396 ● Chapter 5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Section Key Terms Formulas

loga x
Change-of-base formulas logb x "
loga b
ln x
logb x "
ln b

5.3 Solving exponential equations Isolate the exponential; take logarithm of both sides.
Exponential growth and decay
Decay models f(x) " Ca$x (a ! 1, C ! 0)
Growth models f(x) " Cax (a ! 1, C ! 0)
Gompertz curves N " CaRt
A
Logistic functions y" (a ! 0)
1 # ce$ax

Review Exercises
1. Write each statement in logarithmic form. 27. Is it true that ln x # ln y " ln (x # y) for all values
(a) 2x " y (b) 3y " 2x of x?
2. Write each statement in exponential form. 28. If f(x) " ln x, find f(e$2)
1 29. If f(x) " 2x # log (7x $ 4), find f(2).
(a) log7 a b " $2 (b) log4 x " $1
49 30. If f(x) " ex # ln (x # 1), find f(0).
31. If f (x) " ln (3ex $ 5), find f(ln 2).
Graph the following functions.
3. y " ex 4. y " e$x In Problems 32 and 33, use a change-of-base formula to
5. y " log2 x 6. y " 2x evaluate each logarithm.
7. y " 12 (4x) 8. y " ln x 32. log9 2158
9. y " log4 x 10. y " 3$2x 33. log12 (0.0195)
11. y " log x 12. y " 10(2$x)
In Problems 34 and 35, rewrite each logarithm by using
In Problems 13–20 evaluate each logarithm without a change-of-base formula, then graph the function with
using a calculator. Check with the change-of-base for- a graphing utility.
mula in Problems 13–17. 34. y " log13 x
13. log5 1 14. log2 8 35. f(x) " log11 (2x $ 5)
1
15. log25 5 16. log3 a b In Problems 36–42, solve each equation.
3 36. 64x " 46,656
17. log3 38 18. ln e 37. 8000 " 250(1.07)x
19. eln 5 20. 10log 3.15 38. 11,000 " 45,000e$0.05x
In Problems 21–24, if loga x ! 1.2 and loga y ! 3.9, find 39. 312 " 300 # 300e$0.08x
each of the following by using the properties of logarithms. 40. log3 (4x $ 5) " 3
x 41. ln (2x $ 1) $ ln 3 " ln 9
21. loga a b 22. loga 1x 42. 3 # 2 log2 x " log2 (x # 3) # 5
y
23. loga (xy) 24. loga (y4)
A P P L I C AT I O N S
In Problems 25 and 26, use the properties of logarithms
to write each expression as the sum or difference of two 43. Medicare spending The graph in the figure on the fol-
logarithmic functions containing no exponents. lowing page shows the projected federal spending for
Medicare as a percent of the gross domestic product. If
x#1 these expenditures were modeled as a function of time,
25. log (yz) 26. ln
B x which of a growth exponential, a decay exponential, or a
logarithm would be the best model? Justify your answer.
 Review Exercises ● 397

A Consuming Problem (c) In what year did the total consumer credit reach
25% Under current eligibility requirements, $3089.5 billion, according to the model?
federal spending on entitlement
programs, particularly Medicare, would
Year Amount (in billions)
20 grow enormously in the future.
1980 $349.4
Spending as percentage
of gross domestic product 1985 $593.2
15 1990 $789.1
1995 $1095.8
10 2000 $1560.2
Social Security 2001 $1666.9
2002 $1725.7
5
2003 $2119.9
Medicare 2004 $2232.3
0 2005 $2323.4
’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 ’00 ’10 ’20 ’30 ’40 ’50
Source: Federal Reserve
Source: Congressional Budget Office, New York
Times 47. Poverty threshold The average poverty threshold for
44. Students per computer The following figure shows the 1987–2006 for a single individual can be modeled by
history of the number of students per computer in U.S. y " $961.20 # 3293.05 ln (x)
public schools. If this number of students were modeled
by a function, do you think the best model would be lin- where x is the number of years past 1980 and y is the
ear, quadratic, exponential, or logarithmic? Explain. annual income in dollars. (Source: U.S. Bureau of the
Census)
Students per Computer in U.S. Public Schools (a) What does the model predict as the poverty thresh-
150 old in 2015?
125
(b) Graph this function for x " 5 to x " 40 with a
100 graphing utility.
75
48. Modeling Percent of paved roads The following
50
50 table shows various years from 1950 to 2005 and, for
37 32
25 22 20 10.5 7.8 5.7 5.0 4.4
those years, the percents of U.S. roads and streets that
18 16 14
10 6.1 5.4 4.9 3.9 were paved.
0 (a) Find a logarithmic equation that models these data.
’83–’84
’84–’85
’85–’86
’86–’87
’87–’88
’88–’89
’89–’90
’90–’91
’91–’92
’92–’93
’93–’94
’94–’95
’95–’96
’96–’97
’97–’98
’98–’99
’99–’00
2000–’01
2001–’02
2003–’04
2005–’06

Use x " 0 in 1940.

(b) What percent of paved roads does the model pre-
Source: Quality Education Data, Inc., Denver, CO. Reprinted by dict for 2010?
permission.
(c) When does the model predict that 70% of U.S.
45. Inflation The purchasing power P of a $60,000 pen- roads and streets will be paved?
sion after t years of 3% annual inflation is modeled by
Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent
P(t) " 60,000(0.97)t
1950 23.5 1995 60.8 2003 65.5
(a) What is the purchasing power after 20 years? 1960 34.7 1999 62.4 2004 64.5
(b) Graph this function for t " 0 to t " 25 with a 1970 44.5 2000 63.4 2005 64.9
graphing utility. 1980 53.7 2001 63.7
1990 58.4 2002 64.8
46. Modeling Consumer credit The data in the table
show the total consumer credit (in billions of dollars) Source: U.S. Department of Transportation
that was outstanding in the United States for various
49. Stellar magnitude The stellar magnitude M of a star
years from 1980 to 2005.
is related to its brightness B as seen from earth accord-
(a) Find an exponential function that models these data.
ing to
Use x " 0 in 1975.
(b) What does the model predict for the total consumer 5
M " $ log (B!B0)
credit outstanding in 2010? 2
398 ● Chapter 5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

where B0 is a standard level of brightness (the bright- ments from 1950 to 2050 (x " 0 in 1945). Which of
ness of the star Vega). the following functions would be the best model: expo-
(a) Find the magnitude of Venus if its brightness is 36.3 nential growth, exponential decay, logarithmic, or logis-
times B0. tic? Explain.
(b) Find the brightness (as a multiple of B0) of the
10
North Star if its magnitude is 2.1.
(c) If the faintest stars have magnitude 6, find their
brightness (as a multiple of B0).
(d) Is a star with magnitude $1.0 brighter than a star
with magnitude #1.0?
50. Sales decay The sales decay for a product is given by 0 115
0
S " 50,000e$0.1x, where S is the weekly sales (in dol-
lars) and x is the number of weeks that have passed 55. Advertising and sales Because of a new advertising
since the end of an advertising campaign. campaign, a company predicts that sales will increase
(a) What will sales be 6 weeks after the end of the and that the yearly sales will be given by the equation
campaign?
(b) How many weeks will pass before sales drop below N " 10,000(0.3)0.5t
15,000? where t represents the number of years after the start of
51. Sales decay The sales decay for a product is given by the campaign.
S " 50,000e$0.6x, where S is the monthly sales (in dol- (a) What are the sales when the campaign begins?
lars) and x is the number of months that have passed (b) What are the predicted sales for the third year?
since the end of an advertising campaign. What will (c) What are the maximum predicted sales?
sales be 6 months after the end of the campaign? 56. Spread of a disease The spread of a highly contagious
52. Compound interest If $1000 is invested at 12%, com- virus in a high school can be described by the logistic
pounded monthly, the future value S at any time t (in function
years) is given by 5000
y"
S" 1000(1.01)12t 1 # 1000e$0.8x

How long will it take for the amount to double? where x is the number of days after the virus is identi-
fied in the school and y is the total number of people
53. Compound interest If $5000 is invested at 13.5%, who are infected by the virus in the first x days.
compounded continuously, then the future value S at (a) Graph the function for 0 % x % 15.
any time t (in years) is given by S " 5000e0.135t. (b) How many students had the virus when it was first
(a) What is the amount after 9 months? discovered?
(b) How long will it be before the investment doubles? (c) What is the total number infected by the virus dur-
54. World population By using data from the Interna- ing the first 15 days?
tional Data Base of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the (d) In how many days will the total number infected
accompanying figure shows a scatter plot of actual or reach 3744?
projected world population (in billions) in 5-year incre-

5 Chapter Test

In Problems 1–4, graph the functions. In Problems 9–12, use a calculator to give a decimal
1. y " 5x 2. y " 3$x approximation of the numbers to three decimal places.
3. y " log5 x 4. y " ln x 9. e4 10. 3$2.1
11. ln 4 12. log 21
In Problems 5–8, use technology to graph the functions.
13. Use the definition of a logarithmic function to write
5. y " 30.5x 6. y " ln (0.5x)
log7 x " 3.1 in exponential form. Then find x to three
7. y " e2x 8. y " log7 x
decimal places.
14. Write 32x " 27 in logarithmic form.
 Chapter Test ● 399

In Problems 15 and 16, solve each equation for x to three 27. The total market revenue R (in billions of U.S. dollars)
decimal places. for worldwide telecommunications for the years since
15. 3 # 6e$2x " 7 16. 8 $ log3 (5x $ 13) " 5 1990 can be modeled with the equation
In Problems 17–20, simplify the expressions, using prop- R " 330.42e0.08333t
erties or definitions of logarithms.
where t is the number of years past 1985. (Source:
17. log2 8 18. eln x4 19. log7 73 20. ln ex2
International Telecommunications Union)
21. Write ln (M " N) as a sum involving M and N.
(a) Find the predicted total market revenue for 2010.
x3 $ 1
22. Write ln a b as a difference involving two (b) According to the model, how long will it take for
x#2 the 2010 total market revenue to double?
binomials. 28. A company plans to phase out one model of its prod-
23. Write log4 (x3 # 1) as a base e logarithm using a uct and replace it with a new model. An advertising
change-of-base formula. campaign for the product being replaced just ended, and
24. Solve for x: 47,500 " 1500(1.015)6x typically after such a campaign, monthly sales volume
25. The graph in the following figure shows the number of S (in dollars) decays according to
active workers who will be (or have been) supporting
each Social Security beneficiary. What type of function S " 22,000e$0.35t
might be an appropriate model for this situation? where t is in months. When the monthly sales volume
Fewer workers to support retirees for this product reaches $2500, the company plans to
18
When the Baby Boom generation
– the huge group of people born
discontinue production and launch the new model. How
16
16.5 between 1946 and 1964 – retires,
there will be fewer workers to
long will it be until this happens?
14
support Social Security
beneficiaries.
29. The total U.S. personal income I (in billions of dollars)
from 1960 to 2005 can be modeled by
Workers per beneficiary

12

10 15,136.85
I"
8 1 # 40.825e$0.0987t
6 where t is the number of years past 1960. (Source:
3.4
4 1.9 Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of
2
Commerce)
0
SOURCE:
Social
(a) What does the model predict for the total U.S. per-
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 Security sonal income in 2012?
Year Administration
(b) When will the total U.S. personal income reach
26. The graph in the figure shows the history of U.S. cel- $12,836 billion?
lular telephone subscribership for selected years from 30. Modeling The table shows the receipts (in billions of
1986 to 2006. If these data were modeled by a smooth dollars) for world tourism for selected years 1990–2007.
curve with years on the horizontal axis, what type of (a) From a scatter plot of the data (with x " 0 in 1980),
function might be appropriate? Explain. indicate whether an exponential, logarithmic, or
U.S. Cellular Telephone Subscribership, 1986–2006 logistic model is most appropriate. Explain.
(b) Find the best-fitting model of the type found in (a).
2006 233,000
2004 182,140 (c) What does the model predict receipts for world
2002 140,767 tourism will be in 2010?
2000 109,478
1998 69,209
1996 44,043
1994 24,134 Receipts Receipts
1992 11,033 Year (in billions) Year (in billions)
1990 5,283
1988 2,069 1990 $264 2000 $473
1986 682
0 40,000 80,000 120,000 160,000 200,000 240,000
1992 $ 317 2002 $474
1994 $356 2003 $524
Source: The CTIA Semi-Annual Wireless Industry Indices, 1996 $439 2004 $623
December 2007. Used with the permission of CTIA—The
1998 $445 2007 $735
Wireless Association.*
*Data may differ slightly from other sources. Source: World Tourism Organization