pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the
bucket along the tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the
turbine is only kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine
is atmosphere. The turbine is used for high head.
Theory:
Pelton turbine is a impulse turbine. In an impulse turbine, all the available
energy of water is converted into kinetic energy or velocity head by passing it
through a contracting nozzle provided at the end of the penstock. The water
coming out of the nozzle is formed into a free jet, which impinges on a series of
buckets of the runner thus causing it to revolve. The runner revolves freely in air.
The water is contact with only a part of the runner at a time, and throughout its
action on the runner.
Description:
The actual experimental facility supplied consist of Centrifugal Pump Set.
Turbine unit, Sump tank, arranged in such a way that the whole unit works as re-
circulating water system.
The Centrifugal Pump Set supplies the water from sump tank to the turbine
through control valve. The loading of the turbine is achieved by rope brake drum
connected to spring balance.

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The unit essentially consists of casing with a large circular transparent

window kept at the front for the visual inspection of the jet on buckets a bearing
pedestals rotor assembly of shaft, runner and brake drum, all mounted on
suitable on suitable sturdy cast iron base plates.
Experimental Procedure:
1. Clean the apparatus and make tank free from dust.
2. Close the drain valve provided.
3. Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are
there.
4. Fill manometer fluid i.e. Hg. in manometer.
5. Now switch on the main power supply.
6. Open the by pass valve and ensure that there is no load on the brake
drum.
7. Switch on the pump with the help of starter.
8. Completely close the by pass valve slowly.
9. Open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release
the air from manometer. This should be done very carefully.
10. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves.
11. Now turbine is in operation.
12. Load the turbine with the help of hand wheel attached on the top of
spring balance.
13. Note the manometer reading, pressure gauge reading and vacuum
gauge reading.
14. Now regulate the guide vanes position with the help of a hand wheel
provided for this purpose.
15. Regulate the discharge by regulating the guide vanes position.

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16. Note the maximum RPM of the turbine obtained by regulating the
position of guide vanes.
17. Note the fixed and adjustable spring balance readings.
18. Repeat the same experiment for different load.
Closing procedure:
1. When the experiment is over, first remove load on dynamometer.
2. Open the by pass valve.
3. Close the ball valves provided on manometer.
4. Switch off pump with the help of starter.
5. Switch off the main power supply.
Formula:
1. Total Head,
H = 10(PD) m of water
2. Discharge,
Q = A*V (m3 / sec)

V = CV * 2 gh m
1 m / sec
w

3. Input power,
E1 = wQH kw
w = ρw * g
4. Output power,
2* * N *T
Eo kw
60 1000
T = (W1+W3-W2)*g*Re
dB 2d R
Re =
2
5. Efficiency of turbine,

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Eo
turbine % 100
E1
Observation & Calculation:
Flow measurement = pitote tube
g = 9.81 m/s2
ρ = 1000 kg/m3
ρm = 13600 kg/m3
CV = 0.98
D = 0.069 m
A = 0.003737 m3
dB = 0. 3 m
dR = 0.015 m
W3 = 0.6 kg
Observation Table:
Sr. No. RPM Pr. Gauge Differential Active Dead
N Reading Pressure weight weight
P h (m) W1 (kg) W2 (kg)
(kg/cm2)
1
2
3

Calculation Table:
Sr. RPM Total head Discharge Output Input Turbine
No. H Q(m3/sec) Watt Watt Efficiency
(m of
water)

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1
2
3

Nomenclature:
A = Cross sectional area of pipe
CV = Co efficient of velocity
D = Diameter of pipe
dB = Diameter of brake drum
dg = Diameter of rope
Ei = Input power
Eo = Output power
g = acceleration due to gravity
H = total head
h = differential pressure
N = RPM
PD = pressure gauge reading, kg/cm2
Q = discharge
T = torque
V = velocity of water
h = differential pressure of manometer (m)
W1 = active weight (kg)
W2 = dead weight (kg)
W3 = weight of rope
ρW = density of water
ρm = density of manometer fluid i.e. Hg
ηturbine = turbine efficiency

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Data:
dia of brake drum = 300
dia of rope = 15
dia of pipe = 69
Db Dr Dp Ap Re Omega W3
0.3 0.015 0.069 0.0037393 0.165 9810 0.6

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PRACTICAL: 8
Performance practical on Kaplan turbine

Aim: To study of Governing Systems of Hydraulic Turbine.

Introduction:
Hydraulic turbines are directly coupled with electric generators. The
generators should run at constant speed irrespective of the load
variations. When the load on the generator varies, the load on the
turbine also varies accordingly. If the same quantity of water is
allowed to flow through the turbine the speed of the runner will either
increase or decrease, when the load on the generator decreases or
increases. Thus due to the variation in runner speed, generator speed
will also vary similarly. But it is not desirable because frequency should
not be allowed to vary. The apparatus used for controlling or keeping
the speed constant is known as “Governor”.
The function of the governor is to keep the speed of prime mover
constant irrespective of load variations. The governor used in diesel
engine regulates the quantity of fuel, governor used in steam turbine
controls the pressure and quality of steam whereas the governor used
in hydraulic turbine controls the quantity of water.
The governor used in hydraulic turbines should be very strong as it has
to deal with the water coming at very large force and huge quantity.
To achieve the above requirements, all type of turbines use oil
pressure governor, which is described in detail below:

Main Components of Oil Pressure Governor:

1. Servomotor, also known as relay cylinder.

2. Distribution valve, also known as relay or control valve.
3. Actuator or Pendulum.
4. Oil sump.
5. Oil pump.
6. A system of oil supply pipes
1. Servomotor: It consists of a cylinder in which piston reciprocates
under the action of oil pressure. it is connected at both the ends with
the distributor valve through the pipe lines. The motion of the piston is

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transmitted to spear rod in Pelton turbine and regulating rings in the

reaction turbines.
2. Distribution valve: It is similar to that of a piston valve used in
steam engines. This valve slides whenever load changes due to the
motion of the actuator and thereby allows the oil to go to either side of
the servomotor. It receives oil from an oil pump.
3. Actuator: It is a fly ball mechanism connected to the turbine main
shaft through belt or gears. It works on the principle of centrifugal
force.
4. Oil sump: It is a oil reservoir from where oil is sent to the
distributor through oil pump. The oil comes back from the distributor
after displacing the position of piston in the servomotor.
5. Oil pump: It is generally a gear pump which receives power from
the turbine shaft. It supplies oil at higher pressure.

Governing Of Pelton Wheel:

In Pelton wheel turbine, the quantity of water supplied by the nozzle

and striking of water supplied over the buckets can be regulated by
any one of the following methods:
Spear regulation.
Deflector regulation.
Double regulation
All these above methods are operated by the oil pressure governor.

Spear regulation:
It consists of a nozzle in which spear moves to and fro by the action of
the servomotor piston and controls the quantity of water at changing
demands. This to and fro movement causes variation in cross sectional
area of the jet without change in velocity.
This movement is useful, when the fluctuations in load are small. But
when the load falls sudden, sudden closer of the nozzle causes water
hammer in the penstock. Therefore, simple regulation system is not
used in modern turbines where fluctuations in the load are sudden.

Deflector Regulation:
It is a plate, pivoted jet outside the nozzle and is connected to the oil
pressure governor through levers. When the load drops, it deflects a
part of the jet and thus controls the quantity of water striking the
buckets. In this system large amount of water goes into waste but
there are no chances of water hammer in penstock. This system is also

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not mostly used due to large wastage of water and poor speed
regulations.

Double regulation:
This method is widely used by all modern Pelton wheels because it has
the advantages of both spear as well as deflector regulation system. If
load on a turbine drops suddenly, the speed tends to rise suddenly
then deflector which comes in to action immediately and obstructs a
part of water reaching to the buckets. In the mean time, spear
gradually comes forward to its new position ( due to servomotor) and
thus the risk of water hammer is avoided. When the spear has moved
to its new position to allow the required quantity of water, the
deflector moves backward and allows the full jet strike the buckets
through spear nozzle.
As this type of governing controls the speed of turbine and pressure (
i.e. water hammer) in the penstock by the combination of spear and
jet deflector, this system is known as “Double Regulation.”

Working:

When the turbine is running at normal load, piston in the distribution

valve and the actuator occupies their normal positions. In this position
the ports A and B are closed the oil supplied by the gear pump
remains in the middle portion of the distributor valve and thus gears of
the pump go on rotating without developing further pressure.
As the load on the turbine decreases, speed increases correspondingly.
As the actuator is connected to the turbine shaft, its speed also
increases and balls fly off. Therefore, sleeve moves upward the lever
rod inclines and the bell crank lever moves downward. When the bell
crank lever moves downwards, the jet deflector will operate and divert
whole or part of the jet away from the buckets. With the downward
movement of bell crank lever, the roller on the cam rises. In the mean
time distribution valve also works as follows:

When the lever rod inclines then sleeve control valve rod is pushed down
in the distribution valve. Downward movement opens the port B and
keeps port a still closed. As soon as port B opens, the oil from the middle
port of distribution valve goes to the servomotor on the left side of the
piston. The oil of high pressure forces the piston to move towards right
side, thus forcing the spear to reduce the area of jet and hence the rate
of flow. The spear occupies its final position; jet deflector occupies its

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original position and does not obstruct jet as the speed again becomes
abnormal.

When the load on the turbine increases, the speed reduces. This
causes the fly ball to come down and thus sleeve also moves
downwards, causing the lever rod to move upward on the other side of
fulcrum. This causes the control valve rod to move upward and to
open port A but to close port B. Thus the oil under pressure will go into
the servomotor via port A to the right side of the piston. The piston
moves towards left, causing the spear to move away from the nozzle
and increase area of flow, which in turn increases the amount of water
striking the buckets and thus brings the speed to come normal. In this
case jet deflector moves up but deflector plate is not able to obstruct
the jet at normal speed.
As soon as the speed becomes normal, the actuator balls occupy
normal positions and ports A and B closed.

Governing Of Francis Turbine:

The guide blades of the Francis turbine are pivoted and connected by
levers and links to the regulating ring. The regulating ring is attached
with two regulating rods connected to the regulating lever. Thus
regulating lever in turn is connected with regulating shaft, which is
operated by the piston of servomotor.
When load on the turbine decreases, speed tends to increase, which
moves fly balls of actuator away and thus raises the sleeve. Main lever
on the other side of the fulcrum pushes down the control valve rod and
opens the port B. With the opening of the port B, oil under pressure
enters the servomotor from left and pushes the piston to moves
towards right. The previous oil at the right side of the servomotor is
thus pushed back into the oil sump through port A and upper part of
the distributing valve. When the piston of the servomotor moves
towards right, regulating ring is rotated to decrease the passage
between the guide vanes by changing guide vane angles. Thus
quantity of water reaching the runner blades is reduced. Therefore,
gradually speed comes to normal and then actuator, main lever and
distribution valves attain their normal positions.
Similarly when load on turbine increases, exactly reversed action takes
place. Regulating ring is moved in reversed direction to increase the
passage between the guide blades thus allowing more water to meet
the increase load demand.

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Sudden reduction in passage between the guide blades may cause

water hammer which can be prevented by providing a relief valve near
the turbine which diverts the water directly to the tail race. Thus it
functions similar to that of jet deflector as in Pelton wheel. Thus
double regulation is also well performed in Francis turbine.

Governing Of Kaplan Turbine:

Kaplan turbine has guide vanes as well as runner vanes adjustments.

In Francis turbine, only guide vanes are adjusted as per requirements
but in Kaplan turbine governor is required to operate guide vanes and
runner vanes simultaneously.
The governor of this turbine is similar to that of Francis turbine except
that it is also provided with a distribution valve for the runner vanes
servomotor. Both the servomotor distribution valves (runner vanes
and guide vanes) are interconnected. The interconnection facilitates to
operate the runner vanes and guide vanes simultaneously in such a
way that water passes through them without shock at all load
conditions. This system is known as “Double Regulation” and gives
higher efficiency.
As Kaplan is low head one, hence the problem of water hammer is of
less importance and, therefore, only speed regulation is necessary and
no pressure relief valve is required.
Kaplan turbine governing employs two servomotors. One for operating
guide vanes which is similar to that described in Francis turbine. The
second servomotor, operating runner vanes works as under:
This mechanism operates inside a hollow coupling fitted between the
turbine and generator shaft. Servomotor consists of a cylinder with a
piston working under oil pressure on either side. This piston is
connected with an operating rod which moves up and down and passes
through the turbine shaft, which is made hollow for this purpose. This
operating rod actuates the cross head which carries number of arms
each connected with runner blades through small cranks. Runner
blades are connected to the crank with the help of pivots casted
integrally with the blades. This mechanism is enclosed in the turbine
hub leaving blades outside.

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QUIZ:
1. Explain the importance of governing system for Hydraulic Turbine.
2. Explain double regulation of Pelton wheel.
3. Why are two servomotors used in the governing system of Kaplan
Turbine?
4. Explain the function of servomotor.
5. List main components of governing system of Hydraulic Turbine.
6. Write disadvantages of sphere regulation and deflector regulation
for a Pelton Wheel.

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