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Unit-Iv Frequency Management and Channel Assignment: Ece/Liet C410 CMC Notes Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept

The document discusses frequency management and channel assignment in cellular networks. It describes how available channels are divided into subsets and assigned to cells. Channels can be assigned fixedly or dynamically. Setup channels are used for call initiation while voice channels are used for calls. Channels are numbered and grouped. They are further divided into subsets and frames for frequency reuse in cells. Channel assignment algorithms like fixed, dynamic, hybrid, borrowing and forcible borrowing are described along with their simulation process and results. Handoff blocking is also discussed.

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54 views6 pages

Unit-Iv Frequency Management and Channel Assignment: Ece/Liet C410 CMC Notes Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept

The document discusses frequency management and channel assignment in cellular networks. It describes how available channels are divided into subsets and assigned to cells. Channels can be assigned fixedly or dynamically. Setup channels are used for call initiation while voice channels are used for calls. Channels are numbered and grouped. They are further divided into subsets and frames for frequency reuse in cells. Channel assignment algorithms like fixed, dynamic, hybrid, borrowing and forcible borrowing are described along with their simulation process and results. Handoff blocking is also discussed.

Uploaded by

Jeevan Sai Maddi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT-IV

FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT

Introduction:
The function of frequency management is to divide the total number of
available channels into subsets which can be assigned to each cell either in fixed
fashion or dynamically (in response to any channel among the total available
channels) Frequency management refers to designating setup channels and voice
channels, numbering the channels and grouping the voice channels into subsets.
Channel assignment referees to allocation of specific channels to cell sites and
mobile units.
Fixed channel set: (consisting of one or more subsets) is assigned to a cell site on
long term basis.
During a call, a particular channel is assigned to a mobile unit on a short
term basis. For a short term assignment, one channel assignment per call is
handled by the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)

Numbering the Channels:

At present total number of channels is 832. But most mobile units are still
operating on 666 channels.
A channel consists of two frequency channel bandwidth one in the low
band and the other in the high band. The two frequencies in channel 1 are
825.03MHz (mobile transmit) and 870.03MHz (cell site transmit). The two
frequencies in channel 666 are 844.98MHz (mobile transmit) and 889.98MHz
(cell-site transmit)

The 666 channels are divided into A-Group and B-Group with each block
having 333 channels as shown in .fig

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


There are 312 voice channels in each block and 42 set-up channels are assigned in
the idle of blocks A and B.
Grouping into sub-sets:
Since there are 21 set-up channels (42/2) for each system, the remaining 312 voice
channels in each system can be divided into 21 sub-sets and each sub consists of 16 voice
channels. These voice channels are made into one FRAME and connected to a channel
combiner. In a seven cell freq reuse system, each cell contains 3-sub sets. The minimum
separation between three subsets is 7 channels.
Set-up channels:
Set-up channels, also called control channels, are the channels designated to setup
calls. We should not confused by the fact that a call always needs a setup channel. A
system can be operated without setup channels Setup channels can be classified by usage
into two types: Access channels and paging channels

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


Access channels
An access channel is used for the mobile-originating calls .Here, the mobile unit
scans its 21 set-up channels and chooses the strongest one. Because each set-up channel is
associated with strongest set-up channel indicates which cell to serve the mobile-
originating calls.

Paging channels
The paging channel is used for land-originating calls. Each cell site has been
allocated its own set-up channel (control channel) .The assigned forward set-up channel
(FOCC) of each cell site is used to page the mobile unit with the same mobile station
control massage.
Channel assignment to the cell sites-fixed channel assignment
In a fixed channel assignment, the channels are assigned to cell site for long
periods for SETUP channels and voice channels. There are 21-set up channels assigned to
each cell for K = 4, 7 or 12 frequency reuse pattern

Channel assignment to traveling mobile units


Under Lay-over Lay Arrangement: Overlaid cells
The traffic capacity can be increased in an omni directional or a directional cell by
using underlay - overlay arrangement. The under lay is the inner circle and the overlay is
the outer ring as shown in fig.

The transmitted powers of the voice channels at the cell site are adjusted for these
two areas. Then different voice frequencies are assigned to each area. Different set of
frequencies are used in an overlay area and underlay areas and this is to avoid adjacent
channel and co channel interference.
When an incoming signal strength for a call is higher than a specified level L, then
under laid cell is assigned and if low, overlaid cell is assigned. Handoffs are implemented
between the under laid and overlaid cells. To avoid unnecessary hand offs, the two levels
L1 and L2 are chosen such that L1 > L2.
ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept
(i) Adjacent channel assignment :
Adjacent channel assignment includes neighboring - channel assignment (four
channels on either side of the desired channel) and next channel assignment.

a)Omni directional-antenna cells b)directional antenna cells


In an omni directional – cell system, if one channel is assigned to the middle of seven
cells, next channels cannot be assigned in the same cell. Also next channel (including
neighboring cannot be assigned in the six neighboring cells. In a directional antenna cell
system, if one channel is assigned to a face, next channels can be assigned to the same
face or to the other two faces in the same cell. Also next channels cannot be assigned to
the other two faces of the same cell site. The next channels can be assigned in the next
sector of the same cell in order to increase capacity.
(ii) Channel sharing & Borrowing :
(a) Channel Sharing :
Channel sharing is a short term traffic relief scheme. There are 21 channel sets with each
set consisting of 16 channels. Sharing always increases the trunking efficiency of
channels.
(b) Channel borrowing :
Channel borrowing is on a long term basis. The borrowing of channels form other cells
arises when the density in a cell increases. The channel borrowing scheme is used, traffic
for slowly growing areas instead of immediate cell splitting as it is costly.
ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept
Sectorization:
The total number of channels available can be divided into sets depending on 1200
or 600 or 450 sectorization of the cell configuration a seven-cell system uses three 1200
sectors per cell, to cover 45 channels. Sometimes the sector angle is reduced (narrower) to
assign more channels in one sector without increasing neighboring channel interference.
Due to sectorizaiton, cell splitting can be delayed and also channel coordination is easier.

Non fixed channel Assignment algorithms:


(i) Description of Different Algorithms:
(1) Fixed channel Algorithm (FCA): In this algorithm of cellular system, each cell
assigns its own radio channels to the vehicles within its cell.
(2) Dynamic channel assignment (DCA): No fixed channels are assigned to each cell
in DCA. Therefore any channel of 312 radio channels can be assigned to the mobile unit
that is a channel is assigned directly to a mobile unit.
(3) Hybrid channel assignment (HCA): Out of the total channels, a portion of these
channels use FCA and the rest of channels DCA.
(4) Borrowing channel assignment (BCA): When all fixed channels are occupied, then
the cell borrows channels from the neighboring cells.
(5) Forcible – borrowing channel assignment (FBCA) : In this, if a channel is in
operation and in case of necessity, channels must be borrowed from the neighboring cells
and at the same time, another voice channel is assigned to continue the call in the
neighboring cell. No channel can be borrowed frequently in the neighboring cells.
The channels which are in operation can be forcibly borrowed and replaced by a new
channel in the neighboring cell or neighboring of the neighboring cell.
(ii) Simulation Process and Results:
On the basis of FBCA, FCA and BCA algorithms, a 7-cells reuse pattern with an average
blocking of 3 percent is assumed and the traffic service in an area is 250 earlangs. The
simulation model is described as follows.
- Randomly select the cell (among 41 cells)
- Determine the state of the vehicle in the cell (idle, off hook, on hook, hand off)
- In off hook and hand off state, search for an idle channel. The average number of
hand offs is assumed to be 0.2times per call. FBCA will increase the number of hand offs.

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


(1) Average blocking:
Two average blocking cases are shown in fig.

(a) In a uniform traffic distribution 911-channels per cell) condition of (fig.6.4 (a)),
the 3 percent blocking of both BCA and FBCA, will result in 28 percent load increase
compared to 3 percent blocking of FCA. There is no difference between BCA and FBCA.
(b) In a non-uniform traffic distribution (i.e. number of channels in each cell is
dependent on the vehicle distribution), the load increase in BCA drops to 23 percent and
that of FBCA increase to 33 percent at an average blocking of 3 percent as shown in
fig.6.4(b). The percentage of increase in land is the same as the percent reduction in the
number for channels.
(2) Handoff blocking: This can occur only at cell setup stage.

In fig (a), for a uniform blocking, load is increased to 30 percent both for BCA and
FBCA when compared to FCA, for a 3% handoff blocking. As shown in fig. (b) For 4
percent blocking, load increase in 50 percent for both BCA and FBCA and this will reduce
the interference and blocking.

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept

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