THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

BANDURA

1. Unlike Skinner's behavioral analysis, Bandura's social 8. Bandura views human agency as
cogni:ve theory A. an autonomous agent in control of behavior.
A. rejects the no:on of goal-directed behavior. B. the capacity to exercise control over our own lives.
B. discounts the importance of reinforcement. C. a func:on of the interac:on between environment and early
C. recognizes the influence of chance encounters. experience.
D. downplays the effects of higher mental processes. D. a means of reducing anxiety.

2. Skinner believed that there is no learning without 9. According to Bandura, in general, intense physiological
reinforcement. Bandura arousal
A. agrees with Skinner's observa:on. A. raises efficacy expecta:ons.
B. agrees with Skinner but also stresses vicarious learning. B. lowers efficacy expecta:ons.
C. asserts that learning is a consequence of the environment. C. ini:ally lowers efficacy expecta:ons, but later it rapidly
D. believes that cogni:on is unnecessary for learning. increases efficacy.
D. has no effect on self-efficacy.
3. Compared to Skinner's approach, Bandura's theory is more
A. cogni:ve. 10. Self-efficacy enters Bandura's reciprocal determinism
B. environmental. paradigm at the point of
C. determinis:c. A. behavior.
D. psychoanaly:c. B. person.
C. environment.
4. In Bandura's view, self-efficacy is most likely to be increased D. self-system.
when
A. failure strengthens one's determina:on to succeed on future 11. Erick is confident that he has the skills and abili:es to be an
projects. excellent professional baseball player. However, he is
B. one successfully performs a difficult task. uncertain whether he will be offered a job as a player. Thus,
C. one's best efforts fall a liNle short of success. according to Bandura, he has ______ efficacy expecta:ons
D. one observes others failing at a task. and _______ outcome expecta:ons.
A. high; high
5. According to Bandura, the four core features of human B. low; high
agency are inten:onality, _____, self-reac:veness, and self- C. high; low
reflec:veness. D. low; low
A. forethought
B. self-efficacy 12. In Bandura's view, vicarious experiences are likely to have
C. posi:ve reinforcement their strongest effect on self-efficacy when the observer
D. locus of control A. has a high level of physiological arousal.
B. sees a person of equal ability succeed.
6. Bandura's triadic reciprocal causa:on assumes that personal C. has a high level of locus of control.
conduct is a func:on of D. has extensive experience with the ac:vity.
A. the environment. E. has maximized the use of disengagement techniques.
B. the person.
C. behavior. 13.Bandura believes that
D. All of these are correct. A. self-efficacy and self-concept are synonymous.
B. self-efficacy is another term for locus of control.
7. Bandura believes that cogni:on C. people have different levels of self-efficacy in different
A. is solely responsible for behavior. situa:ons.
B. serves as an autonomous force within the person. D. high levels of self-efficacy generalize to widely different
C. is determined by behavior and environment. situa:ons.
D. all of these are correct.
E. none of these is correct. 14. The confidence people have that their combined efforts will
produce social change is what Bandura calls
A. socialism. 21. Harrison, a professional photographer, is dissa:sfied with his
B. collec:ve efficacy. latest work, judging several pictures as substandard by his
C. personal efficacy. own criteria. Bandura would say that Harrison will probably
D. democracy. A. learn to live with substandard performance.
B. reward himself for his substandard performance.
C. withhold reward for substandard performance.
D. become psychologically disturbed.
15. In Bandura's theory, chance encounters enter at which point
in the triadic reciprocal causa:on paradigm? 22. According to Bandura, disengagement of internal control is
A. person most likely to occur when
B. self-system A. a lawbreaker on trial aNempts to convince the judge or jury
C. behavior of her innocence.
D. environment B. an otherwise law-abiding ci:zen aNempts to convince
himself that his criminal acts are jus:fied.
16. According to Bandura, ______ is a person's expecta:ons that C. the unconscious mind gains control of the conscious mind.
he or she can or cannot execute the behavior necessary to D. the conscious mind gains control of the unconscious mind.
effect a successful change in a par:cular situa:on.
A. self-efficacy 23. A government official who sanc:ons spying on and brutal
B. self-regula:on physical harassment of legi:mate, nonviolent demonstrators
C. locus of control because "they are a threat to na:onal security" is using
D. disengagement of internal control Bandura's disengagement technique of
A. moral jus:fica:on.
17. Like most people, Madison relies on other people such as B. pallia:ve comparison.
the police, the fire department, and mechanics to exercise C. ra:onaliza:on.
indirect control over her life. Bandura calls this situa:on D. personal aNribu:on.
A. proxy agency.
B. external reliance. 24. In Bandura's disengagement technique of displacement of
C. collec:ve efficacy. responsibility, the consequences of one's ac:ons are
D. personal efficacy. minimized by
A. crea:ng moral jus:fica:ons for others' behavior.
18. Megan compares her test grade with that of other class B. euphemis:cally labeling one's ac:ons as harmless and
members to determine her test performance. She is using beneficial.
which of Bandura's judgmental processes? C. dehumanizing the vic:ms of one's ac:ons.
A. personal standards D. placing responsibility on an outside source.
B. standards of reference
C. performance aNribu:on 25. Bandura's P, or person, factor includes
D. posi:ve reinforcement A. thought.
B. memory.
19. A hired killer refers to murdering another person as a C. physical characteris:cs, such as size and social role.
"contract" or a "hit". This is an example of Bandura's D. none of these is correct.
disengagement technique of E. all of these are correct.
A. pallia:ve comparison.
B. moral jus:fica:on. 26. Bandura calls situa:ons in life beyond one's deliberate
C. euphemis:c labels. control
D. diffusing responsibility. A. chance encounters.
B. fortuitous events.
20. The first requirement for internal self-regula:on, according C. neither of these.
to Bandura, is D. both of these.
A. a specific plan of ac:on.
B. self-observa:on. 27. A terrorist dismisses the death of one hostage as
C. free will. unimportant in comparison to the hundreds of his comrades
D. a non-hos:le environment. killed by government security forces. This illustrates
E. accurate modeling. Bandura's disengagement technique of
A. displacement.
B. euphemis:c labeling.
C. personal aNribu:on.
D. diffusing responsibility. D. reinforcement.
E. pallia:ve comparison. E. behavioral produc:on.

28. The bureaucrat who answers cri:cism by responding "That's 35. In modeling, Bandura claims people are most likely to aNend
the way things are done around here" is using Bandura's to
disengagement technique of A. children.
A. pallia:ve comparison. B. aNrac:ve models.
B. displacement of responsibility. C. people of lower social status.
C. diffusing responsibility. D. All of these are correct.
D. euphemis:c labeling.
E. moral jus:fica:on. 36. Bandura holds that reinforcement is
A. cogni:vely mediated.
29. A parent injures a child with a severe bea:ng, but explains B. automa:c.
that one should not spare the rod because that may spoil C. a func:on of the environment.
the child. This illustrates Bandura's disengagement D. a func:on of the individual's history.
technique of E. an unnecessary concept for learning theory.
A. minimizing consequences.
B. ignoring consequences. 37. Much of Bandura's theory and research on dysfunc:onal
C. misconstruing consequences. behaviors has centered around aggression and
D. dehumaniza:on. A. phobias.
E. euphemis:c labeling. B. schizophrenia.
C. sexual disorders.
30. A rapist excuses his violent assault on his vic:m by claiming D. senility.
the she provoked the aNack by dressing provoca:vely.
According to Bandura, this technique of disengagement is 38. Bandura claims that phobias are difficult to ex:nguish
A. minimizing consequences. because they
B. ignoring consequences. A. are a result of mental illness.
C. moral jus:fica:on. B. stem from imbalances of neurotransmiNers in the brain.
D. dehumanizing the vic:m. C. are not affected by reinforcement.
E. blaming the vic:m. D. are maintained by avoidant behavior.

31. With regard to learning, Bandura believes that

A. reinforcement does not facilitate learning.
B. reinforcement is essen:al to learning.
C. performance is the basic datum of psychological science.
D. learning can occur in the absence of a response.

32. Bandura sees modeling as

A. a more specific concept than imita:on.
B. synonymous with mimicry.
C. an important method of learning.
D. being the most important type of learning for high-status
people

33. Bandura discusses which two major types of learning?

A. observa:onal and enac:ve
B. engaged and disengaged
C. ins:nc:ve and acquired
D. conscious and unconscious
E. skillful and unskillful

34. Bandura recognizes all of these as processes that govern

observa:onal learning EXCEPT
A. aNen:on.
B. representa:on.
C. mo:va:on.