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Unit-Iii Cell Site and Mobile Antennas: Ece/Liet C410 CMC Notes Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept

1. Cell site antennas must be designed and positioned to provide uniform coverage across the cell. Sum and difference patterns can be used to synthesize antenna configurations with desired coverage properties. 2. Directional antennas are used at cell sites to reduce co-channel interference in frequency reuse systems. Sectors of 600 or 1200 are commonly used, with one transmitting antenna and one or two receiving antennas per sector. 3. Minimum separation distances must be maintained between antennas to reduce interference effects from antenna pattern ripples in the cell.

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590 views10 pages

Unit-Iii Cell Site and Mobile Antennas: Ece/Liet C410 CMC Notes Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept

1. Cell site antennas must be designed and positioned to provide uniform coverage across the cell. Sum and difference patterns can be used to synthesize antenna configurations with desired coverage properties. 2. Directional antennas are used at cell sites to reduce co-channel interference in frequency reuse systems. Sectors of 600 or 1200 are commonly used, with one transmitting antenna and one or two receiving antennas per sector. 3. Minimum separation distances must be maintained between antennas to reduce interference effects from antenna pattern ripples in the cell.

Uploaded by

Jeevan Sai Maddi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT-III

CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS

Sum and difference patterns and their synthesis

The antenna pattern can be designed for uniform coverage after obtaining the field-
strength contour. For different antenna pointing in different directions and with different
spacing’s, we can use any of a number of methods. If we know the antenna pattern and the
geographic configuration of the antennas, a computer program can help us to find the
coverage. Several synthesis methods can be used to generate a desired antenna configuration.
Many applications of linear arrays are based on sum and difference pattern .The main lobe of
the pattern is always known as the sum pattern pointing at an angle. The difference pattern
produces twin main beams. For a sum pattern, all the current amplitudes are the same. For
difference pattern, the current amplitudes of one side (half of the total elements) are positive
and the current amplitudes of the other side (half of the total elements) are negative. Most
pattern synthesis problems can be solved by determining the current distribution.

Synthesis of sum patterns:


Dolph-chebyshev synthesis of sum patterns.
This method can be used to reduce the level of sidelobes; however, one disadvantage
of further reduction of sidelobe level is broadening of the mainbeam.

Taylor synthesis
A continuous line-source distribution or a distribution for discrete arrays can give a
desired pattern which contain a single mainbeam of a prescribed bandwidth and pointing
direction with a family of sidelobes at a common specified level.

Symmetrical pattern
For production of a symmetrical pattern at the mainbeam, the current – amplitude
distribution!g(l)! Is the only factor. The phase of the current distribution can remain constant.

Asymmetrical pattern
For production of an asymmetrical pattern, both current amplitude (l)! and phase arg(l)
should be considered.

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


Synthesis of difference patterns
A continuous line source that will produce a symmetrical difference pattern, with twin
mainbeam patterns and specified sidelobes.

Null-free patterns
In mobile communications applications, filed-strength patterns without nulls are
preferred for the antennas in vertical plane.
Antennas at cell site
Omni directional antennas –for coverage use
6db and 9db gain omni directional antennas whose directional pattern is shown in fig below

Fig: High gain omni directional antennas Gain with reference to dipole: (a) 6db(b) 9db

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


Start-up system configuration:
In a start-up system, an omni cell in which all the transmitting antennas are omni
directional is used. Each transmitting antenna has to transmit signals from 16 radio
transmitters simultaneously using 16 channels combiner. Each cell have 3 – transmitting
antennas which serve 45 voice radio transmitters. (The combiner combines 16 voice
channels. The cellular system divides 312 voice channels into 21 sets, as there are 21 set- up
channels and each set has about 15 voice channels. A dummy load has to be put on empty
ports of the combiner).Each sending signal is amplified by its own channel amplifier in each
radio transmitter, then 16 radio channels are combined and transmit the signals by
transmitting antenna. Two receiving antennas receive all 45 voice radio signals
simultaneously. The two identical signals received by the two receiving antennas pass
through a diversity receiver.

Cell-site antennas for omni cells: (a) for 45 channels; (b) for 90 channels
Abnormal Antenna Configuration:
To meet the increase demand, the cell site can be equipped with up to 90 radio voice
channels and the transmitting antennas fo 6nos. should be used, as shown in fig and two
receiving antennas only are required as in the 45 channels. By using hybrid ring combiner,
two 16-channels can be combined and then only 3 number of transmitting antennas are
sufficient.
Directional Antennas for interference reduction at cell site
For reduction of co-channel interference in freq reuse, Directional antennas are used.
The co-channel reduction factor = q = D/R = 4.6 for flat terrain. So for interference reduction
either q has to be increased or directional antennas required. For 1200 sector cell, a 1200
corner or plane reflector and for 600 sector cell, a 600 corner reflector are to be used. The
radiation pattern for
Case (i): For 7 cell, it requires 1200 sector directional antenna. In 333 chanenels
(333/7=45), each cell has 45 voice channels. Each 1200 sector has one transmitting antenna
and two receiving antennas (diversity techniques) are required to receive (45/3 sectors) 16
radio channels.

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


Case (ii): Transmitting and Receiving 600 sectors: For 4 cell requires 68 sector
antenna is sufficient for interference reduction. For all 333 channels coverage, each sector
(333/4 = 84, 84/6 = 14), each 600 sector carry 13 radio channels by one transmitting antenna
use and one receiving antenna. At the receiving end two of the 6 receiving antennas are
selected for angel diversity for each radio channel.
(b) Receiving 600 sectors:
Only 600 sector receiving antennas are used to locate the mobile unit and hand off to
the neighboring cell accurately. All the transmitting antennas are omni directional in each cell
.At the receiving end ,the angle diversity for each radio channel same as above is used.
(3) Location antennas:
The location receiver at cell site is tuned to one of the 333 channels either on demand
or periodically. The receiver receives its signal on omni directional or shared directional
antenna.
ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept
(4) Set-up channel antennas:
This antenna is used to page a called number by MTSO or access to call from a mobile
unit. It transmits only data. The setup channel antenna is either several directional antennas or
omni directional antenna at one cell site.
Space diversity antennas:
At cell site, two branch space diversity antennas are used to receive the same signal
with different fading envelope. By the location of these two receiving antennas, the degree of
correlation between the two fading envelopes is determined.
For design of antenna, the parameter  h/d =11 where h is antenna, D is antenna separation
should be d ≥and for 50 meters, d ≥ 14In any omni cell system ,the two space diversity
antennas should be aligned with the terrain.

Umbrella-Pattern antennas

At cell sites for controlling the energy radiation / reception, an umbrella pattern antenna
which consists of a mono-pole with a top disk loading as shown in figure below ( Normal
Umbrella-Pattern antennas).Size of the disk determines the tilting angle () of the pattern and
smaller the disk the larger the tilting angle of the umbrella pattern.

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


(b)Broad brand umbrella pattern antenna:

The diameter of the disk, the length of the cone and opening of the cone can be adjusted
for an umbrella pattern antenna.

Interference reduction antenna

The parasitic (insulation) element of 1.05 times longer than the active element and the
separation between the elements, will reduce interference.

Minimum separation of cell site antennas

The radiation pattern of an antenna measured in free space is different from the antenna
pattern of cell site antenna with respect to mobile antenna. The strongest reception is with the
strongest signal strength of the directional antenna. The pattern is distorted in urban and
suburban areas.
For a 1200 directional antenna, the back lobe is 10db less than front lobe. As the Strong
signal radiates in front, the signal can be received from the back of the antenna due to bouncing
back, from the surroundings.

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


To reduce the antenna pattern ripple effects, a minimum separation between two
receiving antennas is to be maintained. For a space diversity, if the two receiving antennas are
located closer the difference in power increases for a given pointing angle and this will happen
for a small sector. At 850MHz, the separation of eight wavelengths between two antennas
create a power difference of ±2db which is tolerable for a diversity scheme.

For reduction of interference, the antenna has to be located within a quarter of the size
of cell (R/4). If the site is 8 mile radius, the antenna can be located within 2 miles radius.

Figure: Antenna pattern ripple effect

Mobile Antennas-high gain antennas

From the point of reception, the antenna is an omni directional antenna and it has to be
located as high as possible and at least is should clear the top of the vehicle. For roof mounted
and window mounted mobile antenna patterns are shown in fig.

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


(a) Roof Mounted:
The antenna pattern of a roof mounted antenna is nearly uniform around, the mobile
unit. The roof mounted collinear antenna shown a 3db gain over quarter wave antenna. At
mobile unit, the antenna gain is to be limited to 3db. If it is more than 3db, it can then
receive only a limited portion of the total multi path signal in the elevation under the out of
sight condition.
(b) Glass mounted Antenna:
There are many types of glass mounted antennas. The energy is coupled through the
glass and some energy is dissipated in it. Depending on the operating frequency the gain is 1
to 3db. The location of this antenna is lower than that of roof mounted and there is a difference
in gain of 3db in these two types of antennas.
(C) Mobile high Gain Antennas:
In the directional antennas, the antenna beam pattern is suppressed horizontally and for
high gain antenna, the beam pattern is suppressed vertically. Also the origin of the signal has
also to be known for reception for pointing the antenna direction for maximum signal
reception.
In mobile environment, the scattered signals arrive at the mobile unit from every
direc
whip antenna with an elevation coverage of 390 and 4db gain (relative to dipole) with an
elevation of 160 are used to receive scattered signals from different directions. But when gain
is measured practically, the difference in gain is observed as 2db only. This is due to arrival of
scattered signals under Non-LOS spread over wide elevation angle.

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


Therefore 2 to 3db gain antenna (4 to 5dbi – I for relative to isotropic) is sufficient for
general use. It does not increase the signal reception level for higher antenna gain and also in
urban areas elevation angle for scattered signals is more than the suburban areas.
(d) Horizontally oriented space-diversity antennas:
A two branch space diversity receiver mounted on a motor vehicle reduce fading and
operate at lower at lower reception level. In space diversity scheme, the two vehicle mounted
antennas will be separated horizontally by 0.5.If two antennas mounted in line to the motion
of the vehicle produce less fading than perpendicular antenna mounting.

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept


Vertically oriented space diversity antennas:

ECE/LIET C410 CMC NOTES Sudheer Asst Prof ECE Dept

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