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Pennar Basin Report

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Pennar Basin Report

Preface

Optimal management of water resources is the necessity of time in the wake of development and
growing need of population of India. The National Water Policy of India (2002) recognizes that
development and management of water resources need to be governed by national perspectives in
order to develop and conserve the scarce water resources in an integrated and environmentally
sound basis. The policy emphasizes the need for effective management of water resources by
intensifying research efforts in use of remote sensing technology and developing an information
system. In this reference a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed on December 3, 2008
between the Central Water Commission (CWC) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to execute the project “Generation of Database and
Implementation of Web enabled Water resources Information System in the Country” short named
as India-WRIS WebGIS.

India-WRIS WebGIS has been developed and is in public domain since December 2010 (www.india-
wris.nrsc.gov.in). It provides a ‘Single Window solution’ for all water resources data and information
in a standardized national GIS framework and allow users to search, access, visualize, understand
and analyze comprehensive and contextual water resources data and information for planning,
development and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

Basin is recognized as the ideal and practical unit of water resources management because it allows
the holistic understanding of upstream-downstream hydrological interactions and solutions for
management for all competing sectors of water demand. The practice of basin planning has
developed due to the changing demands on river systems and the changing conditions of rivers by
human interventions. The multiple uses of water and varying demands on a river basin require an
integrated approach to managing river basin.

Basin wise report generation is one the important deliverables of India-WRIS project. Report of
Pennar basin describes systematically the present status of water resources: major water resources
projects, hydro-meteorological observations, surface and ground water development scenario,
topographic characteristics, climatic variability, land use / land cover pattern & allied natural
resources along with socio-economic profile of the basin. The report contains valuable latest
information of the basin on all aspects of water resources and allied sectors and will be useful as
baseline information for the irrigation officials, hydrologists, agriculturalists, conservationists,
research organizations and all those involved in the development of Pennar basin.

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Acknowledgements

The Pennar basin report is an outcome of the project “Generation of Database and Implementation
of Web enabled Water resources Information System in the Country” short named as India-WRIS
WebGIS jointly executed by the Central Water Commission (CWC) and National Remote Sensing
Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). This comprehensive publication gives the
present status of water resources assets, topographic features, climatic variability, land use / land
cover pattern & allied natural resources along with socio-economic information of the basin.

We, on behalf of the authors and India-WRIS project team acknowledge; Shri Alok Rawat, Secretary,
Ministry of Water Resources; Mrs. Sudha Midha, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Water
Resources; Er. A. B. Pandya, Chairman, Central Water Commission; Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman,
Indian Space Research Organization and Secretary, Department of Space; Shri Sudarsanam
Srinivasan, Secretary to GOI and Member- Finance, Department of Space; Shri A. Vijay Anand,
Additional Secretary, Department of Space; Dr. V. Koteswara Rao, Scientific Secretary, ISRO; Dr. V.
Jayaraman, Ex-Director, NRSC for constant encouragement and guidance, technical discussions and
for evincing keen interest in India-WRIS project and this report.

Our foremost acknowledgement is towards India-WRIS project team who created and
organized large number of data sets and information in GIS format as seamless layers and attribute
data for the entire country which served as base for this report. Thanks are also due to all CWC and
NRSC / ISRO officials who carried out the quality assurance and shown their enthusiastic
involvement. Finally, our sincere thanks are to all divisions and officials of NRSC and CWC for their
valuable support during the preparation of this report.

The basin report includes the results generated through interpretation of latest satellite imageries as
well as compilation of huge information from voluminous records. This would not have been
possible without the countrywide support. We would like to thank all the organizations, institutes
and individuals who contributed either directly or indirectly in bringing out this publication.

Dr. J R Sharma
Project Director, India-WRIS &
Chief General Manager, RCs/ NRSC/ ISRO, New Delhi

Er. Yogesh Paithankar

Project In-charge, India-WRIS &
Director, CWC, New Delhi

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Executive Summary

This report provides valuable information related to the topographic, demographic, climatic, surface
and ground water resources, hydro-meteorological and water quality scenario of Pennar basin. The
basin is comprised of two sub-basins; Pennar Upper Sub Basin accounts for 66.85% of total basin
area and consisting of 61 watersheds whereas the Pennar Lower Sub Basin accounts for 33.15% of
total basin area and consisting of 29 watersheds. The Pennar and its tributaries are an inter-state
river system, flowing through the states of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. This river receives
several tributaries on both the banks, out of which the main tributaries are The Jayamangali,
Kumudavati, Kunderu, and Sagileru joining main river from the left and the Chitravathi, Papagni,
Kaveru and Cheyyeru from the right the Pennar. It falls in two Agro-Climatic Zone, viz., Southern
Plateau and Hills Region and East Coast Plains and Hills Region. As per the assessment of LULC (2005-
06), basin covered with agricultural land accounting for 58.64% of the total area which shows that
agriculture has been practiced quite extensively in the basin. The basin is also rich in forest covered
with 20.37% and only 4.97% is covered by water bodies of the total area of basin. Red soil, black soil,
sandy soil and mixed soil are predominant in the basin. Around 26.70% of total basin area lies in the
elevation zone of 500-750 m. Pennar basin consists of surface water bodies in the form of lakes,
ponds, reservoirs, tanks etc. Tanks are the most predominant with 8283 in number and forms about
93.04% of total water bodies in the basin. 58 Dams and 3 Barrage/Weirs are constructed in the
basin. Around 94 % dams are used for the purpose of irrigation. Somasila Project, Tungabhadra RB
High Level Canal Stage – I & II (AP), Pulivendla Branch Canal Project (AP), Pennar Delta Project (AP)
are major projects executed in Pennar basin. At present there are 14 completed and 7 ongoing
major/medium irrigation/multi-purpose projects in Pennar basin. There are 1 Flood Forecasting
Station and 8 hydrological observation stations are there in the Basin.

The entire basin, lies largely in a semi-arid region with low rainfall. The mean annual rainfall within
the drainage basin varies from about 400 mm around Anantapur area to 1200 mm around Nellore.
As per 2001 census, the total population in the basin is about 102,43,715 occupying around 10
districts.

The basin spreads over 14 parliamentary constituencies (2009) comprising 10 of Andhra Pradesh and
4 of Karnataka. In the basin there are 4 pilgrimage (temple) sites, one dam site, one cave and one
waterfall these are important places in water tourism.

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Table of Contents
Preface--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
Acknowledgements --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii
Executive summary -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
1. Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Overview of basin ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.2 Topography ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7
1.3 Climate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
1.3.1 Rainfall -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
1.3.2 Temperature ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12
1.3.3 Trends and variability ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
1.4 Major rivers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.5 Land use/ land cover ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.6 Soils -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
1.7 Agro-climatic zones ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
1.8 Agro-ecological zones --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
1.9 Demography --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
2. Hydrological units ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25
2.1 Sub-basins ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25
2.2 Watersheds ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
3. Surface water resources -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
3.1 Surface waterbodies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
3.2 Water resource projects ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30
3.2.1 Major and medium irrigation projects, Lift irrigation and ERM ------------------------------- 30
3.2.2 Hydro Electric projects and Power house ----------------------------------------------------------- 31
3.2.3 Dams, Barrages/ Weirs/ Anicuts ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3.2.4 Multipurpose projects ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3.2.5 Interstate projects ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3.2.6 Command area and canal network ------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
4. Ground water resources -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
4.1 Ground water observation wells ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
4.2 Ground water level fluctuation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
4.3 Litholog well locations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
5. Hydro-met observations-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
5.1 Hydrological observation sites ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
5.2 Flood forecasting sites -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
5.3 Meteorological stations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47
6. Water quality ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
6.1 Surface water quality observations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
6.2 Ground water quality observations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
7. Inter basin transfer links ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
8. Inland navigation waterways ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51
9. Water tourism sites --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
10. Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55

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Annexure I: State, district and parliamentary constituency in the basin

Annexure II : Climate – Rainfall (1971-2004) and Temperature (1969-2004) profile in the basin
Annexure III : Sub basin wise population and drinking water facilities
Annexure IV : Inventory of surface water resources
Annexure V : Inventory of litholog well locations
Annexure VI : Salient features of hydro- meteorological stations
Annexure VII : Inventory of water tourism sites
Acronyms
References
Authors
India-WRIS Project Team

List of Tables
Table 1. Salient features of the basin 6
Table 2. Elevation zones 8
Table 3. Length of major rivers 14
Table 4. Land use/ land cover statistics (2005-06) 16
Table 5. Sub basin wise watersheds 26
Table 6. Number and size of waterbodies 29
Table 7. Number of water resources projects 31
Table 8. Sub basin wise number and type of water resources structures 32
Table 9. Sub basin wise number of ground water observation wells 39
Table 10. Hydrological observation sites of CWC 46
Table 11. Types of flood forecasting stations of CWC 46
Table 12. Meteorological stations 47
Table 13. Water tourism sites 53

List of Maps
Map 1. Index map 3
Map 2a. AWiFS Satellite Imagery of Pennar Basin 4
Map 2b. Basin- Drainage and Sub-basin 5
Map 3. Elevation zones 9
Map 4. Annual average rainfall 11
Map 5. Land use/ land cover (2005-06) 15
Map 6. Soil texture 17
Map 7. Soil erosion 18
Map 8. Soil slope 19
Map 9. Soil productivity 20
Map 10. Agro-climatic zones 21
Map 11. Agro-ecological zones 22
Map 12. Population density 24
Map 13a. Pennar lower sub-basin and watersheds 27
Map 13b. Pennar upper sub-basin and watersheds 28
Map 14. Major water resources structures and projects 33
Map 15. Command area and canal network 36
Map 16a. Pennar lower sub-basin wise water resources assets 37
Map 16b. Pennar upper sub-basin wise water resources assets 38
Map 17. Location of ground water observation wells 40
Map 18. Ground water level fluctuation (Recharge) 42
Map 19. Ground water level fluctuation (Draft) 43
Map 20. Hydro observation and flood forecasting stations 45
Map 21. Inter basin transfer links 50
Map 22. Inland navigation waterways 51
Map 23. Water tourism sites 54

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List of Figures
Figure 1. State wise basin area 7
Figure 2. Monthly average temperature (1969-2004) 12
Figure 3. Trend of annual rainfall (1971-2004) 13
Figure 4. Sub-basins and per cent drainage area 25
Figure 5. Type and number of waterbodies 30
Figure 6. Dam classification based on storage 34
Figure 7. Dam classification based on purpose 34

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1. Introduction
India, officially the Republic of India is seventh-largest country with geographical area 32,87,263 km²
(2.45% of the World’s land resources) and the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion
people (17.5% of the World’s population) and holds 4% of the world’s fresh water resources. Access
to water is a major factor in human development. Every year India gets 4000 BCM of water, out of
which, the available account is 1869 BCM. Out of this total available water, the utilizable water from
surface water resources is 690 BCM and from ground water resources is 433 BCM adding upto only
1123 BCM. The total actual renewable water resources for India is 1700 cubic meter per capita per
year for the year 2005, which is sufficient as of now against the benchmark value of 1000 cubic
meter per capita per year which signifies ‘Water Stressed’ condition. In the shadow of continued
population growth, water availability projected for the year 2025 and 2050 is 1341 cubic meter per
capita per year and 1140 cubic meter per capita per year respectively.

Being an agrarian country a major part of water resources withdrawals goes for irrigation. Over the
years, India has made remarkable progress through high level of engineering expertise permitting
the storage and diversion of large capacities of water. As on July 2007, total live storage capacity of
all basins assessed is 282 BCM with 5125 large dams and 1894 number of Major and Medium
irrigation projects. All water resources projects of the basin should be considered for basin level
planning to achieve optimal development of the water resources. In the initial stages of
development, interactions between projects of different states were absent and each project could
be planned and implemented independently. As the demand for water has increased due to increase
in the developmental activities as well as increase in population, interactions between individual
projects have come into play and have called for integrated development of river basins.

The National Water Policy of India (2002) recognizes that development and management of water
resources need to be governed by national perspectives and aims to develop and conserve the water
resources in an integrated and environmentally sound basis. It emphasizes development of our
water resources by intensifying research efforts with use of space technology and developing an
information system.

Central Water Commission (CWC), an attached office of Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India,
and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Department of Space, Govt. of India, joined hands
for development of Web enabled Water Resources Information System of India (India-WRIS).
Considering river basins as the basic hydrological units for water resources planning and
management, the country is divided into 25 basins and 101 sub basins under India-WRIS project
based on digital elevation model (SRTM DEM).

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1.1 Overview of basin

The Pennar River is one of the major East Flowing Rivers in southern India. It rises in the Chenna
Kasava hill of the Nandidurg range in Karnataka, flows in the North Westerly direction through Kolar
and Tumkur districts of Karnataka and enters Andhra Pradesh in the Hindupur taluk of Anantapur
district, runs Eastwards before draining into the Bay of Bengal near Nellore. The Somasila is major
project in the catchment area of the river basin. Located in peninsular India, the Pennar basin
extends over states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka having an area of 55,213 Sq.km with
maximum length and width of 433 km and 266 km. The basin lies between 77°1’ to 80°10’ East
longitudes and 13°18’ to 15°49’ North latitudes. The fan shaped basin is bounded by the Erramala
range on the North, by the Nallamala and Velikonda ranges of the Eastern Ghats on the East, by the
Nandidurg hills on the South and by the narrow ridge separating it from the Vedavati valley of the
Krishna Basin on the West. The other hill ranges in the basin to the South of the river are the
Seshachalam and Paliconda ranges.

The Pennar (also known as Uttara Pinakini) is one of the major rivers of the peninsula. The Pennar
rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurg range, in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka and
flows towards East eventually draining into the Bay of Bengal. The total length of the river from
origin to its outfall in the Bay of Bengal is 597 km. The principal tributaries of the river joining from
left are the Jayamangali, the Kunderu and the Sagileru whereas the Chitravathi, the Papagni and the
Cheyyeru join it from right.

The Index map of Pennar basin is shown in Map 1, Map 2a shows AWiFS satellite imagery of basin
and the drainage and sub-basin status of Pennar basin are shown in Map 2b.

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Map 1. Index Map

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Map 2a. AWiFS Satellite Imagery of Pennar Basin

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Map 2b. Basin – Drainage and sub-basin

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Table 1. Salient features of the basin

Salient Features of the Basin

1 Basin Extent 77° 1' to 80° 10' E
13° 18' to 15° 49' N
2 Area (Sq.km) 55,213 (as reported by CWC)
54243.42 (GIS based)
3 States in the basin Andhra Pradesh (87.48 %), and
Karnataka (12.52%)
4 Districts 10
5 Parliamentary Constituencies (2009) 14
6 Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) 770.18 (0.5° Grid 1971-2005)
746.90 (1° Grid 1969-2004)
7 Mean Maximum Temperature (o C) 32.71
8 Mean Minimum Temperature (o C) 21.63
9 Total Population (As per Census 2001) 102,43,715
10 Number of villages (As per Census 2001) 5,099
11 Highest Elevation (m) 1439
12 Live Storage Capacity (BCM) 48.2
13 Avg. Annual Water Potential (BCM) 6.32
14 Utilizable Surface Water (BCM) 6.90
15 Number of Sub Basins 2
16 Number of Watersheds 90
17 Number of water resources structures Dams-58
Barrages-0
Weirs-1
Anicuts-2
Lifts-0
Power Houses-1
18 Highest Dam Gorakallu Dam - 48.5 m
19 Longest Dam Kanigiri Dam - 10 km
20 Longest Barrage/ Weir/ Anicut Sangam Anicut- 1.242 km
21 Number of Irrigation projects Major-7
Medium-14
22 Number of HE projects 1
23 Number of Ground water observation wells 426
24 Number of Hydro-Observation Sites 8
25 Number of Flood Forecasting Sites 1
26 Water tourism sites 5

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Figure 1. State wise basin area

1.2 Topography

The major part of Pennar basin falls in the Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau regions. The Western
part of the basin is mostly encompassed by Telangana Plateau with a smaller region by Karnataka
Plateau. Cuddapah and Kurnool are the hilly districts of Andhra Pradesh with Kolar Plateau. The
principal mountain chains are mainly Durga ranges, the Nagasumadra hills, Muttasukota hills and
Erramala hilly range. Seshachalam range is found in the middle of the basin. Nallamala range forms a
bridge in the lower region of the basin.

The highest peak with an elevation of 1439 m is located in Deccan plateau near Chikballapur tehsil,
Kolar district in Karnataka. More than 13% of the area of the basin lies in the hilly region and dense
forested area.

Most of the basin is underlain by Pre-Cambrian Archean rocks, Dharwar super group, Cuddapah
group of rocks belonging to Proterozic rocks age, and recent to sub-recent soils and alluvium.
Composite gneisse, shale, limestone and quartzites of Kurnool and Cuddapah form the major
geological formation of the basin.

The Basin of the Pennar and its tributaries covers parts of the southern Deccan Plateau, including
most of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and parts of Karnataka. The Kolar Plateau forms
the divide between the Pennar watershed and those of the Kaveri, Ponnaiyar, and Palar rivers to the
South. The Pennar drains the Northern portion of the plateau, which includes parts of Kolar and
Tumkur districts in Karnataka. The Krishna River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the
West and North of the Pennar's watershed, and the low Erramala hills forms the Northern divide of
the Pennar basin. The upper watershed of the Pennar includes Cuddapah District, central and
Eastern Anantapur District, the Southern part of Kurnool District, North Western Chittoor District.
The Pennar then flows East through a gap in the Eastern Ghats ranges onto the plain of Coastal
Andhra, flowing through Nellore city before it empties into the Bay of Bengal at a place called
Uttukuru, 15 km East of Nellore.

The elevation variation of the basin is listed in Table 2 and the chloropleth map of elevation (Map 3)
shows different elevation zones. Major area falls under the 500-750 m elevation zone.

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Table 2. Elevation zones

Sl. No. Elevation (m) Area (Sq.km) % of Total Area

1 <5 88.90 0.16
2 5-10 155.75 0.28
3 10-50 1249.81 2.26
4 50-100 1798.92 3.26
5 100-200 7682.56 13.91
6 200-300 9128.45 16.53
7 300-400 8302.98 15.04
8 400-500 7530.27 13.64
9 500-750 14740.46 26.70
10 750-1000 4381.96 7.94
11 1000-1500 152.95 0.28
*Note: Based on SRTM DEM

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Map 3. Elevation zones

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1.3 Climate

The basin enjoys a monsoon climate with its characteristics rhythms. On the basis of the local rainfall
conditions, four seasons including two monsoon regimes are recognized: South-West monsoon
(June to September) North-East monsoon (October to December), winter period (January to
February) and hot weather period (March to May).

On the Eastern slopes of the Eastern Ghats, heavy North-East monsoon showers occur. In the hot
weather extending from the middle of February to the middle of June, the entire basin is practically
dry and the interior of the basin, especially Cuddapah district, experiences severe heat. The major
part of the basin receives its rainfall from the South-West monsoon while areas adjacent to the sea-
coast receive some rainfall from the retreating monsoon.

As far as the temperature is concerned, the annual average maximum, minimum and mean
temperature for the basin for the years from 1969 to 2004 is found to be 32.71°C, 21.63°C and
27.17°C respectively. (Source: Reassessment of Water Resources Potential of India, CWC 1999)

In general, humidity is high during the monsoon period and moderate during non-monsoon period.
The relative humidity in the catchment of Pennar ranges from 21% to 84%. Maximum relative
humidity is observed during the month of October which is around 75% and maximum wind velocity
of 18.9 km/hour has been reported in the month of July. Due to arid climate, evapotranspiration
takes place at a high rate with a value nearly of 200 mm at Anantapur district during May.

1.3.1 Rainfall

The catchment receives rainfall both during the South-West and North-East monsoons. The rainfall
during the non-monsoon period is not significant. The North-East monsoon (October through
January) provides a little precipitation but the predominant rain falls when the South West monsoon
(June through September) occurs. Post monsoon cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal during
September and October produces an increased rainfall in the coastal region.

The entire basin lies largely in a semi-arid region with low rainfall. The annual average rainfall is
highest in Nellore region in the Eastern end of the basin. A large part of the basin lying in the region
of Karnataka and Anantapur, Kurnool and Cuddapah districts of Andhra Pradesh receives rainfall
ranging from 400-800 mm. Parts of Nellore district, adjacent to the sea-coast receive some rain from
the retreating monsoon also. The chloropleth map of rainfall (Map 4) shows that the lower region of
the basin receives a higher amount of rainfall when compared to the upper part of the basin.

However, around 146 blocks of 8 districts (3-Karnataka & 5-Andhra Pradesh) falling in the basin are
drought prone (Source: Drought Prone Areas Program, DPAP, MoRD, 2002).

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Rainfall in mm

400 - 600 800 - 1,000

600 - 800 1,000 - 1,200

Map 4. Annual average rainfall

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1.3.2 Temperature

From the temperature records, it is seen that the mean maximum daily temperature varies from
40.9°C (observed at Cuddapah) to 34.7°C (observed at Arogyavaram) and the mean minimum daily
temperature varies from 20°C (observed at Nellore) to 15.2°C (observed at Arogyavaram).

In the cool season, the temperature falls as one advances from Nellore towards Kurnool. During the
hot season, the temperatures are particularly high in the interior of the basin. Although the
maximum daily temperature shows an upward trend just from middle of January, it never goes
above 35°C till the end of February. During the cold season the sky usually remains calm and clear
and the relative humidity quite low. The rise in the mean minimum daily temperature is even
sharper. In the basin towards the East of the Eastern Ghats, particularly in Nellore district, the
temperature is comparatively moderate. Towns situated in the Eastern Ghats enjoy lower
temperatures by virtue of their elevation. The hottest part of the basin is around Cuddapah district.

The monthly average maximum, mean and minimum temperatures can be seen in Figure 2. April and
May are the hottest months of the year throughout the basin with the temperature rising to about
38°C. The minimum temperature is observed in December and January with temperature around
17°C.

Figure 2. Monthly average temperature (1969-2004)

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1.3.3 Trends and variability

The variability of rainfall throughout the seasonal cycle is as important as the total annual amount of
monthly or annual precipitation when evaluating its impact on hydrology, ecology, agriculture or in
water use. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is the results of revolution of earth resulting the
unequal heating of the earth’s surface over the year and resulted the atmospheric general
circulation. The time and duration of the seasons of high precipitation at a place or watershed is
most important for the planning and design of agriculture or water management. It is very much
important to identify the historical changes in the mean annual precipitation.

The Pennar basin receives its maximum rainfall during the South-West monsoon. On the Eastern
slopes of the Eastern Ghats, heavy North-East monsoon showers occur. The trend line in the chart of
Pennar basin shows an increase in the monthly average rainfall in the period of 34 years (1971-2004)
(Figure 3) (Source: Integrated Hydrological Data Book, 2012).

Figure 3. Trend of annual rainfall (1971-2004)

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1.4 Major rivers

River/drainage constitutes of network, river/drainage channels which flow from higher reaches to
lower levels often following the topography and slope of the terrain. They flow towards the sea or
lake waters. The network of drainage constitutes a watershed or catchments. It consists of river and
stream.

The Pennar River is one of the major East Flowing Rivers in southern India. The Pennar, which is also
known as Uttara Pinakini is one of the major inland rivers of the peninsula, flow towards East and
drains into the Bay of Bengal. The Pennar rises in the Chenna Kesava hill of the Nandidurg range, at
77°35' East and 13°28' North in district Chikkabalapura, Karnataka state. The total length of the river
from the head to its outfall into the Bay of Bengal is 597 km of which about 61 km are in Karnataka
and the 536 km are in Andhra Pradesh. The principal tributaries of the river are Jayamangali,
Kumudavati, Kunderu, and Sagileru joining main river from the left and the Chitravathi, Papagni,
Kaveru and Cheyyeru from the right. The Pennar enters the Bay of Bengal at North latitude 14°35’
and East longitude 80°10’(Source: Reassessment of Water Resources Potential of India, CWC 1999).

The Major rivers and their tributaries of Pennar basin are shown in Map 2.

Table 3. Length of major rivers

Sl. No. Principal Tributary name Length of River (km)

1 Jayamangali 77
2 Kunderu 205
3 Sagileru 141
4 Chitravathi 218
5 Papagni 205
6 Cheyyeru 87

1.5 Land use/land cover

The land use details indicate that the resources in the basin have not been put to intensive use and
the area sown more than once is very limited. The food crops usually grown in the basin are paddy,
jowar and ragi. Paddy is mainly grown in Nellore and Cuddapah districts, where irrigation facilities
exist. Jowar is grown extensively in Kurnool and Kolar districts. Of the non-food crops, oilseeds are
the most important. Anantapur, Cuddapah and Kurnool have large areas under oilseeds.

The land use statistics (Table 4) derived for the basin indicates that the major part of the basin is
covered with agricultural land accounting for 58.64% of the total area which shows that agriculture
has been practiced quite extensively in the basin. The basin is also rich in forest covering 20.37% of
the total area. The basin has 4.96% of area covered by waterbodies. The wasteland covers about
14.47% and Built Up land covers 1.56% part of the Basin. The main two crop seasons in the part of
the basin lying in Andhra Pradesh state are the Kharif and the Rabi.

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Map 5. Land use/ land cover (2005-06)

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Table 4. Land use/ land cover statistics (2005-06)

Sl. No. Category Area (Sq.km) % of Total Area

1 Built Up land 858.89 1.56
2 Agricultural land 32375.93 58.64
3 Forest 11244.91 20.37
4 Wasteland 7990.70 14.47
5 Waterbodies 2742.57 4.96

1.6 Soils

Soil is composed of minerals, mixed with some organic matter, which differ from its parent materials
in terms of its texture, structure, consistency, colour, chemical, biological and other characteristics.
Information on the soil profile is also required for simulating the hydrological character of the basin.
The important soil types found in the basin are red soil, black soil, sandy soil and mixed soil. The
culturable area of basin is about 3.54 M-ha which is about 1.8% of the culturable area of the country.

The principal soil types found in the various districts in the basin are described below:

Anantapur: Mostly red soils, which are either calcareous or non-calcareous and fairly deep. Also
black and alluvial soils are found. The black soils are clayey.

Chittoor: Mainly red soils and occasionally black soils.

Cuddapah : Mainly red soils are found in the Eastern half of the district. The remaining part is
covered with Black soils. The soils are generally well-drained.

Kurnool: Mostly black soil.

Nellore: Black soils, red loams and sandy coastal soils. The largest area is occupied by the red loamy
and the least by the sandy soils.

Kolar: Red and lateritic soils. In the red soils, both loam and sandy types are observed.

Bangalore Rural: Light brown or red soils, mostly sand to sandy loam.

Tumkur: Red soils which are either loamy or sandy.

The soil texture statistics derived for the basin indicates that the major part of basin is covered with
clayey soil. Based on the soil profile depth, about 59.20 % falls under moderately shallow to deep
(>50 cm) followed by 33.83% as Extremely Shallow (<10 cm). Nearly 14.43 % of soil is highly
productive and 34.90% is low productive soil. The major portion of the basin is gently sloping
accounting to 64.36 %. (Source: India-WRIS Soil Sub Information System).

The soil texture, erosion, slope, and productivity maps of Pennar basin are shown in Map 6, Map 7,
Map 8 and Map 9 respectively.

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Map 6. Soil texture

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Map 7. Soil erosion

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Map 8. Soil slope

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Map 9. Soil productivity

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1.7 Agro-climatic zones

India present a large number of complex agro climatic situations. The Planning Commission after
examining the earlier studies at the regionalization of the agricultural economy has recommended
that agricultural planning to be done on the basis of agro-climatic regions. This classification forms
the basis for agricultural planning in the country (Agro-Ecological Regions of India, 1992).

For resource development the basin has been broadly divided into two agro-climatic zones, viz. 1)
Southern Plateau and Hills Region and 2) East Coast Plains and Hills Region shown in Map 10.

Map 10. Agro-climatic zones

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1.8 Agro-ecological zones

An agro-ecological region is the land unit on the earth’s surface carved out of agro-climatic region
when it is superimposed on landform and kinds of soils and soil conditions that act as modifiers of
climate and Length of Growing Period (LGP) (Agro-Ecological Regions of India, 1992).

The 4 agro-ecological zones of Pennar basin are shown in Map 11, viz. 1) Hot arid ecoregion with red
and black soils zone, 2) Hot semi-arid ecoregion with red and black soils zone, 3) Hot semi-arid
ecoregion with red loamy soils zone and 4) Hot subhumid to semi arid ecoregion with coastal
alluvium derived soils zone.

Map 11. Agro-ecological zones

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1.9 Demography

Demographics are the quantifiable statistics of a given population. Demographics are also used to
identify the study of quantifiable subsets within a given population which characterize that
population at a specific point in time. Demographic data is used widely in public opinion polling and
marketing. Commonly examined demographics include gender, age, ethnicity, knowledge of
languages, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, and even location.

The basin spreads over 14 parliamentary constituencies (2009) comprising 10 of Andhra Pradesh and
4 of Karnataka. The density of population of the Upper Pennar basin is much higher than the lower
basin region. The basin spreads over 10 districts (Census-2011) of two states. The basin has almost
equal ratio of male versus female inhabitants (49.5%). According to Census-2001 report the basin
comprises of 5099 villages with the total population of 102,43,715 out of which 52,02,646 are male
and 50,41,069 female.

Anantpur, Cuddapah and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh have comparatively lower density of
population than the rest of the other parts of the basin. The district-wise population density of
Pennar basin is shown in Map 12.

The Chittoor district in the basin, has a population of more than thirty seven lakh. The population
density varies from region to region in the basin. The most densely populated districts of Bangalore
Rural and Kolar has 323 and 307 people per Sq.km respectively, the district of Cuddapah with only
168 persons per Sq.km at the other extreme. 78% of the population in the basin live in rural areas
and the balance of 22%, live in cities and towns.

The population of the basin was 9.7 million in 1991 which grew to 10.24 million in year 2001.
According to the projections, the rural population is likely to be 18.7 million by the year of 2050. In
the basin, the rural population is about 60% of the total.

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Map 12. Population density

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2. Hydrological units
2.1 Sub-basins

Semi-automated approach for delineation of hydrological units (basin, sub-basin and watershed)
uses SRTM DEM, topo maps on 1:50000 scale, IRS P6 LISS IV & CARTOSAT merged data, drainage
network, surface water bodies, rail/road network and other ancillary data. Drainage divides from
contour/ridge lines are used to demarcate the boundary of hydrological units. The divide has been
marked where flow is in opposite directions. Knowledge of terrain as well as DEM is essential for
accurate demarcation of boundary. Hydrological boundary has been validated with reference to
contours and drainage network. Hydrological unit boundary cuts perpendicular to the contour lines
but it does not cross the drainage line at any location except its outlet. This approach is potentially
more objective, repeatable, cost-effective, and consistent than previously adopted manual
delineation methods.

The Pennar basin is mainly subdivided into 2 sub basins viz. 1) Pennar Upper Sub-basin, and 2)
Pennar Lower Sub-basin. The Pennar Upper Sub-basin covers maximum area of the basin accounting
to 66.85% of the basin area. The Pennar Lower Sub-basin covers the remaining 33.15% of the area.

Figure 4. Sub-basins and per cent drainage area

2.2 Watersheds

Hydrological unit wise assessment of water resources is a prerequisite for its proper management as
it is fast becoming scarce in India. Basin/sub-basins could be sub divided into smaller hydrological
units namely, watershed for water resources management at larger scale (micro level). Watershed is
a natural hydrological entity that covers a specific areal expanse of land surface from which rainfall
flows to a defined drain, channel, stream or river at any particular point. Watershed is delineated

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purely on the basis of hydrologic principles. Size of the watershed is governed by the size of stream
and its boundaries.

Map 13a & Map 13b shows watershed map of Pennar sub basin. The Pennar lower sub basin is thus
further divided into 29 watersheds and Upper sub basin is thus further divided into 61 watersheds.
The white boundary within the basin represents delineated watersheds. Each watershed is given an
8 digit alphanumeric code for identification. Each letter in the code has a description. For example if
Watershed code is C09PEL01, the first alphabet (C09PEL01) stands for the Water resource region
(India-WRIS). Following 2 digits represents basin code (C09PEL01). Next three letters (C09PEL01)
represents sub basin name which is followed by watershed number (C09PEL01).

The total number of watersheds in the basin is 90 with 29 in Pennar Lower sub-basin and 61 in
Pennar Upper sub-basin. The area covered by these watersheds and their minimum and maximum
sizes found in the basin are given in Table 5.

Table 5. Sub-basin wise watersheds

Sl. No. Sub Basin Area (Sq.km) Range of Watershed No. of

(Sq.km) Watersheds
1 Pennar Lower Sub Basin 17979.85 357.62 - 850.70 29

2 Pennar Upper Sub Basin 36263.58 310.23 - 926.97 61

Note: Values calculated under India-WRIS

Lower and Upper sub basins and according to their watershed is given in Map 13a and Map 13b.

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Map 13a. Pennar lower sub-basin and watersheds

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Map 13b. Pennar upper sub-basin and watershed

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3. Surface water resources

3.1 Surface waterbodies

Surface waterbodies have traditionally played an important role in the lives of common people in
India by their way of irrigation, drinking water supply, ecology, tourism and domestic uses. There are
reportedly 29 major reservoirs in Pennar basin which includes Somasila, Kanigiri, Velugodu,
Cheyyeru and Nellore Tank.

In Pennar basin, the surface waterbodies accounts to 3315.92 Sq.km, which is around 4.09% of the
total geographical area of the basin. There are a total of 8923 surface water bodies. The total
number of tanks in the basin is 8283 which is 93.04 % of the total surface waterbodies in the basin.
The remaining 7% of area is covered by other classes of waterbodies like lakes/ponds, reservoirs,
cooling ponds, abandoned quarry and aquaculture ponds.

The average water resource potential of the basin is 6.32 BCM and based on the projects having live
storage capacity of 10 MCM & above the total live storage capacity comes out to be 4.82 BCM in the
basin.

Number of waterbodies according to their water spread area is given in Table 6. The classification of
the waterbodies on the basis of their type is shown in Figure 5.

Table 6. Number and size of waterbodies

Sl. No. Size Range (ha) No. of Waterbodies

1 0 - 25 8008
2 25 - 50 506
3 50 - 100 280
4 100 - 250 89
5 250 - 500 18
6 500 - 1000 12
7 1000 - 2500 7
8 More than 2500 3

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Figure 5. Type and number of waterbodies

3.2 Water resource projects

Water resources projects are broadly categorized into irrigation projects and hydroelectric projects.
These projects are planned for various purposes like irrigation, hydro-power generation, water
supply for drinking and industrial purpose, flood control navigation etc. Projects which serve more
than one purpose are called as multipurpose projects. Generally majority of multipurpose projects
are combination of irrigation and hydro-power. There are many irrigation, hydro-power and
multipurpose projects which were approved initially as independent projects. Subsequently due to
interstate agreements and new projects coming up on downstream and upstream, water planning
was done in such a way that operation of these projects are now done in an integrated manner.
Such types of projects are now being called as irrigation, hydro power & multipurpose complex.

As on today there are total 21 water resources projects in the basin which includes reservoir
schemes, hydroelectric and multipurpose projects. Pennar basin has 6.32 BCM average water
resource potential and Live Storage Capacity (LSC) of 4.82 BCM.

3.2.1 Major and medium irrigation projects, Lift irrigation and ERM

There are 7 major and 14 medium irrigation projects in the basin. There is no Lift irrigation schemes
and ERM project in the basin (Table 7). Water resources assets and their spatial location by sub basin
wise with allied information are shown in Map 16a & Map 16b.

Details of some of the major irrigation projects in the basin are given below:

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Somasila Major Irrigation Project: This is an operational major project on Pennar River in Andhra
Pradesh for stabilizing irrigation in Pennar delta. The dam is located near Somasila Village, Atmakur
taluk of Nellore district. Culturable Command Area (CCA) of project is 38.48 Th. Ha. Catchment area
at dam site is 48645 Sq.km. It is an earth and rockfill + masonry and concrete dam whose maximum
height above deepest foundation level is 39 m. Somasila has also been integrated as a component of
the Telugu Ganga canal project which is proposed to carry water from Srisailam to Chennai city and
provide irrigation benefits to the en-route areas. The gross storage capacity at FRL 100.58 m and live
storage capacity of the reservoir are 2091 MCM and 1,994 MCM respectively. At the maximum
water level of 101.80 m the storage capacity is 2,483 MCM and at dead storage level of 82.30 m, it is
214 MCM.

Pulivendula Branch Canal Major Irrigation Project: This is an ongoing major project on Chitravathi
River which is joining from the right to Pennar. The dam is located near Pulivendula city of
Anantapur District. It is an earthen dam whose catchment area is 5431 Sq.km. Mainly Anantapur,
Cuddapah districts benefited from the project. The culturable command area, ultimate irrigation
potential and live storage capacity of the project are 24.70 Th ha, 24.28 Th ha and 283.1 MCM,
respectively.

Tungabhadra RB High Level Canal Stage–I & II: This is a major project of Pennar basin. Four
Associated Structures are in this project PABR Dam, Pennar Dam, Mylavaram Dam, Chitravati
Balancing Reservoir located in. Status of Stage-I is completed but stage II is ongoing. Mainly
Anantapur, Cuddapah districts benefited from the project. The culturable command area and
Installed capacity of the project are 133.36 Th ha and 20 MW, respectively.

Pennar Delta Project: This is also a major project of Pennar basin. Two associated structures are
present in this project Sangam Anicut and Nellore Anicut. Mainly Nellore district benefited from the
project. The culturable command area and gross command area of the project are 67.72 Th ha and
156.75 Th ha, respectively.

Handri Neeva Sujala Sravanti (HNSS) Major Irrigation Project: This is also a major project of Pennar
basin. Four associated structures are present in this project PABR Dam, Pennar Dam, Mylavaram
Dam, Chitravati Balancing Reservoir. Status of Stage-I is completed and stage II is ongoing. Mainly
Anantapur, Cuddapah districts benefited from the project. The culturable command area and
Installed capacity of the project are 133.36 Th ha and 20 MW, respectively.

Further elaborated information of these projects is listed in Annexure IV:C.

Table 7. Number of water resources projects

Sl. No. Type of Projects Number of Projects

1 Major Irrigation Projects 7
2 Medium Irrigation Projects 14
3 ERM Projects 0
4 Hydro-Electric Projects 1
5 Lift Irrigation Projects 0

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3.2.2 Hydro Electric projects and Power house

The hydro-electric scheme presently in operation in the basin is only Penna Ahobilam Hydroelectric
Project on the river kakatiya/ Pennar in Anantapur district . The power house has an installed
capacity of 20 MW .

PABR dam on Pennar river located near Rayadurg district Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. Penna
Ahobilam power house situated in dam toe position has 2 units of 10 MW each and its annual design
energy is likely to be 54 MU. For power generation, the surface power house has Vertical Francis
Turbines, which work at net rated head of 42.7 m. Penna Ahobilam Hydroelectric Project is under
control of APGENCO.

3.2.3 Dams, Barrages/ Weirs/ Anicuts

Water resources structures are manmade structures to store the water for hydropower, irrigation,
drinking water supply etc.

There are a total of 62 water resource assets in Pennar basin. The biggest dam in the basin is
Somasila dam located in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh with a total gross storage capacity 2091
MCM and 1994 MCM live storage capacity. There are 2 anicuts and 1 weir in the basin (Table 7 &
Map 14). The longest anicut in the basin is Sangam anicut located in Nellore district of Andhra
Pradesh with a Length of 1242.4 m. There are no barrage structures or lift irrigation schemes in the
basin.

Table 8. Sub-basin wise number and type of water resources structures

Sl. No. Sub Basin Dams Barrages Weirs Anicuts

1 Pennar Lower Sub Basin 19 0 0 2
2 Pennar Upper Sub Basin 39 0 1 0

Major water resources structures and their projects with allied information are shown in Map 14.
The detailed list of dams and barrages/weirs/anicuts with all their parameters is available in
Annexure IV:A and B.

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Map 14. Major water resources structures and projects

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There are 58 dams in the basin. Available data classification of the dams of the basin based on gross
storage and purpose are given in Figure 6 and Figure 7.

Figure 6. Dam classification based on storage

Figure 7. Dam classification based on purpose

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3.2.4 Multipurpose projects

There are only two multipurpose project in Pennar basin viz. Tungabhadra Multipurpose Project and
Srisailam Multipurpose Project.

i) Tungabhadra Multipurpose Project: Part of Tungabhadra Multipurpose Project a) Pulivendula

Branch Canal Major Irrigation Project b) Tungabhadra High Level Canal Stage I & II Irrigation Project
envisages the creation of CCA of 24.70 Th ha 133.36 Th ha, respectively. c) Penna Ahobilam
Hydroelectric Project on the river kakatiya or Penna in Anantapur district is also a part of the
Tungabhadra Multipurpose Project.

ii) Srisailam Multipurpose Project: This multipurpose poject a) Handri Neeva Sujala Sravanti (HNSS)
Major Irrigation Project b) Telugu Ganga Major Irrigation Project envisages the creation of CCA of
243.83 Th ha 233 Th ha respectively.
(Details of projects are described under section 3.2.1 & 3.2.2).

3.2.5 Interstate projects

There is no Inter-state project in the basin.

3.2.6 Command area and canal network

Canals are man-made channels for conveyance of water. When the water is to be transported across
landscape to deliver the water to the respective command areas by canal network, construction of
various irrigation structures are necessary to negotiate terrain including drains, road, rail lines.
Important irrigation structures are regulators, bridges, aqueducts/syphon aqueducts, super
passages/syphons, level crossings/inlets and outlets, and other cross drainage structures.
Distributary head regulator controls the supply to an off taking channel from the parent channel.
The major canal command areas covering the basin are KCC (Kurnool Cuddapah canal), Tungabhadra
HLC, Srisailam RBC, GNSS (Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravanthi), CBR (Chitravathi balancing reservoir),
Mylavaram and HNSS (Handri Neeva Sujala Sravanti). These command areas cover Anantpur,
Kurnool, and Y.S.R. districts of Andhra Pradesh. Some of the medium canal command areas in the
basin include Lower Sagileru, Upper Sagileru, Yogivemana (Maddileru), Upper Pennar, Annamayya
(Cheyyeru), and Pedderu (Chittoor). Map 15 depicts the major and medium canal command areas
and canal network in the basin and Annexure IV:C provides further details about them.

A study was carried out jointly by CWC & ISRO to assess the existing status of the irrigation
commands. IRS P4 LISS III data of two different seasons namely, pre monsoon (2005) and post
monsoon (2004) were used for delineation of waterlogged and salt affected areas of major and
medium irrigation commands of Pennar basin. Total waterlogged area within these occupies 5.3 Sq.
Km ha whereas salt affected area has been extended to 42.6 Sq. Km.

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Map 15. Command area and canal network

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Map 16a. Pennar lower sub-basin wise water resources assets

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Map 16b. Pennar upper sub-basin wise water resources assets

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4. Ground water resources

4.1 Ground water observation wells

The predominant rock groups found in the basin are (i) the Archeans and Dharwars in the Karnataka
area and (ii) Cuddapah and Kurnool systems in the Andhra Pradesh area. The Archeans consist of
peninsular gneisses and Closepet granites. The Dharwar system is composed mainly of a complex
series of crystalline schists, igneous rocks and their altered forms and some sedimentary rocks like
quartzites, conglomerates, limestones etc. The Cuddapah system consists of quartzites, shales and
limestones. The Kurnool system comprises quartzites, shales, limestones and sandstones and is
correlated with the lower part of the Vindhyan system of Central India.

There are 426 of ground water observation wells in Pennar Upper and Lower sub basins are given in
Table 9. For Pennar lower sub basin distribution of ground water observation wells are 116, and
Pennar upper basin comprises of 310 observation sites. The density of ground water observation
wells is high in South-West part of the basin.

Table 9. Sub-basin wise number of ground water observation wells

Sl. No. Sub Basin No. of Observation Wells

1 Pennar Lower Sub Basin 116
2 Pennar Upper Sub Basin 310

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Map 17. Location of ground water observation wells

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4.2 Ground water level fluctuation

Ground water fluctuation data is temporal and dynamic in nature. It is mainly controlled by rainfall
pattern in relation to the aquifer material. A large part of India’s irrigated agricultural depends on
ground water availability. Ground water fluctuation data have been grouped according to four
seasons viz. post-monsoon rabi (January to March), pre monsoon (April to June), Monsoon (July to
September) and post-monsoon kharif (October to December).

There is notable fluctuation in the ground water level of the basin based upon pre and post
monsoon season in the year of 2011. There is significant ground water level recharge after the
ending of monsoon season. In Kurnool and Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh and Kolar district of
Karnataka most part noticed a rise of less than 2 m in the ground water level due to recharge and
major part of the Cuddapah and Chittoor districts depicts rise of 2-5 m (Map 18).

Fluctuation due to draft given in Map 19 shows that major portion of the basin area has fall of less
than 2 m except some parts of Anantapur and Tumkur which shows fall of 2-4 m and in Nellore
district water level fluctuation rise 2-4 m in most part of it.

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Map 18. Ground water level fluctuation (Recharge)

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Map 19. Ground water level fluctuation (Draft)

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4.3 Litholog well locations

The type of major lithology has been grouped into 7 rock groups (stratigraphic horizons) viz.
unconsolidated sediments, residual cappings, volcanic flows & inter-trapeans, semi-consolidated
sediments, consolidated sediments, intrusive rocks and crystalline rocks.

According to the data provided there are no litholog wells being maintained by CGWB in the basin.

5. Hydro-met observations
Water resources planning require time series data on hydrological aspects. The hydrological
observation stations of CWC collect and process the basic hydrological data on gauge, discharge, silt,
and sedimentation and water quality on a regular basis for onward transmission to CWC regional
offices, who document it in the form of Water Year Book, Sediment Year Book and Water Quality
Year Book. River management is one of the key issues for political and economic affairs of the
country. For designing and execution of water resources projects in the country, planners and policy
makers require a comprehensive and reliable time series data on hydrological aspects.

Hydro-meteorology provides various meteorological parameters of different meteorological stations

of basin. Hydro-meteorological observations in the basin are carried out by the Central and State
Governments. The Central Water Commission maintains 8 gauge-discharge sites in the basin (Map
20 and Annexure VI:A). Sediment observations are also taken at 2 of the above sites. In addition, the
Central Water Commission operates a flood forecasting station also in the basin (Annexure VI:B).

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Elevation

Map 20. Hydro observation and flood forecasting stations

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5.1 Hydrological observation sites

Hydrological Observation Sites provides information about various hydrological observation

parameters as gauge (river water level), discharge (amount of water released from a cross section in
the river in a given time period) and sediment (Concentration of solid particles in water) observing
stations of CWC (Central Water Commission). CWC has contributed substantially in the collection of
hydrological data all over the country. Being the apex national body for the development of surface
water resources of the country, CWC has established a network of hydrological observation stations
in all the river basins.

Map 20 represents the locations of the 8 hydrological observation sites of CWC. Table 10 classifies
these sites of CWC on the basis of their type. Out of 8 sites, 6 sites measure quality parameter and 2
stations have sediment parameter measurement in addition to gauge and discharge. Further details
of these sites are listed in Annexure VI:A.

Table 10. Hydrological observation sites of CWC

Sl. No. Station Type Number of Stations

1 G 0
2 GQ 0
3 GD 0
4 GDQ 6
5 GDS 0
6 GDSQ 2
7 Rainfall 0
8 Snow 0

5.2 Flood forecasting sites

Flood forecasting indicates the forecast or inflow level with its time of occurrence. Two kinds of
forecasts are issued based on the utility of the forecast. Inflow forecasts assists in reservoir
regulation (full reservoir level & maximum water level) and the level forecast is used for predicting
water level (warning level & danger level) well ahead of its occurrence. It provides information on
station characteristics and other parameters such as highest flood level, year of highest flood level,
warning level and danger level.

Pennar basin consists of only 1 wireless level forecasting station (Table 11) i.e. Nellore Anicut with
warning level 15.91 m, danger level of 17.28 m and highest flood level of 18.70 m. Year of highest
flood level is 1882. Further details of the site is listed in AnnexureVI :B.

Table 11. Types of flood forecasting stations of CWC

Sl. No. Station Type Number of Stations

1 Level Forecast 1
2 Inflow Forecast 0

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5.3 Meteorological stations

There are 3 main central organisations in our country which records meteorological parameters viz.,
India Meteorological Department (IMD), Central Water Commission (CWC) and ISRO (Automatic
Weather Stations).

CWC has established 8 hydro-meteorology stations in the basin as shown in Map 20. These stations
are established to understand the relationship between meteorological parameters related to
climate and river dynamics. The basin also has 40 stations by IMD. IMD stations measure data of
monthly average precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, average annual rainfall and
potential evapotranspiration. In addition they also measure weekly data of rainfall, maximum and
minimum temperature, wind speed, evaporation and sunshine hours. An integrated approach of
measuring meteorological parameters using Automated Weather Stations (AWS) is also helpful in
remote regions. The AWS stations require minimum maintenance and the data is generated on
temporal basis. Under the supervision of ISRO 45 AWS stations are established in the basin. There
are 93 meteorological observations stations in the basin.

Different meteorological stations present in the basin are listed (Table 12) as follows:

Table 12. Meteorological stations

Sl. No. Organisation Number of Stations

1 CWC Observation Stations 8
2 IMD Stations 40
3 ISRO AWS Stations 45

6. Water quality
Water quality is defined in terms of the chemical, physical and biological content of water. The water
quality of rivers and lakes changes with the seasons and geographic areas, even when there is no
pollution present.

Water is a prime necessity for human survival and growth of agriculture as well as industrial
development. Effective management of water resource, monitoring and control of its quality are
becoming increasingly important for sustainable development and human welfare.

Rivers in semi-arid areas are characterized by wide variations in the annual flows and poor quality of
water. Pennar River also has a semi-arid catchment. The prominent parameters which have crossed
the tolerance limits frequently are Dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
Water of the Pennar River up to Anantpur and Cuddapah is not of good quality for irrigation and
drinking due to large quantities of carbonates and bicarbonates. The fluoride concentration is also
high due to the presence of soluble salts and fluorides from the rocks and soils in the catchment.
Due to poor quality of water, yield from irrigated crops is very poor. In case of paddy, only special
saline resistant varieties could be grown with low yields. While the soils nearer the ridges are

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generally good, nearer the valleys the soils are saline or alkaline due to water logging and deposition
of salts. However, the quality of water of the tributaries of Pennar is good and hence there is good
irrigation development in the lower reaches. Kundu River, a major tributary of the Pennar carries
water of K.C. Canal which draws good quality water from Tungabhadra. Even though the catchments
of Tungabadra and Pennar are close by (the basin of Vedavati lies in between), there is large
difference in the quality of water of these rivers.

6.1 Surface water quality observations

Surface water means water at or above the land's surface which is neither ground water nor
contained within the unsaturated zone. CWC stations carry out observations for testing the surface
water quality pertaining to sixty eight water quality parameters which are considered to be the
‘Standard Hydrology Project Water Quality Parameters’. All physical, chemical and biological water
quality parameters are categorized further under sub categories like field determinations, nutrients,
organic matter, alkalinity, hardness, other inorganics, major ions, coliforms and others.

Water Quality observations are taken at 8 surface water quality observation sites of CWC (Map 20).

6.2 Ground water quality observations

Ground water means the portion of water beneath the land surface that is within the saturated
zone. ‘Ground water quality criteria’ means the designated levels or concentrations of constituents
that, when exceeded, will prohibit or significantly impair a designated use of water. Groundwater
monitoring system in the Pennar basin recordings are done in thirty one observation wells. The main
parameters monitored are pH, Fe, TDS, Na, K, Mg, Cl, Ca, Cu, SO4, NO3, CO3, HCO3, SAR, RSC, F, and
EC.

The Pennar water possess high silt load during monsoon period resulting acute drinking water
problems for people in rural areas who directly depend on it. In Andhra Pradesh, ground water
occurs under unconfined and semi confined conditions. Rainfall is the principal source of recharge;
the others being percolation of river water during high flow periods and seepage of irrigation water.
During summer (low flow) period, ground water contributes to base flow. Among the cations and
anions present in the ground water sodium and chloride are predominant in Andhra Pradesh region.
Concentration of cations and anions are in the order: Na > K > Ca > Mg; Cl > SO4 > F. Non-carbonate
hardness is also present in the region.

The indices of salt-water contamination like Mg/Ca, Na/Ca indicate that the ground water in the
entire area is slightly contaminated with sea water. Based on this fact, some people have
hypothesized that this area was probably inundated by seawater in the past. Seawater from the Bay
of Bengal is the main contributor to salinity in the coastal areas and this is caused by the reduction in
the Pennar water flow. The problem of saline water intrusion in the fresh water zone gets severe
during the dry period when the Pennar and its tributaries face a drastic fall in river flow. This
situation is worsening and might lead to a terrible environmental hazard in the future unless a
suitable remedial action is initiated.

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7. Inter basin transfer links

Inter basin transfer link proposes river water transfer from the region of surplus to deficit areas.
There are 4 Inter basin transfer links in Pennar basin.

The Krishna Almatti Pennar Link – It’s water carrying capacity at offtake is 230 cumec. The link canal
irrigates 2.58 lakh ha area out of which 1.12 lakh ha is in upper Pennar sub basin. Total length of link
canal is about 587.175 km that includes five tunnels. A stretch of about 200 km of the link canal falls
in the Pennar basin.

The Krishna (Srisailam) Pennar link - 2310 Mm3 of water is diverted from Srisailam reservoir on
Krishna River through natural streams in partial exchange to the surplus water to Mahanadi and
Pennar rivers. Total length of link canal is about 203.618 km. This link project consists of 4 power
houses with total installed capacity of 17 MW. A stretch of about 170 km of the link canal falls in the
Pennar basin.

The Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) – Pennar (Somasila) Link - Project total length of Link Canal is about
393.02 km that including 1.265 km long tunnel. This link project consists of three power houses with
total installed capacity of 30 MW each. A stretch of about 54 km of the link canal falls in the Pennar
basin

The Pennar (Somasila) – EFR between Pennar and Kanyakumari (Grand Anicut Link) - This link
envisages diversion of water from Somasila reservoir at Pennar basin to South of Pennar. A quantum
of 8,565 Mcum of water by gravity out of 10,743 Mcum will flow through the link canal. 1,105 Mcum
of water is for meeting domestic and industrial requirement enroute/ Chennai city and 3,855 Mcum
for transfer to Cauvery river. The total length of the link canal from Somasila to its outfall into
Cauvery is 529 km. A stretch of about 19 km of the link canal falls in the Pennar basin.

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Elevation

Map 21. Inter basin transfer links

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8. Inland navigation waterways

Navigable inland waterways in India, comprising of river systems, canals, backwaters, creeks and
tidal inlets extends about to a length of 14500 km. In addition, there are several water bodies where
inland water navigation can be developed.

Kakinada-Pudducherry canal stretch along with Pennar River, stretch between Bhadrachalam and
Rajhamundry and Krishna River and stretch between Wazirabad and Vijaywada are termed as
National Waterway-4. This waterway has 328 km as river portion, 302 km as irrigation canals and
397 km as salt water canals. A stretch of about 20 km of this navigation waterway falls in the Pennar
basin.

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Map 22. Inland navigation waterways

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9. Water tourism sites

In the basin there are 4 pilgrimage (temple) sites, 1 dam site, 1 cave and 1 waterfall those are
important places in water tourism. These following are main tourist places in Pennar basin :

Talpagiri Ranganatha Swamy Temple is situated on the Southern bank of the River Pennar. Sri
Talapagiri Ranaganatha swamy Temple is located in Nellore city. It is more than 600 years old. It is
well known for its architectural splendour.

Belum Caves are located in Belum village in Kurnool district. Belum Caves are nothing short of a
wonder. Running 3.5 kilometres, these caves are the second longest in India. The caves have three
entry points and just about 2 kilometres of the caves are open to public. The lighting inside the caves
is excellent and offers an awe-inspiring view of the chambers. There are indications that these caves
were used Buddhist and Jain monks centuries ago. The relics found in the caves are housed in the
Ananthapur museum. One of the chambers is replete with stalactites and stalagmite formations and
this chamber is known as Kotilingalu. The deepest point of the cave is referred to as Pataalganga and
is the location of a perennial stream.

Somasila Dam is well known for the Shiva temple and the Somasila Water Project across the Pennar
River. It is constructed across River Pennar and is situated near Somasila Village of Ananthasagaram
Mandal, Nellore District. Since it is located in the Eastern ghats situated at the out skirts of the
district, natural beauty is nose worthy. There is a temple in the village called Someswara Temple
blessed by the Lord Siva on the other side of River Pennar an Ashram is situated. Tourist Population
including school children is gradually increasing owing to its importance. It can be developed as a
Very good Tourist Centre.

Talakona falls is the highest waterfall in Andhra Pradesh at 272 ft and also is popular for its
medicinal effects. The water of the Talakona is enriched with herbs and people believe that it has
healing properties. The waterfall is amidst beauty and greenery. A long and treacherous trekking
route leads to the top of the hill, which can be reached by multiple paths.

Puttaparthi is a small town located in the Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh. It was the home of
spiritual guru, Sathya Sai Baba. The town is located on the banks or Chitravathi River and is
surrounded by undulating hills. While the small town does not have much to offer in terms of natural
splendour and beauty, it is a popular religious destination. The main attraction of the town is
Prasanthi Nilayam, or the abode of peace, which was constructed in 1950. The beautiful architecture
of the structure and the tranquility can leave visitors spellbound.

Table 13. Water tourism sites

Sl. No. Tourist Site Category No. of Places

1 Dam 1
2 Caves 1
3 Major Tourist Spot 1
4 Pilgrimage (Temple) 4
5 Waterfall 1
6 Wildlife Sanctuary 1

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Map 23. Water tourism sites

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10. Conclusion
This report provides valuable information related to the topographic, demographic, climatic, surface
and ground water resources, hydro-meteorological and water quality scenario of Pennar basin. The
basin spreads over 14 parliamentary constituencies (2009) comprising 10 of Andhra Pradesh and 4 of
Karnataka. The basin spreads over 10 districts (Census-2011) of both the states. The density of
population in the upper part of the basin is much higher than the lower part of the basin. The basin
is comprised of 2 sub-basins; Upper Pennar sub-basin accounts for 66.85% of total basin area and
consisting of 61 watersheds whereas the Lower Pennar sub basin accounts for 33.15% of total basin
area and consisting of 29. The Pennar and its tributaries are an inter-state river system, flowing
through the states of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. This river receives several tributaries on both
the banks, out of which the main tributaries are The Jayamangali, Kumudavati, Kunderu, and
Sagileru joining main river from the left and the Chitravathi, Papagni, Kaveru and Cheyyeru from the
right the Pennar. It covers two agro-climatic zones and four agro-ecological zones.

The entire basin lies largely in a semi-arid region with low rainfall. The mean annual rainfall within
the drainage basin varies from about 400 mm around Anantapur area to 1200 mm around Nellore.
As per the assessment of LULC (2005-06), a major part, 44.90%, of the basin is covered with crop
land. Deciduous forest area is about 13.04 % and water bodies occupy 3.55% of the total basin area.
Red, black, sand and mixed soils are predominant in the basin. Around 26.70% of total basin area lies
in the elevation zone of 500-750 m. Pennar basin consists of surface water bodies in the form of
lakes, ponds, reservoirs, tanks etc. Tanks are the most predominant in the basin and forms about
93.04% of the total water bodies of the basin. 58 Dams and 3 Barrage/Weirs are constructed in the
basin. Around 94.04% dams are used for the purpose of irrigation. Somasila Project, Tungabhadra RB
High Level Canal Stage – I (AP), Pulivendla Branch Canal Project (AP), Pennar Delta Project (AP) are
some of the major projects being executed in the basin. At present there are 21 major and medium
irrigation/multi-purpose projects in the basin out of which 14 are completed and 7 are ongoing.
Apart from this, CWC maintains 1 flood forecasting station and 8 hydrological observation stations
also in the basin. The basin also houses 8 hydro-meteorology stations by Central Water Commission
(CWC), 40 stations by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and 45 Automated Weather Stations
(AWS) by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for the observation of various meteorological
parameters.

Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)’s National Waterway No. 4 falls in the Pennar basin. Four
important inter basin transfer links viz., the Krishna Almatti Pennar link, the Krishna (Srisailam)
Pennar link, the Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) – Pennar (Somasila) link and the Pennar (Somasila) – EFR
between Pennar and Kanyakumari (Grand Anicut link) are also present in the basin. Nine major
tourist spots including a wildlife sanctuary are also present the Pennar basin.

The economy of the basin at present largely depends on agriculture, which, in view of the uneven
incidence of the rainfall, provides a low level of subsistence except in parts of the basin where
irrigation has been provided and where major industries have developed.

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Annexure I : State, district and parliamentary constituency in the basin

A. District Details
% of District
District Area in
Sl. No. State Name District (2011) Population (2011) Total Area (Sq. km) Area in the
Basin (Sq. km)
Basin
1 Andhra Pradesh Anantapur 4,081,148 18987.72 14802.13 77.96
2 Andhra Pradesh Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore 2,963,557 13090.71 4151.44 31.71
3 Andhra Pradesh Prakasam 3,397,448 17389.37 945.21 5.44
4 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor 4,174,064 14957.01 4929.17 32.96
5 Andhra Pradesh Y.S.R. (Cuddapah) 2,882,469 14969.72 14877.73 99.39
6 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool 4,053,463 17503.31 7747.18 44.26
7 Karnataka Tumkur 2,678,980 10543.89 2654.33 25.17
8 Karnataka Chikkaballapura 1,255,104 4188.56 3367.63 80.40
9 Karnataka Bangalore Rural 990,923 2294.62 380.08 16.56
10 Karnataka Kolar 1,536,401 3968.44 388.52 9.79
Source : Survey of India and Census Data 2011 (Population is represented for the complete district)

B. Parliamentary Constituency Details

Sl. No. State Name Parliamentary Constituencies (2009) Total Area (Sq.km) Area Falling in Basin (Sq.km) % Area in the Basin
1 Andhra pradesh Ongole 13223.24 945.21 7.15
2 Andhra pradesh Kurnool 7066.04 399.78 5.66
3 Andhra pradesh Nellore 7927.80 3566.32 44.99
4 Andhra pradesh Anantapur 9342.80 5823.71 62.33
5 Andhra pradesh Kadapa 9449.36 9448.81 99.99
6 Andhra pradesh Nandyal 10437.27 7347.40 70.40
7 Karnataka Chitradurga 10868.57 1119.40 10.30
8 Andhra pradesh Rajampet 10709.47 9827.37 91.76
9 Karnataka Chikkaballapura 5466.08 2816.20 51.52

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Sl. No. State Name Parliamentary Constituencies (2009) Total Area (Sq.km) Area Falling in Basin (Sq.km) % Area in the Basin
10 Karnataka Tumkur 7043.62 1534.93 21.79
11 Karnataka Kolar 5495.42 1320.04 24.02
12 Andhra pradesh Chittoor 6683.73 529.03 7.92
13 Andhra pradesh Tirupati 9509.69 586.79 6.17
14 Andhra pradesh Hindupur 9644.92 8978.42 93.09
Source : Election Commission of India

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Annexure II : Climate – Rainfall (1971-2004) and Temperature (1969-2004) profile in the basin

A. Sub-Basin Wise Annual Rainfall (mm) (1971-2004)

Annual Rainfall (mm)
Sl. No. Year
Pennar Lower Sub Basin Pennar Upper Sub Basin
1 1971 756.05 581.4
2 1972 934.86 628.48
3 1973 771.32 699.39
4 1974 768.05 718.5
5 1975 1040.56 989.64
6 1976 1015.16 507.21
7 1977 868 787.76
8 1978 926.01 803.46
9 1979 998.36 691.93
10 1980 639.06 497.18
11 1981 977.1 801.21
12 1982 628.79 548.79
13 1983 1000.86 794.7
14 1984 829.93 526.17
15 1985 741.07 521.68
16 1986 727.37 519.14
17 1987 967.9 710.31
18 1988 848.49 849.47
19 1989 734.61 680.17
20 1990 1118.04 785.64
21 1991 1197.65 814.61
22 1992 729.5 566.8
23 1993 1079.14 758.86
24 1994 846.64 550.98
25 1995 1026.38 741.81
26 1996 1314.21 1011.58

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Annual Rainfall (mm)

Sl. No. Year
Pennar Lower Sub Basin Pennar Upper Sub Basin

27 1997 1040.72 705.92

28 1998 983.28 977.79
29 1999 662.23 617.39
30 2000 959.88 864.46
31 2001 1012.86 927.72
32 2002 738.3 543.19
33 2003 724.78 563.81
34 2004 939.43 651.27

B. Temperature profile in the basin (36 Years Average for the period 1969-2004)
Sl. No. Month Maximum Temperature (°C) Minimum Temperature (°C) Mean Temperature (°C)
1 January 29.78 17.49 23.64
2 February 34.32 21.49 27.91
3 March 35.66 21.87 28.76
4 April 37.62 24.8 31.21
5 May 38.15 25.8 31.98
6 June 35.21 24.92 30.06
7 July 33.14 23.93 28.54
8 August 32.24 23.5 27.87
9 September 32.49 23.26 27.88
10 October 31.25 22.28 26.77
11 November 29.64 20.16 24.9
12 December 28.74 17.93 23.33

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Annexure III : Sub basin wise population and drinking water facilities
A. Demographic Details
Sl. No. Sub Basin No. of No. Villages Total Male Female No. of
Districts Population Population Population Households
1 Pennar Lower Sub Basin 6 1253 3451146 1745513 1705633 799978
2 Pennar Upper Sub Basin 8 3846 6792569 3457133 3335436 1484351
Source : Census Data 2001

B. Drinking Water Facilities

Sl. No. Sub Basin District Wells Tubewells Handpumps
1 Pennar Lower Sub Basin Chittoor 750 650 1180
2 Pennar Lower Sub Basin Cuddapah 388 275 822
3 Pennar Lower Sub Basin Prakasam 621 80 803
4 Pennar Lower Sub Basin Kurnool 298 165 791
5 Pennar Lower Sub Basin Kolar 0 0 0
6 Pennar Lower Sub Basin Nellore 728 107 962
7 Pennar Upper Sub Basin Anantapur 158 247 881
8 Pennar Upper Sub Basin Chittoor 750 650 1180
9 Pennar Upper Sub Basin Cuddapah 388 275 822
10 Pennar Upper Sub Basin Prakasam 621 80 803
11 Pennar Upper Sub Basin Bangalore Rural 0 0 0
12 Pennar Upper Sub Basin Kurnool 298 165 791
13 Pennar Upper Sub Basin Kolar 0 0 0
14 Pennar Upper Sub Basin Tumkur 0 0 0
Source : Census Data 2001

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Annexure IV : Inventory of surface water resources

A. List of Dams with surrogate information

Submergen
completion

Max height
foundation
Catchment

Length of
Area (Sq.

dam (m)

capacity

capacity

Purpose
spillway
storage

storage

ce Area
Type of

Type of

(Th Ha)
Year of

(MCM)

(MCM)
above

Gross
Sl.

Km.)
Dam

Live
(m)
Name of Dam River
No.

1 Bahuda Dam Bahuda Earthen 1974 435.12 792.48 31.77 14060 Irrigation
2 Marala Dam Earthen 624 13.8 2.64 Irrigation
3 Pincha Dam Pincha Earthen / 1960 486 21 9.28 9.13 Irrigation
Gravity /
Masonry
4 Nellore Dam Pennar 50.50 621.71 23.67 23.67 Irrigation
5 Pedderu Dam Pedderu Earthen 1980 1421 590 35 15.86 14.97 0.13 Irrigation
6 Pendlur Dam Earthen 1998 1045 10.6 1.59 1.59 Irrigation
7 Theetha Dam Jayamangali Earthen / 1986 175.30 1017 22 6.85 6.29 Ogee 0.15 Irrigation
Gravity /
Masonry
8 Zurreru Dam Zurreru Earthen 1963 677 16 7.34 7.06 Irrigation
9 Bijawara Dam Dodda Halla Earthen 1906 1590 9.1 5.59 5.04 0.18 Irrigation
10 Kanigiri Dam Pennar Earthen 163.10 10000 10.278 Irrigation
11 Mavathur Dam Garudachala Earthen 1908 1380 14 2.10 2.05 0.36 Irrigation
halla
12 Sagileru Dam Sagileru Earthen 1959 1796.42 1905 22.91 4.79 Ogee Irrigation
13 Somasila Dam Pennar Earthen 1986 48645 352 39 2091 1994 Ogee 21.23 HE,IR
14 Velugodu Dam
15 Alaganoor Dam
16 Gorakallu Dam Mallama Earthen / 77.70 1731 48.5 369.82 303.81 Irrigation
selavagu Gravity /
Masonry

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foundatio
Length of
(Sq. Km.)

Submerg
Catchme
completi

dam (m)

capacity

capacity

Purpose
spillway
storage

storage
Type of

Type of
nt Area

(Th Ha)
Year of

(MCM)

(MCM)
height
above

Gross
n (m)
Sl.

Area
ence
Dam

Max

Live
on
Name of Dam River
No.

17 Jalakanur Dam Bodivagu Earthen 1981 7200 10.51 3.28 Irrigation

18 Mylavaram Dam Pennar Earthen / 1983 19197 2850 24 283 265 Irrigation
Gravity /
Masonry
19 Pedaballi Dam Earthen 2000 149 12 4.93 3.79 Irrigation
20 Sancherla Dam Earthen 2000 500 12 1.80 1.80 Irrigation
21 Varikunta Dam Earthen 1997 1156 15.1 1.90 1.90 Irrigation
22 Veligallu Dam Papagni Gravity / 3428 810 45 131.47 95.10 Ogee 1.20 Irrigation
Masonry
23 Buggavanka Dam Buggavanka Earthen / 1998 205.79 2060 26 14.32 12.04 Ogee Irrigation
Gravity /
Masonry
24 Gundlamotu Dam Earthen 605 16 9.04 Irrigation
25 Kushavathi Dam Khushavathi Earthen 1030 17.47 2.90 2.50 Irrigation
26 Madakasira Dam Earthen / 686 12 3.97 3.06 Irrigation
Gravity /
Masonry
27 Yogivemana Dam Maddeleru Earthen / 2001 1300 570 29.46 25.55 Ogee 0.46 Irrigation
River Gravity /
Masonry
28 Bukkapatnam Dam Earthen 1975 6017 14 19.91 15.32 Irrigation
29 Chitravathi Dam Chitravathi Earthen 5431 283.10 Irrigation
30 Dharmavaram Earthen 6393 11 13.72 10.56 Irrigation
Dam
31 Paleru ,Owk Dam Paleru Earthen 1946 246.04 622 10.15 2.46 1.21 Irrigation
32 Thadukuvagu Dam Earthen 1982 900 12.2 1.70 1.70 Irrigation

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foundatio
Length of
(Sq. Km.)

Submerg
Catchme
completi

dam (m)

capacity

capacity

Purpose
spillway
storage

storage
Type of

Type of
nt Area

(Th Ha)
Year of

(MCM)

(MCM)
height
above

Gross
n (m)
Sl.

Area
ence
Dam

Max

Live
on
Name of Dam River
No.

33 Y.T.Cheruvu Dam Earthen / 2078 10 12.20 9.38 Irrigation

Gravity /
Masonry
34 Paya Cheruvu Dam Earthen 200 14 1.56 1.56 Irrigation
35 Siddalagandi Dam Talakona Earthen 1959 1795 12 1.12 0.99 Irrigation
36 T.Sundupalli Dam Earthen / 1100 10 1.57 1.57 Irrigation
Gravity /
Masonry
37 Upper Pennar Dam Pennar Earthen 1959 5200 3505 16.74 51.28 44.61 Ogee 0.79 Irrigation
38 Ananthasagarm Pennar Earthen 3500 14 2.11 2.11 Irrigation
Dam
39 Rayalacheruvu Pennar Earthen 920 10 2.39 1.84 Irrigation
Dam
40 Vyasasamudram Earthen / 1974 840 11.29 6.58 6.58 Irrigation
Dam Gravity /
Masonry
41 Dandiganahally North Earthen 1987 337 20.92 3.12 2.90 0.04 Irrigation
Dam Pennar
42 Hanumanthapura Gondahalla Earthen 1906 1320 8.8 3.46 3.12 0.12 HE,IR
Dam
43 Savisettipalli Dam Earthen 1985 200 12 2.36 2.36 Irrigation
44 Chintakuntavagu Local Earthen 285 13 1.98 Irrigation
Dam Stream
45 Chagallu Barrage Pennar Earthen / 291.5 21.43 50.94 Irrigation
Dam Gravity /
Masonry
46 Haresamudram Big Earthen 1264 10 3.12 2.93 Irrigation
Dam

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(Sq. Km.)

Submerg
Catchme
completi

foundati

capacity

capacity

Purpose
spillway
storage

storage
Type of

Type of
nt Area

(Th Ha)
Year of

of dam

(MCM)

(MCM)
Length

on (m)
height
above

Gross
Sl.

Area
ence
Dam

Max

Live
(m)
on
Name of Dam River
No.

47 Panthulu Cheruvu Earthen 923 12 6.79 5.23 Irrigation

Dam
48 Kampasamudram Pennar Earthen 1830 11.2 2.16 2.16 Irrigation
New Dam
49 Tumbodi Dodda Halla Earthen 1939 480 12.6 4.16 3.96 0.09 Irrigation
Amanikere Dam
50 Cheyyeru / Cheyyeru Earthen 2003 988.60 409 25 63.16 44.58 Ogee Irrigation
Annamayya Dam
51 Pedda Tippa Earthen / 1550 15.39 6.97 6.97 Irrigation
Samudram Dam Gravity
52 Sreerangarayani Earthen / 2378.76 11.708 39.24 30.19 Irrigation
Cheruvu Dam Gravity
53 Midpennar Stage- Pennar Earthen 1968 6790 1175 43 146.26 136.91 1.72 Irrigation
I/Mid-Pennar Dam
54 Pedda Cheruvu , Earthen 1975 1295.68 14 5.29 4.07 Irrigation
Nagasamudram
Dam
55 Yeddula Eswaraiah Pennar Gravity / 19000 325 38 750.88 662.21 Ogee 10.77
GandiKoata Dam Masonry
56 Eguva Thamballa
Palli - Cheruvu
Dam
57 Chinnarayaswamy Papagni Earthen 1969 1429.67 465 15 4.81 4.48 Irrigation
Gudi /Chennaraya
Dam
58 Ahobilam / Penna Pennar Earthen 1994 6165 2060 46 314 305 HE,IR
Ahobilam (Dr.
K.S.P.A.B.R.) Dam

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B. List of BWA with surrogate information

Sl. No. Name of B/W/A River Length (m) Height upto Catchment area Design flood discharge Purpose
crest (m) (Th ha) (Cumecs)
1 Sangam Anicut 1242.37 - Irrigation
2 Adinimmayapalli - -
Anicut
3 Pennar - Kumudvathi Pennar 144.17 1100 727.60 Irrigation
Weir

C. Major/Medium irrigation projects with surrogate information

Sl. No. Name of Project Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA CCA (Th UIP (Th District/s
completion (Th ha) ha) Benefitted
ha)
1 Handri Neeva Sujala Major Ongoing 705.21 243.83 243.77 Kurnool,
Sravanti (HNSS) Major Cuddapah,
Irrigation Project Ananthpur,
Chittoor
2 Telugu Ganga Major Major Ongoing 386.88 233 233 Kurnool,
Irrigation Project Cuddapah,
Nellore, Chittoor
3 Pennar Delta system Major Pennar Completed 1894 156.75 67.72 67.72 Nellore
including Kanigiri
Irrigation Project
4 Tungabhadra High Major Tungabhadra Completed 358.42 45.82 45.82 Anantpur,
Level Canal Stage I Cuddapah
Irrigation
Project_Andhra
Pradesh

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Sl. No. Name of Project Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA CCA (Th UIP (Th District/s
completion (Th ha) ha) Benefitted
ha)
5 Kurnool Cuddapah Major Tungabhadra Completed 1882 44.29 Cuddapah
Canal Major Irrigation
Project
6 Somasila Major Major Pennar Ongoing 107.31 38.48 38.48 Nellore
Irrigation Project
7 Pulivendula Branch Major Ongoing 62.87 24.70 24.28 Ananthpur,
Canal Major Irrigation Cuddapah
Project
8 Veligallu Medium Medium Papgni Papagni Ongoing 17.80 9.72 9.71 Cuddapah
Irrigation Project
9 Annamayya Medium Pennar Cheyyeru Completed 21.88 9.11 9.11 Cuddapah
(Cheyyeru) Medium
Irrigation Project
10 Kanupur Canal Medium Ongoing 7.21 7.64 Nellore
Medium Irrigation
Project
11 Buggavanka Medium Medium Pennar Buggavanka Completed 5.09 5.20 5.20 Cuddapah
Irrigation Project
12 Lowersagileru Medium Sagileru Sagileru Completed 27.10 4.42 Cuddapah
Medium Irrigation
Project
13 Upper Pennar Medium Pennar Pennar Completed 1959 10.02 4.07 Ananthpur
Medium Irrigation
Project
14 Pennar Kumudvathi Medium Pennar Pennar Completed 1952 3.18 Ananthpur
(DS) Medium
Irrigation Project
15 Arniar Medium Medium Araniyar Araniayar Completed 4.12 2.23 2.23 Kanchipuram
Irrigation Project

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Sl. No. Name of Project Type River Tributary Status Year of GCA CCA (Th UIP (Th District/s
completion (Th ha) ha) Benefitted
ha)
16 Kalangi Medium Medium Kalangi Completed 5.41 1.88 Chittoor
Irrigation Project
17 Pedderu (Chittor) Medium Papagni Pedderu Completed 5.82 1.74 Chittoor
Medium Irrigation
Project
18 Pincha Medium Medium Pincha Completed 1.64 1.53 Cuddapah,
Irrigation Project Chittoor
19 Teetha Medium Medium Jayamangali Jayamangali Completed 1987 2.07 1.11 Tumkur
Irrigation Project
20 Chennarayaswamy Medium Chitravathi Papagni Completed 1960 0.45 0.36 Ananthpur
Gudi Medium River
Irrigation Project
21 Sagileru Medium Medium Completed 1907 - Chittoor
Irrigation Project

D. Power house and projects with surrogate information

Sl. Power House Hydro Electric Type of Position Altitude No. of Total Minimum Number of
No. project Development above MSL Turbines/Units Installed Draw Down Penstocks
(m) Capacity Level
(MW) (MDDL)
1 Penna Ahobilam Penna Storage Dam Toe 2 20 2
Power House Ahobilam
Hydroelectric
Project

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Annexure VI : Salient features of hydro-meteorological stations

A. Salient features of Hydro- meteorological Stations

Sl. Station Name Type River Regional Circle Division Sub Section office Drainage Zero of Station Status
No. office division area (Sq. Gauge (m) bank
Km.)
1 Kamalapuram GDQ Pennar C & S RO, S.E.(C&SR), Hydrology Pennar Kamalapuram 7187 136 Left Existing
Coimbatore Bangalore Division, SD,
Chennai Cuddapa
2 Nagalamadike GDQ Pennar C & S RO, S.E.(C&SR), Hydrology Pennar Nagalamedike 5050 545 Left Existing
Coimbatore Bangalore Division, SD,
Chennai Cuddapa
3 Nandipalli GDQ Pennar C & S RO, S.E.(C&SR), Hydrology Pennar Nandipalli 2486 95 Right Existing
Coimbatore Bangalore Division, SD,
Chennai Cuddapa
4 Nellore GDQ Pennar C & S RO, S.E.(C&SR), Hydrology Pennar Nellore 50800 44 Right Existing
Coimbatore Bangalore Division, SD,
Chennai Cuddapa
5 Singavaram GDQ Pennar C & S RO, S.E.(C&SR), Hydrology Pennar Singavaram 6262 256 Right Existing
Coimbatore Bangalore Division, SD,
Chennai Cuddapa

6 Tadapatri GDQ Pennar C & S RO, S.E.(C&SR), Hydrology Pennar Tadipattri 12482 224 Left Existing
Coimbatore Bangalore Division, SD,
Chennai Cuddapa
7 Alladupalli GDSQ Pennar C & S RO, S.E.(C&SR), Hydrology Pennar Alladupalli 8758 94 Left Existing
Coimbatore Bangalore Division, SD,
Chennai Cuddapa
8 Chennur GDSQ Pennar C & S RO, S.E.(C&SR), Hydrology Pennar Chennur 37981 111 Right Existing
Coimbatore Bangalore Division, SD,
Chennai Cuddapa

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B. Salient features of Flood-Forecasting Stations

Sl. Site Met Independent Type of Base Travel Base Travel Full Max Highest Year Mode of
No. Name Sub river Forecast Station- Time Station-2 Time Reservoir Reservoir Flood of Collection
Division 1 Base (hrs) Base Level (m) Level (m) Level H.F.L
Station- Station- (m)
1 (hrs) 2
1 Nellore Coastal Pennar Level Chennur 18 Nandipally 18 18.70 1882 Wireless
Anicut Andhra Forecast
Pradesh

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Annexure VII : Inventory of water tourism sites

C. Water Tourism Sites in the Basin

Sl. No. Name Type Waterbody WB Relation District State
1 Veerabhadra Temple Pilgrimage Anantapur Andhra Pradesh
(Temple)
2 Talakona Waterfall Waterfall Talakona On Chittoor Andhra Pradesh
3 Kadiri Temple Pilgrimage Koneru Kund Near by Anantapur Andhra Pradesh
(Temple)
4 Talpagiri Ranganatha Swamy Pilgrimage Pennar River Near by Nellore Andhra Pradesh
Temple (Temple)
5 Somasila Dam Dam Somasila Reservoir On Nellore Andhra Pradesh
6 Devuni Kadapa Major Tourist Spot Devuni Gadapa On Cuddapah Andhra Pradesh
cheruvu
7 Sangam Town Pilgrimage Pennar River On Nellore Andhra Pradesh
(Temple)
8 Belum Caves Caves Chitravathi River Near by Kurnool Andhra Pradesh

D. Wildlife Sanctuaries / National Parks in the Basin

Sl. No. Name Type Waterbody WB Nearest District State Year of Mammals Birds Reptiles
Relation City Establishment

1 Gundla Gundlakamma Near by Kurnool Andhra

Brahmeswara River Pradesh
Wildlife
Sanctuary

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Acronyms
AEZ Agro-Ecological Zones
AIA Annual Irrigated Area
AIBP Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme
APGCL Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited
AWS Automatic Weather Stations
B&BBO Brahmaputra and Barak Basin Organization
BB Brahmaputra Board
BCB Bansagar Control Board
BCM Billion Cubic Metre
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BR Balancing Reservoir
BRB Betwa River Board
BWA Barrage Weir Anicut
C&SRO Cauvery and Southern Rivers Organization
CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute
CBIP Central Board of Irrigation & Power
CCA Culturable Command Area
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CGWB Central Ground Water Board
Ch Chainage
CIWTC Central Inland Water Transport Corporation
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CSMRS Central Soil & Materials Research Station
cumec cubic metre per sec
cusec cubic foot per sec
CWC Central Water Commission
CWPRS Central Water and Power Research Station
D Discharge
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DOS Department of Space
DVC Damodar Valley Corporation
EC Electrical Conductivity
EFR East Flowing Rivers
ERM Extension, Renovation and Modernization
ETP Effluent Treatment Plant
EW Exploratory Well
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FC Flood Control

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Pennar Basin Report

FF Flood Forecasting
FMP Flood Management Programme
FRL Full Reservoir Level
G Gauge
GCA Gross Command Area
GD Gauge and Discharge
GDQ Gauge, Discharge and Water Quality
GDS Gauge, Discharge and Sediment
GDSQ Gauge, Discharge, Sediment and Water Quality
GFCC Ganga Flood Control Commission
GIS Geographical Information System
GOI Government of India
GPI Grossly Polluting Industries
GSC Gross Storage Capacity
ha Hectare
HE Hydro-Electric
HFL Highest Flood Level
HO Hydrological Observation
hrs Hours
I&CAD Irrigation and Command Area Development
IBO Indus Basin Organization
IBTL Inter-Basin Transfer Link
IBWT Inter-Basin Water Transfer
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICPO Irrigation-Cum-Power Outlet
IM Moisture Index
IMD Indian Meteorological Department
India-WRIS India-Water Resources Information System
IR Irrigation
IRS Indian Remote Sensing
ISRO Indian Space Research Organization
IWAI Inland Waterways Authority of India
IWT Inland Water Transport
K&GBO Krishna and Godavari Basin Organization
km Kilometre
LBC Left Bank Canal
LGBO Lower Ganga Basin Organization
LGP Length of Growing Period
LISS Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor
lps Litres Per Second

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LSC Live Storage Capacity

LULC Land Use Land Cover
m metre
M&ERO Mahanadi and Eastern Rivers Organization
MAF Million Acre Feet
MCM Million Cubic metre
Mcum Million Cubic metre
MDDL Minimum Draw Down Level
mg/l Milligram per Litre
MI Minor Irrigation
MLD Million Liters per Day
mm Millimetres
MMIR Major and Medium Irrigation
MOSDAC Meteorological & Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MoWR Ministry of Water Resources
MPN Most Probable Number
MSL Mean Sea Level
MU Million Units
MW Mega Watt
N&TBO Narmada and Tapi Basin Organization
NA Navigation
NBO Narmada Basin Organization
NBSS & LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning
NEEPCO North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited
NEIC North Eastern Investigation Circle
NF No Flow
NGRBA National Ganga River Basin Authority
NHPC National Hydro Power Corporation Limited
NRLD National Register of Large Dam
NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre
NW National Waterway
NWDA National Water Development Authority
NWDT Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal
NWMP Northern Water Monitoring Programme
NWP National Water Policy
OW Observatory Well
P Precipitation
PET Potential Evapotranspiration
PH Power House

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Pennar Basin Report

pH puissance de Hydrogen
ppm parts per million
PS Pisciculture
PW Peizometre Well
Q Water Quality
R&R Rehabilitation and Resettlement
RBC Right Bank Canal
RF Rainfall
RRR Repair, Renovation and Restoration
RRSC Regional Remote Sensing Centre
RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate
S Sediment
SAC Standing Advisory Committee
SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio
SD Sub Division
SMCS Soil Moisture Control Section
SOI Survey of India
Sq. km Square Kilometres
SRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission
TAC Technical Advisory Committee
TBO Tapi Basin Organization
TC Total Coliform
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
Th ha Thousand Hectare
THDC Tehri Hydro Development Corporation
TW Tube well
UGBO Upper Ganga Basin Organization
UIP Ultimate Irrigation Potential
UJVNL Uttarkhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UPJVNL Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited
UT Union Territory
WB Water Body
WFR West Flowing Rivers
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WS Water Supply
YBO Yamuna Basin Organization

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Pennar Basin Report

References

Prasad, N. and Singh, Onkar. 1971. Andhra Plateau. In: Singh, R.L. et al. eds. India A Regional
Geography.Varansi, pp.847-849.
Central Water Commission. 2013. Annual Report 2012-2013.
Central Water Commission, New Delhi. 2010. Water Year Book, CWC, 2009-2010.
Central Water commission, New Delhi. 1997. India River Basin Atlas.
Central Water Commission, New Delhi. 1989. Major River Basins of India. pp.31-33.
Jain, Sharad. K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra. K.; Singh, Vijay P. 2007. Hydrology and Water
Resources of India. pp 727-741.
Ministry of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi.1972. Report of the Irrigation Commission
Volume III (Part 1 & 2), pp. 241-267.
National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad. 2011. Landuse land cover Atlas of India based
on Multi-temporal Satellite Data of 2005-06.
Regional Remote Sensing Center West, NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur, India.2012. River Basin Atlas of
India.
Regional Remote Sensing Center West Technical Report.2009. Assessment of Waterlogging
and Salt and/or Alkaline affected Soils in the Commands of All Major and Medium Irrigation
Projects in the Country using Satellite Remote Sensing, PP. 16-21, 67-71.
Sehgal, J.; Mandal, D.K.; Mandal, C. and Vadivelu, S. 1992. Agro-Ecological Regions of India.
Second Edition, Tech. Bull. No. 24, NBSS and LUP, pp 130.
Links:
a. India-Water Resources Information System: www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in
b. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM) 90 m digital elevation Model: CGIAR. 2006,
http://srtm.sci.cgiar.org

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Pennar Basin Report

Authors-Pennar Basin

ISRO Officials CWC Officials

Dr. V.K. Dadhwal Er. A.Mahendran

Director Member (WP & P)
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Central Water Commission
ISRO, Department of Space, Govt. of India New Delhi
Balanagar, Hyderabad

Dr. J.R. Sharma Er. W.M. Tembhurney

Project Director, India-WRIS Project & Chief Engineer (EMO)
Chief General Manager Central Water Commission
Regional Remote Sensing Centres - NRSC/ ISRO New Delhi
DOS Branch Secretariat, Loknayak Bhawan
New Delhi

Dr. Suparn Pathak Er R.K.Jain

Scientist/Engineer ‘SF’ Chief Engineer (BPMO)
Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West Central Water Commission
NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur New Delhi

Mr. Goutam Bhati Er. Yogesh Paithankar

Research Scientist Director
Regional Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Directorate
Centre-West Central Water Commission, New Delhi
NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur
Er. Alok Paul Kalsi
Mr. Mohammad Ali Deputy Director
Research Scientist Remote Sensing Directorate
Regional Remote Sensing Central Water Commission, New Delhi
Centre-West
NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur

Mr. Piyush Dubey

Research Scientist
Regional Remote Sensing Centre-West
NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur

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 Pennar Basin Report

India-WRIS Project Team

ISRO Officials CWC Officials

Project Director Dr. J R Sharma Project In-charge

Er. Yogesh Paithankar, Director
Convener (S/W) Sh. P G Diwakar

Quality Assurance Sh. V M Bothale, Sh. M V Ravikumar, Dr. S S Rao, Dy. Project In-charge
Dr. S N Das, Sh. D S P Rao, Ms. A Vijaya Banu, Er. Alok Paul Kalsi, Dy. Director
Team Sh. Chandrasekaran, Sh. D J Chutia Er. Prashant Kumar Gupta, Dy. Director

Convener (Database) Dr. A Jeyaram

Quality Assurance Dr. S Sudhakar, Sh. Uday Raj, Dr. M Kudrat,

Ms. Rajashree V Bothale, Dr. D Dutta, Technical Guidance
Team Dr. G Ravishankar, Sh. S Pathak, Dr. K K Sarma Er. C K Agarwal, Chief Engineer (B & BBO)
Er. W M Tembhurney, Chief Engineer
Sh. Shantanu B., Sh.Uday Raj, Dr. A T Jeyaseelan EMO Er R.K. Jain, Chief Engineer (BPMO)
Project Coordinators

Project Managers Dr. A K Bera, Dr. B K Bhadra, Sh. S Pathak,

Dr. Rakesh Paliwal

Groups and Work Project Leads & Research Scientists DPDs & Project Team
Components Project Scientists at at Lead Centre Scientists
Lead Centre
Er. Navin Kumar, Director
S/W Design, Sh. Gaurav Kumar Ms. Suman Gurjar Sh. Vinod M Bothale
Architecture, Sh. K S Srinivasan Ms. Pragya Chaturvedi Sh. Shantanu B Er. S N Abraham, Director
Ms. Shilpa Taneja Sh. K Nagajyothi
Integration, Data Sh. Hansraj Meena Er. R Azhagesan, Director
Ms. S V Pravalika Sh. S S Rajashekhar
Security, Web Ms. Divya Mishra
Hosting & Website Sh. Harish Karnatak Er. Ashish Banerjee, Director
Ms. Jyotsana Chuchra Sh. D Giribabu
Mr. Samuel Lourdraj C Dr. A V Suresh Babu Er. Rajiv Kumar, Director
Mr. Rahul Sharma
Mr. Piyush Dubey Sh. E Sivasankar Er. Piyush Ranjan, Executive Engineer
Mr. V Srinivasa Reddy
Er. Pankaj Sharma, Dy. Director
Ms. Chitra S Pai
Ms. Manasa Devi B Er. Amarjit Singh, Dy. Director
Database Dr. A K Bera Mr. Mohamed Ali S Dr. M C Gupta
Organization & Geo- Dr. Rakesh Paliwal Ms. Hemlata Gehlot Dr. S N Das Er. S K Chaturvedi, Dy. Director
database Standards Mr. Amit Kumar Dr. S S Rao
Mr. Devdatta Tengshe
Er. Y S Varshney, Executive Engineer
Sh. K Abdul Hakeem
Mr. Jai Prakash Jyani Er. Manoj Paunikar, Executive Engineer
Mr. Munish Gorsi
Legacy Data ISRO Ms. Deepika Acharaya Dr. V V Rao Er. Amitabh Prabhakar, Executive Engineer
Dr. Rakesh Paliwal
Projects Ms. Pratima Tak Dr. G Ravishankar
Sh. Ashish Kumar Jain Mr. Niteen K Bankar Dr. A V Suresh Babu Er. Vishal Garg, Assistant Director
Ms. Himani Singh Sh. B Simhadhari Rao
Er. M Sahabdeen, Assistant Director
Ms. Sneha
Ms. Kamini Yadav Ms. Rajashree V B Er. Ashish Awasthi Assistant Director
Watershed Atlas & Dr. A K Bera
Mr. Goutam Bhati
Water Resources Dr. Rakesh Paliwal Dr. G Sreenivasan
Mr. Debhasish Bhakta Er. R. Bhaskaran, Assistant Director
Projects Dr. S Ravindranath
Er. Sagar S Salunkhe Mr. Nitin Chauhan Dr. K H V Durga Rao
Ms. Ila Agnihotri
Mr. Vishal Singh
Administrative Ms. Vineeta Sharma Dr. D Dutta
Dr. B K Bhadra
& Thematic Layers Dr. N Vyjayanthi Dr. V M Choudhary
Dr. Rakesh Paliwal Sh. P V Raju
Dr. Shirsath Paresh B
Sh. S Pathak Mr. Sanjay Kumar Sh. P Satyanarayana
Ms. Rashmi Rekha Dutta
Sh. Sushilkumar B
Mr. Brij Kishor Jashal
Rehpade
Sh. Amanpreet Singh
Environmental Data Dr. S Rama Dr. S N Das
Subramoniam Sh. John Mathew
Dr. Manoj Joseph Sh. M Shanker
Sh. B Simhadhari Rao

Capacity Building, Sh. S Pathak Dr. P Manavalan

Modelling, Value Sh. Pramod Kumar
Addition & Report Sh. P V Raju
Dr. K H V Durga Rao

Lead Centre: Regional Remote Sensing Centre - West, NRSC/ISRO, Jodhpur

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