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Memory Systems: Computer Organization and Architecture (18EC35)

The document discusses several key concepts related to computer organization and architecture: - Cache memory is a small, fast memory inserted between main memory and the processor to reduce memory access time. It holds currently active segments of a program and data. - Virtual memory allows for a virtual address space larger than physical memory by mapping virtual addresses to physical locations using a memory management unit. As portions of virtual address space are accessed, they are mapped to physical memory or bulk storage. - Pages of virtual addresses are transferred between disk and memory as the active portion of virtual address space changes during program execution. This allows the apparent size of physical memory to increase.

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101 views3 pages

Memory Systems: Computer Organization and Architecture (18EC35)

The document discusses several key concepts related to computer organization and architecture: - Cache memory is a small, fast memory inserted between main memory and the processor to reduce memory access time. It holds currently active segments of a program and data. - Virtual memory allows for a virtual address space larger than physical memory by mapping virtual addresses to physical locations using a memory management unit. As portions of virtual address space are accessed, they are mapped to physical memory or bulk storage. - Pages of virtual addresses are transferred between disk and memory as the active portion of virtual address space changes during program execution. This allows the apparent size of physical memory to increase.

Uploaded by

Shreesha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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23-10-2019

Some Basic Concepts:


COMPUTER ORGANIZATION • The processor of a computer can usually process
AND ARCHITECTURE instructions and data faster than they can be fetched
from a reasonably priced memory unit.
(18EC35)
• The memory cycle time, then, is the bottleneck in the
Module 4 system.

Memory Systems • One way to reduce the memory access time is to use
a Cache Memory.
By • This is a small, fast memory that is inserted between
Keith R Fernandes the larger, slower main memory and the processor.
Asst. Professor • It holds the currently active segments of a program
Dept. of ECE, SJEC Mangaluru and their data.

1 2

Some Basic Concepts: Some Basic Concepts:


• Cache Memory: • Virtual Memory is another important concept related
to memory organization.
• Addresses generated by the processor directly
specify physical locations in the memory may not be
always true.
• Data may be stored in physical memory locations
that have addresses different from those specified by
the program.
• The memory control circuitry translates the address
specified by the program into an address that can be
used to access the physical memory.

3 4

1
23-10-2019

Some Basic Concepts: Some Basic Concepts:


• An address generated by the processor is referred to
as a Virtual or Logical Address.
• The virtual address space is mapped onto the
physical memory where data are actually stored.
• The mapping function is implemented by a special
memory control circuit, often called the Memory
Management Unit.

5 6

Some Basic Concepts: Some Basic Concepts:

7 8

2
23-10-2019

Some Basic Concepts: Some Basic Concepts:


• Virtual memory is used to increase the apparent size
of the physical memory.
• Data are addressed in a virtual address space that can
be as large as the addressing capability of the
processor.
• But at any given time, only the active portion of this
space is mapped onto locations in the physical
memory.
• The remaining virtual addresses are mapped onto the
bulk storage devices used, which are usually
magnetic disks.

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Some Basic Concepts: Some Basic Concepts:


• As the active portion of the virtual address space • This page displaces some page in the memory that is
changes during program execution, the memory currently inactive.
management unit changes the mapping function and • Because of the time required to move pages between
transfers data between the disk and the memory. the disk and the memory, there is a speed
• Thus, during every memory cycle, an address- degradation if pages are moved frequently.
processing mechanism determines whether the
addressed information is in the physical memory
unit.
• If it is, then the proper word is accessed and
execution proceeds.
• If it is not, a page of words containing the desired
word is transferred from the disk to the memory.

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