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A Performance Analysis Method of High Speed and Small Diameter

Propeller
To cite this article: Yuchuan Zhang et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 452 042129

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IMMAEE 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 452 (2018) 042129 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/452/4/042129

A Performance Analysis Method of High Speed and Small

Diameter Propeller

Yuchuan Zhang1, 2, a, Zhiqiang Hu 1, Yi Yang 1 Lingbo Geng 1, Chao Wang 1

1
Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110006,
China;
2
School of Mechanical, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China.
a
[email protected]

Abstract. Recently, water-air drone has shown widespread applications in various fields,
such as military and live entertainment. As a direct source of power, it is necessary to
study and calculate the performances of water-air propeller. The underwater propeller
has the maximum diameter limit and the air propeller has the minimum thrust limit. So,
high speed and small diameter are the characteristics of water-air propeller. In this paper,
the performance in air of a water-air propeller has been calculated using programs,
which were based on the strip theory. The effect of rotate speed on thrust, torque and
power-to- thrust ratio has been carefully investigated. Meanwhile, these results have
been verified by physical experiments.

Keywords: Performance calculation, Propeller, Strip theory, MATLAB.

1. Introduction
The analysis method of air propeller, a theory developing from finite wings, usually applied in
calculating performances according to lifting line theory. So the section of propeller can be deemed to
two-dimensional wing. The fluid of wing section has similar speed and direction to real blade. This way
to design the shape of blade section is used in current studies. Propeller performance calculations are
the most important part of its design and application. Therefore, many methods have been studied and
developed to calculate and analyze the performances of propeller [1]. These mechanical models which
are always developing enable the calculated propeller performances closing to the experimental results.
In this paper, the propeller performance analysis programs were compiled based on the strip theory.
Through the program calculates the properties of a certain propeller were systematically calculated and
studied. Meanwhile, some experimental experiments were researched to verify the accuracy of the
calculated results [2].

2. Calculated theory
Strip theory is developed on the basis of Joukowsky’s vortex theory to analyze the propeller model. It
does not consider the radial flow of the propeller and assume that the induced velocity is average velocity
regardless of its periodicity. The induced velocity comes from eddy current and it is related to the
number of propeller blades, the pitch of the blades and the aerodynamic data of the airfoil. So strip
theory approaches the reality, which considers these effects.

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IMMAEE 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 452 (2018) 042129 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/452/4/042129

2.1. Aerodynamic analysis of blade profile

In this paper, the propeller is mostly used for the situation that advance ratio (J) equals to 0. Therefore,
this paper is mainly focus on this advance ratio to calculate [3,4,5]. At the radial direction (r), the length
of the micro-segment (dr) is taken and the corresponding leaf length is c. And the fluid velocity and
force of blade section can be found in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Velocity and force of the blade section

The trajectory of the leaf element is a spiral, so the synthesis rate of blade profile can be expressed
as:

W  (2 nr  vx )2  vi 2 (1)

Where and the tangential velocity in the paddle is 2 nr , vx represents the axial induced velocity
and vi is the circumferential induced velocity. The angle between the geometric synthesis speed and the
rotation plan is 0 . And this angle can be calculated by:

vi
tan 0  (2)
2 nr  vx

Assuming the installation angle of blade profile is  . Since the feed speed is zero, the interference
angle generated by the blade wake vortex is 0 . The angle of attacking the airflow relative to the blade
profile is:

    0 (3)

And according to strip theory, the lift force L and resistant force D at the blade profile can be
expressed as:

1
L  CW 2Cl (4)
2

1
D  CW 2Cd (5)
2

2
IMMAEE 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 452 (2018) 042129 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/452/4/042129

2.2. Aerodynamic analysis of propeller

The propeller pull is given by:

R
T  N B  ( L cos   D sin  )d r (6)
r0

where the number of propeller blades is NB, r0 represents the hub radius and R is the propeller radius.
And the torque of propeller is:

R
Q  N B  ( L cos   D sin  )rd r (7)
r0

The power absorbed by the propeller can be expressed in following equation:

P  Q (8)

where  stands for the rotate speed of propeller. So the thrust-to-power ratio is:

P
= (9)
T

When the aerodynamic analysis of propeller is calculated, N B , D, c, Cl and Cd are known

quantities. However,  , vi , vx ,  , T and Q are computational quantities. In order to calculate the
interference angle, the tension obtained by the momentum equation can be equal to the tensile force
received by the blade profile, thereby obtaining:

(Cl cos   Cd sin  )

NBc  8 r (10)
sin 2 

N BC
Let the blade solidity be   and substitute it into the above formula. This can be obtained in
2 r
below:

(Cl cos   Cd sin  )

 4 (11)
sin 2 

Circular and axial induced velocity can be acquired by momentum moment equation and moment
equation and the equation is shown in below.

(Cl sin   Cd cos  )

 vi  4 (12)
sin 2 

The relationship between the circular and axial induced speed can be obtained by combining equation
(11) and (12), and the relationship is:

3
IMMAEE 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 452 (2018) 042129 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/452/4/042129

(Cl sin   Cd cos  ) vx

 (13)
(Cl cos   Cd sin  ) vi

Through solving the equation (13) to determine r and  , and then know  . The aerodynamic
characteristics of the actual angle of attack are calculated by the airfoil aerodynamic analysis software,
and the aerodynamic characteristics of the propeller are finally obtained.

3. Results and discussion

The program bases on strip theory written by MATLAB. It can calculate the aerodynamic characteristics
of each blade profile under the corresponding installation angle. According to the results, the
aerodynamic characteristics, such as thrust, torque, power to thrust ratio of the propeller, are obtained.
Table 1 shows the propeller geometric parameters including the installation angle and the chord length.

Table 1. Propeller geometric parameters

Radiul Installantion angle
Chord length (M)
(M) (degree)
0.024 40.29 0.0263
0.030 32.33 0.2640
0.036 26.87 0.2770
0.042 23.43 0.2770
0.048 21.20 0.2610
0.054 19.99 0.2170
0.057 19.78 0.1670
0.060 19.65 0.0072

The program calculates the propeller performance of different rotating speed. Table 2, 3 and 4 show
the calculation results of the thrust, torque and the thrust power to thrust ratio, respectively.

Table 2. Calculation result thrust

Rotating speed Thrust Rotating speed Thrust
8000 3.0633 12000 6.8925
9000 3.877 13000 8.0891
10000 4.7864 14000 9.3814
11000 5.7916 15000 10.7695

Table 3. Calculation result of torque

Rotating speed Torque Rotating speed Torque
8000 0.0606 12000 0.1362
9000 0.0766 13000 0.1599
10000 0.0946 14000 0.1855
11000 0.1145 15000 0.2129

Table 4. Calculation result power to thrust ratio

Rotating speed Power to thrust Rotating speed Power to thrust
8000 16.5730 12000 24.8319
9000 18.6210 13000 26.9104
10000 20.6972 14000 28.9891
11000 22.7734 15000 31.0527

4
IMMAEE 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 452 (2018) 042129 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/452/4/042129

The propeller was obtained by 3D printing technology, which is shown in Fig. 2. The propeller was
tested its dynamometers and speed properties to verify calculated results using existing experimental
equipment. Fig. 3 gives the experimental equipment using in this paper. The experiment measured the
change of propeller thrust, torque and thrust power to thrust ratio with the different rotating speed, when
the advance ratio is zero by the dynamometer.

Fig. 2 Propeller Fig. 3 Experiment conditions

Table 5 and the Fig. 4 show the power to thrust power ratio of program calculation and the
experimental test in different rotating speed. It can be concluded that calculated results have high
accuracy.

Table 5. The power to thrust ratio

 
Rotating speed
(experiment) (calculation)
8000 17.5936 16.5730
9000 20.0978 18.6210
10000 21.8604 20.6972
11000 24.1195 22.7734
12000 26.6740 24.8319
13000 28.9258 26.9104
14000 30.8147 28.9891
15000 32.5156 31.0527

32

28
P/T [W/N]

24

20 Experiment
Calculation

16
8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Rotating speed [rpm]

Fig. 4 The power ratio program of experiment and calculation

5
IMMAEE 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 452 (2018) 042129 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/452/4/042129

4. Summary
The program-based strip theory calculates the propeller performance is good consistency with the result
of the experience. The conclusion is following:
1. The power to thrust ratio increases as the rotating speed increases. It can guide the design of
high efficiency water-air propeller.
2. The results of calculation and experience are good consistency. The program can be used to
preliminary calculate the performance of propeller.
3. The power to thrust ratio of experiment is a little bit bigger than the result of program calculation.
The reason of the error is the holder that must be used in the experiment.

References
[1] Q.R. Wald, The aerodynamics of propellers. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. Vol. 42 (2006) No.
2, p. 85-128.
[2] F. Simonetti, R.M.A. Marretta, et al. A numerical variational approach for Rotor-Propeller
aerodynamics in axial flight. Cmes Computer Modeling in Engineering and Ences. Vol. 1
(2000) No.3, p.81-90.
[3] Moffitt B A,Bradley T H,Parekekh D E,er al,Validation of vertex propeller theory for UAV design
with uncer-tainty analysia. Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exihibit. Reno, Nevada:
AIAA,2008.
[4] Berardi, F., and E. Minisci. "Aerodynamic performances of propellers with parametric
considerations on the optimal design." Aeronautical Journal 106.1060(2002):313-320.
[5] Brandt, John, and M. Selig. "Propeller Performance Data at Low Reynolds Numbers." (2011).