See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/259396608

Printed Monopole Antenna With Tapered Feed Line, Feed Region and Patch
For Super Wideband Applications

Article  in  IET Microwaves Antennas & Propagation · January 2014

DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0094

CITATIONS READS

61 627

3 authors, including:

Murli Manohar Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
9 PUBLICATIONS   108 CITATIONS    120 PUBLICATIONS   1,094 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

D2D Communication View project

Device to device communications View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Murli Manohar on 17 March 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 www.ietdl.org
Published in IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation
Received on 1st October 2012
Revised on 29th June 2013
Accepted on 5th July 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0094

ISSN 1751-8725

Printed monopole antenna with tapered feed line, feed

region and patch for super wideband applications
Murli Manohar, Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum, Anup Kumar Gogoi
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: A novel and compact super wideband (SWB) exponentially tapered feed region and patch printed monopole antenna is
proposed. This antenna is fed by a 50-Ω triangular tapered feed line. The antenna operates over a bandwidth of 2.5–80 GHz with a
return loss of 10 dB or more. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are 40 × 30 × 1.6 mm3. An exponential curve is employed
in the feed region and a triangular tapered feed line is used. The ground plane feed gap is optimised to 1.3 mm. The proposed
tapered monopole antenna has demonstrated an ultra-large bandwidth with satisfactory radiation properties. Two particular
antennas are examined, one with a rectangular feed line and another with a triangular tapered feed line. The performance of
the antenna in frequency domain is investigated, and a good agreement is achieved between the simulation and experimental
results. In addition, the time domain characteristics of the proposed antenna are evaluated experimentally. This antenna can be
used in ultra-wideband or SWB applications.

1 Introduction tapering [7–9] and triangular tapering [10–12] are used.

Techniques such as feed region optimisation [13] and feed
With the rise of ultra-wideband (UWB) systems, there is an gap optimisation [14] have also been well investigated.
increasing demand for antennas that can transmit high data Here, a novel printed monopole antenna with enhanced
rates and are capable of operating at an extremely wide bandwidth is investigated. The proposed structural
frequency band. In the recent development of wireless configurations overcome the above-mentioned limitations,
communication technology, compact portable devices are including 90% size reduction compared to the designed
being equipped for various services, including UWB, antenna in [2], impedance matching over the whole
wireless-broadband (WiBro) and wireless local area network frequency band [1] and large bandwidth (2.5–80 GHz). This
(LAN). Hence, it is necessary that these systems have a antenna is capable of supporting UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) and
wideband or multi-band antenna that can meet commercial super wideband (SWB) radios. Two types of structures are
and functional requirements. Owing to a number of attractive examined: antenna 1 is fed with a triangular feed line,
features, such as low profile, ease of fabrication, while antenna 2 is fed with a rectangular feed line. Here,
omni-directional radiation pattern and wide frequency we propose a low-cost compact printed circuit board
bandwidth, printed monopole antennas are currently under antenna based on an exponential tapered connection
consideration for UWB systems. between the radiating patch and a triangular feed line. The
Recently, a large number of UWB antenna designs have ground plane is partial and is flushed with the feed line.
been proposed. Sarifi et al. [1] proposed (2–30 GHz) The feed line has been tapered [15] near the antenna
bandwidth using monopole disc antenna. This monopole feeding point in order to improve the impedance matching
antenna fulfils all UWB requirements, including constant at higher frequencies. The proposed antennas radiate an
group delay, dB|S11| ≤ − 10 dB within the bandwidth and omni-directional radiation pattern. Since the vertical
high gain. However, the input impedance is not well monopole antenna has a relatively large height (λ⁄4), it is
matched at lower frequencies (3–3.8 GHz). Liu et al. [2] not recommended when a low profile or conformal
proposed an elliptical monopole antenna. This antenna has a geometry is desired. The fundamental characteristics of the
large structure and the gain is not so high at low frequencies. proposed design, including simulated and measured return
In addition, this antenna design exhibits wideband loss, computed gain and radiation patterns, over the UWB
impedance matching. The effect of the dielectric substrate band are reported here. The proposed antenna displays good
and antenna dimensions on the input impedance and the impedance matching with an acceptable radiation pattern.
radiation beam width on tapered antennas is explicitly Simulation results have been carried out with the finite
presented in [3]. Conventional UWB antennas in the element method (FEM) based Ansoft high-frequency
geometry of circular [4], triangular [5] and elliptical planar structure simulator (HFSS) software. A detailed analysis of
monopole [6] antennas also exist. To increase the impedance the proposed monopole antenna is described along with the
bandwidth in these antennas, techniques such as exponential simulation and experimental results. Finally, we have

IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 1, pp. 39–45 39

doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0094 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013
www.ietdl.org
Table 1 Dimensions of proposed antennas
Parameters Antenna 1, mm Antenna 2, mm

W 30 30
L 40 40
Lp 3 3
wp 12 12
Wg 1 3
wn 6 6
mp 13.5 13.5
Lg 21.7 21.7
w0 5 5
lr 30 30
lm 8 8
lk 23 23
lf 26 26
rg 9 9
ln 15 15
H 1.6 1.6
P 1.3 1.3
R (radius) 2 2

measured time domain characteristics with a vector network

analyser, and the correlation factor is calculated. A minor
group delay variation is also observed for the UWB/SWB
monopole antenna.

2 Antenna design
The geometrical structure and dimensions of the proposed
printed monopole antennas are depicted in Fig. 1a and
Table 1. The overall size of proposed antenna is 30 mm × 40
mm (ground plane size 21.7 × 30 mm2) which is printed on a
1.6 mm thick FR4-epoxy substrate, with a permittivity of 4.4
and loss tangent 0.018. The antenna consists of three parts:
feed region, feed line and radiating patch. A feed region
connection, between the feed line and the antenna’s patch,
was incorporated to improve the antenna performance and
resonance shifting for UWB operation. A tapered connection
between the feed line and the main patch is applied to smooth
the current’s path, thus providing wider impedance bandwidth.
Fig. 1a shows the antenna with a triangular tapered feed line,
and Fig. 1b shows the antenna with a rectangular feed line.
The structure of the newly proposed ultra-broadband printed
monopole antenna is depicted in Fig. 1 along with the
dimensions. In Fig. 1b, we have modified the rectangular feed
line instead of the triangular tapered feed line. In antenna 1, a
triangular tapered feed line gives broader bandwidth and the
tapered feed region is optimised such that 50-Ω impedance
matching is done properly to reduce the reflection of the
incident waves. The tapered feed line along with the printed
travelling wave antennas exhibits wideband characteristics and
is capable of transmitting UWB pulses with low distortions.
The photograph of the compact monopole antenna with its
soldered sub-miniature version A (SMA) connector is shown
in Fig. 1c.
A tapered radiating patch is used as a radiating element
whose dimensions are chosen using the formula [16]

7.2
fl = GHz (1)
Lc + rc + p

where Lc is the height of the planar monopole antenna (Lc =

Fig. 1 Antenna design ln), rc is the effective radius of the equivalent cylindrical
a Geometry of antenna 1 with triangular tapered feed line
monopole antenna, and p is the feed gap (difference
b Geometry of antenna 2 with rectangular feed line between Lk and Lg) optimised to p = 1.3 mm. Unlike the
c Top and bottom view of fabricated antenna 1 planar monopole antennas, the printed configuration has a

40 IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 1, pp. 39–45

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013 doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0094
 www.ietdl.org
dielectric layer on one side of the monopole. This dielectric
material leads to a reduction in the lower band-edge
frequency. Hence, a more appropriate equation for the
lower band-edge frequency is given as

7.2
fl =
 GHz (2)
L c + rc + p × k

Here, the value of k = 1.18 has been chosen empirically for a

dielectric layer with dielectric constant (εr) = 4.4. The
effective radius of the cylindrical monopole antenna is
given by

T
rc = (3)
2 × p × Lc

where T is the area of the semi-ellipse monopole radiating

patch. Owing to this curving, the bandwidth shows
excellent matching over an ultra-broadband frequency
range. In the triangular tapered feed line parameters, Lp and
Wg do not depend on the resonant frequency and are
calculated by an iterative method.
Fig. 2a indicates the exponential taper profile of tapered feed
region which is defined by the R (radius of feed region) and
the two points P and Q. The mathematical expression for
exponential curve for feed region is given by (4)

Y = sin h2 (RX ) (4)

1 1 1
Y = e2RX + e−2RX − (5)
4 4 2
where
Y = 0.5b and X =a (6)

Thus from the above mathematical expression, we can obtain Fig. 2 Analysis of tapered feed region
the radius of the feed region. Let ZL and Z0 be the antenna a Exponential tapered feed region
load impedance and characteristic impedances of the feed b Impedance function of triangular tapered feed line
line. The impedance function of triangular tapered feed line c Graph of reflection coefficient against electrical length of triangular tapered
feed line
in Fig. 2b is obtained from the equation given below [12]

Z(z) = f (x) as Ra. If a return loss of 30 dB is required, then Γ(θ) should

⎧ be 0.06; the corresponding βlk from the graph shown in
⎨ Z 2j(Z/lk )2 ln Z /Z , for 0 , z , lk /2 Fig. 2c is Ra = 2.86. Now lk is obtained as 23 mm from the
0

l 0 
=
⎩ ( 2z/lk )− 2z2 /lk2 −1 ln Zl /Z0
above formula. Owing to hardware and software limitations,
Z0 e , for lk /2 , z , lk a triangularly tapered microstrip feed line is chosen for the
(7) design of the novel UWB or SWB.

Relating this impedance function to the Γ(θ) function will

result in (8). A closed-form solution of the Riccati equation 3 Simulation and measurement results
for triangularly tapered feed line is given in [12].
Fig. 3a shows the simulated reflection coefficients of the two
 

2 types of structures (antenna 1 and antenna 2) with a triangular
1 −jbL ZL sin blk /2
G(u) = fe ln
 (8) tapered feed line and rectangular feed line. When the feed line
2 Z0 blk /2 is altered from a triangular tapered feed line to a rectangular
feed line and Wg increases from 1 to 3 mm, it can be
where Γ(θ) is the reflection coefficient, β is the phase constant observed that the impedance matching deteriorates for the
and lk is the triangular tapered feed line length. A matrix entire frequency band. Hence, a triangular tapered feed line
laboratory program is written for the above formula, and a provides a smooth current path. Owing to this smooth
graph is drawn between the reflection coefficient ((2|Γ(θ)|)/ current path, the impedance matching characteristics tend to
(ln(zL/z0))) and electrical length (βlk) of the triangular improve over the entire band, resulting in a larger
tapered feed line as shown in Fig. 2c. We should decide bandwidth. In Fig. 3b we studied the ground plane size
how much return loss is to be achieved and accordingly the effect of the proposed monopole antenna. The area of the
corresponding βlk is obtained from the x-axis of the graph ground plane antenna is 21.7 mm × 30 mm. The length of

IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 1, pp. 39–45 41

doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0094 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013
www.ietdl.org

Fig. 4 Simulated and measured results

Fig. 3 Reflection coefficient a Input impedance
a Simulated amplitude of reflection coefficient of the both antennas b Voltage standing wave ratio of antenna 1
b Simulated reflection coefficient of different ground plane length of antenna 1

Schwarz ZVA24 vector network analyser. It shows a good

the main ground plane is tailored from 21.7 mm to 21.8 mm, agreement between the simulated and the measured results.
while the width of the antenna is kept fixed. A longer ground Here measured results show broadband impedance
plane length (Lg) means a longer input microstrip feed line matching performance from 2 to 25 GHz with a voltage
and higher inductance and it reduces the antenna standing wave ratio less than 2, covering the entire UWB/
fundamental resonant frequency and harmonic frequencies. SWB frequency band as shown in Fig. 4b. This shows
However, if we decrease the length of the ground plane reasonably good agreement between the simulated and the
from 21.7 mm to 21.6 mm, the impedance matching is measured results. The small discrepancies may be because
greatly influenced at 15 GHz. Therefore, the ground plane of the extended ground effect due to the SMA connectors
length (Lg) is chosen as 21.7 mm in our design. Although which is not included in the simulation set up.
our proposed antenna would work well up to 80 GHz, we
will limit experimental studies up to 25 GHz since this is 3.1 Group delay characteristics
the upper measurement frequency of our vector network
analyser. Group delay is the measure of a signal transition time through
Fig. 4a shows the measured and simulated input impedance a device. It is defined as the negative derivative of phase of
(Zin) graph against frequency. The real part of the impedance the transfer function against frequency given by Wiesbeck
of antenna at the frequency where the reactance is zero is et al. [18]
equal to the antenna impedance at the resonant frequency.
The antenna is fed with a line of 50 Ω characteristic df(v) df(v)
tg ( v ) = = (9)
impedance. When the microstrip line characteristic dv 2pdf
impedance and antenna impedance are both 50 Ω, the load
impedance is matched with the line impedance. It can be where φ is the phase response of the antenna 1 and ω is the
observed from both measured and simulated antenna frequency in radians per second. The phase response and
impedance that the antenna is well matched. For the group delay are related to the antenna gain response. The
simulation result at 17 GHz, one maxima occurs with an simulated and measured antenna group delay over the
input resistance equal to 70-Ω and the measured antenna frequency from 1 to 25 GHz is presented in Fig. 5. From
resistance at 17 GHz is 55-Ω. There is a small variation the graph, we observe that the variation in the group delay
between the simulated and measured results. The simulated is less than 1 ns and gives a reasonably constant group
results are obtained using the full-wave electromagnetic delay over the UWB range (3.1–10.6 GHz). If the group
field simulation software HFSS version 14 [17]. The delay variation exceeds 1 ns, the phases are no longer linear
measurement result is carried out with a Rohde and in the far-field region and a pulse distortion is caused. This

42 IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 1, pp. 39–45

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013 doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0094
 www.ietdl.org

Fig. 5 Simulated and measured group delay against frequency of Fig. 7 Simulated and measured gain of antenna 1
antenna 1

can be a serious problem in UWB communication systems. − 24 dB at 10.6 GHz. However, in the E and H-planes, it
Both measured and simulated group delay variation are < can be seen that at higher frequencies the cross-polarisation
0.5 ns between (3 and 18 GHz), but there is little difference level rises (e.g. at 20 and 30 GHz). Also, a few nulls are
between simulation and measurement (tg(ω) 0.5 ns) observed at higher frequencies. Fig. 7 shows the simulated
between 18 and 19 GHz. and measured antenna gain. The peak gain of the proposed
antenna is 5.9 dBi. The gain gradually increases from 1 to
3.2 Radiation patterns and gain 18 GHz while gain decreases after 18 GHz and remains
almost constant up to 25 GHz.
Radiation patterns of the antenna in both the E and H-planes,
at 3.1, 10.6, 20 and 30 GHz, are shown in Fig. 6. These 4 Time domain performance
patterns show that the antenna has a nearly omni-directional
radiation pattern at lower frequencies in the H-plane from UWB antennas are employed to transmit/receive time domain
3.1 to 10.6 GHz. At the frequencies 3.1 and 10.6 GHz the narrow pulse signals, so the time-domain characteristics of the
E-plane pattern is found to be eight (8) shaped which UWB antennas [19] are very important. To investigate the
shows the bidirectional patterns. The cross-polar E-plane time domain characteristics of the UWB antenna, two
radiation is approximately − 28 dB at 3.1 GHz and about identical antennas are kept at a distance (R) of 60 cm in

Fig. 6 Radiation patterns for antenna 1

a E-plane
b H-plane (solid line: co-polarisation; dashed line: cross-polarisation)

IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 1, pp. 39–45 43

doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0094 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013
www.ietdl.org
face-to-face and side-by-side configurations. A
fifth-derivative Gaussian pulse, as presented in (10), is used
as the source signal to drive the transmitter [20].

   2
t5 10t 3 15t 2t
G5 (t) = A − √ + √ − √ × exp
2ps11 2ps9 2ps7 2s2
(10)

where A is the amplitude parameter, t is the time, and σ is the

standard deviation. In order to satisfy the FCC mask, a shape
filter can be added in the transmitter.
Fig. 8 shows the fifth-order derivative of Gaussian pulse
waveform with a width of 300 ps in the time domain and
its power spectral density (dBm/MHz) with reference to
FCC mask. The measured results suggest that the selected
fifth derivative of Gaussian pulse fits into the FCC mask
reasonably well, indicating that this UWB pulse complies
with the FCC mask while it is able to deliver the most
possible signal power as permitted. Based on the pulse
generated in a Tektronix AWG 7122B arbitrary signal
generator, an optimal pulse width of 250 ps is selected for
best-fitting into the FCC power mask in this design.
Figs. 9a and b show the received pulse for face-to-face and
side-to-side configurations. The antenna 1 acts as a received
antenna. The transmit antenna is also the replica of antenna
1. That means the fifth-order derivative of the Gaussian
pulse is transmitted from antenna 1 to antenna 1. Compared
with the case of the face-to-face configuration, the
magnitude of the received signal is smaller when the Fig. 9 Receiving transmitted antenna’s signal in time domain
antennas are positioned side-by-side. We have used an a Face-to-face
amplifier whose gain is about 26 dB at the receiver side, b Side-by-side
since the received signal was very weak. From Figs. 9a and
b, one can see that the ringing in the tail of the received
pulse is slightly more in case of side-by-side placement as (11).
compared to the ringing present in the received signal when ⎛ ⎞
the antenna is placed face-to-face. This is because, when 
the antennas are stationed face-to-face, the whole of the ⎜ S1 (t)S2 (t − t) dt ⎟
r = max⎝− 
 2  
 ⎠ (11)
radiating surface is exposed to the receiving signal. This is t
2 S1 (t) dt S22 (t) dt
the broadside direction of the radiation pattern. Hence the
signal reception is smooth in this situation. However, when
the antennas are placed side-by-side, the radiation is in the where t is a delay which is varied to make the numerator in
end fire direction. Overall ringing is better than the existing (11) a maximum [21]. The correlation factor is calculated to
UWB antennas in the literature. The correlation factor be 0.8139 when the two antennas were positioned
between the output and input signal can be calculated with face-to-face, and the value becomes 0.7108 when they are
fixed side-by-side. The fidelity of the case of face-to-face is
better than the case of side-by-side.

5 Conclusion
A printed monopole antenna for optimal UWB/SWB
performance has been proposed. A triangular tapered feed
line is used for feeding the exponentially tapered feed
region and patch of the proposed antenna. Tapered
structures are employed so that the input signal to the
antenna can radiate freely without any disturbance from
the antenna. It has been observed experimentally that the
antenna is well matched for a very broad frequency range.
The measured group delay and gain are also within
acceptable limits. Time domain characteristics of the
proposed antenna have been measured and validate that the
proposed antenna is suitable candidate for UWB/SWB
Fig. 8 Fifth derivative of Gaussian pulse waveform in time domain applications. The simulated result shows that it is a super
with power spectral density complying with the FCC emission mask wideband antenna which is applicable for frequencies

44 IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 1, pp. 39–45

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013 doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0094
 www.ietdl.org
between 2.5 and 80 GHz. Such a wideband planar and LCP for UWB applications’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2006,
compact antenna may be used for spectrum sensing in 54, (6), pp. 1663–1669
9 Raicu, D.: ‘Universal taper for compensation of step discontinuities in
cognitive radio [22]. microstrip lines’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 1991, 1, (9),
pp. 249–251
6 Acknowledgments 10 Kshetrimayum, R.S., Pillalamarri, R.: ‘Novel UWB printed monopole
antenna with triangular tapered feed lines’, IEICE Electron. Express
(ELEX), 2008, 5, (8), pp. 242–247
The authors are grateful to Dr R. K. Panigrahi from IIT 11 Wu, Q., Jin, R., Geng, J., Ding, M.: ‘Printed omni-directional UWB
Roorkee for performing the antenna gain measurements. monopole antenna with very compact size’, IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., 2008, 56, (3), pp. 896–899
7 References 12 Mathur, S.P., Sinha, A.K.: ‘Design of microstrip exponentially tapered
lines to match helical antennas to standard coaxial transmission lines’,
1 Sarifi, M.N., Podilchak, S.K., Essaaidi, M., Antar, Y.M.M.: ‘Compact IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag., 1988, 135, (4), pp. 272–274
disc monopole antennas for current and future ultrawideband (UWB) 13 Wu, Q., Jin, R., Geng, J., Ding, M.: ‘Printed omni-directional UWB
applications’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2011, 59, (12), monopole antenna with very compact size’, IEEE Trans. Antennas
pp. 4470–4480 Propag., 2008, 56, (3), pp. 896–899
2 Liu, J., Zhong, S., Esselle, K.P.: ‘A printed elliptical monopole antenna 14 John, M., Ammann, M.J.: ‘Optimization of impedance bandwidth for
with modified feeding structure for bandwidth enhancement’, IEEE the printed rectangular monopole antenna’, Microw. Opt. Tech. Lett.,
Trans. Antennas Propag., 2011, 59, (2), pp. 667–670 2005, 47, (2), pp. 153–154
3 Yngvesson, K.S., Schaubert, D.H., Korzeniowski, T.L., Kollberg, E.L., 15 Ma, T.G., Jeng, S.K.: ‘Planar miniature tapered-slot-fed annular slot
Thungren, T., Johansson, J.F.: ‘Endfire tapered slot antennas on antennas for ultrawideband radios’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
dielectric substrates’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 1985, AP-33, 2005, 53, (3), pp. 1194–1202
pp. 1392–1400 16 Ranga, Y., Ray, K.P.: ‘Ultrawideband printed elliptical monopole
4 Liang, J., Chiau, C.C., Chen, X., Parini, C.G.: ‘Study of a printed antennas’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2007, 55, (4), pp. 1189–1192
circular disc monopole antenna for UWB systems’, IEEE Trans. 17 Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS). Online, Ansoft
Antennas Propag., 2005, 53, (11), pp. 3500–3504 Corporation, 2012, Ver. 14
5 Thomas, K.G., Lenin, N., Sivaramakrishnan, R.: ‘Ultrawideband planar 18 Wiesbeck, W., Adamiuk, G., Sturm, C.: ‘Basic properties and design
disc monopole’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2006, 54, (4), principles of UWB antennas’, Proc. IEEE, 2009, 97, (2), pp. 372–385
pp. 1339–1341 19 Sorgel, W., Wiesbeck, W.: ‘Influence of the design antennas on the
6 Gopikrishna, M., Krishna, D.D., Anandan, C.K., Mohanan, P., ultra-wideband transmission’, EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process.,
Vasudevan, K.: ‘Design of a compact semi-elliptic monopole slot 2005, 5, (3), pp. 296–305
antenna for UWB systems’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2009, 57, 20 Kim, H., Park, D., Joo, Y.: ‘All-digital low-power CMOS pulse
(6), pp. 1834–1837 generator for UWB system’, Electron. Lett., 2004, 40, (24),
7 Chen, Y., Joines, W.T., Xie, Z., Shi, G., Liu, Q.H., Carin, L.: pp. 1534–1535
‘Double-sided exponentially tapered GPR antenna and its transmission 21 Telzhensky, N., Leviatan, Y.: ‘Novel method of UWB
line feed structure’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2006, 54, (9), antenna optimization for specified input signal forms by means of
pp. 2615–2623 genetic algorithm’, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2006, 54,
8 Nikolaou, S., Ponchak, G.E., Papapolymerou, J., Tentzeris, M.M.: pp. 2216–2225
‘Conformal double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) on 22 Grayaver, E.: ‘Implementing software defined radio’ (Springer, 2013)

IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 1, pp. 39–45 45

doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2013.0094 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2013

View publication stats