“SOCIAL IMPACT OF MASS MEDIA IN THE LIVES OF THE CITIZENS IN THE

CITY OF CALOOCAN 2018”

DOCTOR RIZAL A. CHING

IMMACULADA CONCEPCION COLLEGE

SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Soldier’s Hills III Subd., Barangay 180, Tala, North Caloocan City

GRADE 11-ARISTOTLE (HUMSS)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Social Science 11

January 2019
Introduction

Despite limitations, corporate rules restrictions and “new elements” standards

of the mainstream media in print, broadcast and new media arena, several causes

and advocacies of various groups and people’s organizations made it to the

headlines banner stories in 2017. Various people’s issues were registered to the

public through the corporate mass media in 2017. But such landings and media hits

vary on the content and messaging as they appeared on airwaves, social media

analytics and print spaces on various circulations.

It must also be understood that these media institutions remain to be owned

by corporations with their own vested interests. Nonetheless, the strong and ever-

widening pressure of the mass movement and people’s resistance obliged these

stories to be reported. There is a compilation of people’s issues that titled the

balance of being “news-worthy” and at the same time significant to the best interests

of the people. Here is one of the listed best reported people’s issues of 2017, based

from the impacts made and reached by these stories in various media and new

media platforms.

Kian Delos Santos and the war on drugs. The death and August 26 funeral

procession of the 17-year old Kian Delos Santos broke the silence on that time’s

almost 14,000 extrajudicial killing cases in Duterte’s drug war. Delos Santos’ case

became controversial after a CCTV showed him being dragged by police officers

conducting an anti-drug operation in Sta. Quiteria, Caloocan City last August 16. His

killing also sparked series of protests against drug war killings, outpour support from

church leaders and international humanitarian organizations that criticized Duterte’s

‘Oplan Double Barrel’ or ‘Oplan Tokhang’ campaign.

 A month after Delos Santos’ death, around 1,200 elements of the PNP in

Caloocan was all fired over allegations of crimes, brutality and abuses attributed to

police forces. The entire membership of the police force in Northern Metro Manila

was relieved of duty and undergone retraining and reorientation. Caloocan City has

been considered as the ‘epicenter of the Oplan Tokhang in the country. Aside from

this, Kian’s death also forced President Duterte to take his war on drugs away from

the Philippine National Police (PNP), albeit only a breather from media bad publicity,

and gave the ‘sole agency role’ to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

on October 11.

Two months after, on December 5, the Palace ordered the PNP helm the drug

war once more, saying that PDEA lacks personnel. He further ordered the police,

military and other law enforcement agencies to provide ‘active support’ to PDEA.

Critics of the drug-related killings, human rights group and the Catholic Church

slammed the said order and braced for nights of drug war terror as Duterte kept on

saying in the past and up to the present he would eliminate all drug pushers and that

there were three million of them. Drug war toll, including what the PNP separated as

‘deaths under investigation’, reached around 16,000 as of this writing (Yamzon,

2018).

Statement of the Problem

The respondents in this study were chosen by random sampling and they

were asked and specifically answered the following questions:

1. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in the existing or

available mass media in their respective area?

2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in the killing of Kian

Delos Santos?
 3. What is the level of usefulness of the existing or available mass media to

the respondents to access the information?

4. What are the existing mass media available and known to the respondents

in order to access the information?

5. How often these mass media been using within the year?

6. In what way these mass media beneficial to the respondents?

7. What is/are the issue/s and/or problem/s experienced in using these mass

media?

8. How this/these issue/s and/or problem/s has/have been solved?

9. What is/are the suggestions/recommendations to further improve the

services of these mass media to the daily living of the respondents?

Literature Review

Global Media and Communication is an international refereed journal

launched as a key forum for articulating critical debates and developments in the

continuously changing global media and communications environment. As a

pioneering platform for the exchange of ideas and multiple perspectives, the journal

addresses fresh and contentious research agendas and promotes an academic

dialogue that is fully transnational and transdisciplinary in its scope. With a network

of ten regional editors around the world, the journal will offer a global source of

material on international media and cultural processes. Special features will include

interviews, reviews of recent media developments and digests of policy documents

and data reports from a variety of countries.

Global Media and Communication is essential and exciting reading for

academics, researchers and students engaged in the international aspects of:

communication studies, media studies, cultural studies, anthropology,

telecommunications, sociology, politics, public policy, migration and diasporic

studies, economics, geography/urban studies, transnational security and

international relations (Thussu, et.al, n.d.).

There is plenty of evidence demonstrating the power of digital

communications and new media. This is why many organizations seem to be waiting

for the digital revolution to come. They know intellectually it’s going to impact them.

By then their competitor has seized the initiative and dominated them in digital. Until

they get the wake-up call that their competitor is first in search, has higher and more

qualified web traffic, gets better conversions, which lead to improved sales, lower

costs and higher margins (Kaul, 2012).

A consideration of the role of media is highly important for the whole concept

of globalization, but in theoretical debates these fields are largely ignored. The

blindingly obvious point that there is no globalization without media has not been

articulated or analyzed clearly enough. The role of media is often reduced either to

an exclusively and self-evidently technological one or to individuals’ experiences that

are unconnected to the media industries. Nevertheless, the two approaches are not

mutually exclusive, because the production of media and the experience of them are

linked, often in highly subtle ways (Kaul, 2011).

However, very often the source is just one person distributing information via

the Internet for anyone anywhere to comprehend. Human interactions and

communication transactions are more closely examined with the help of

technological tools and concepts such as surveillance cameras and behavioral

targeting advertisements (Baran & Davis, 2012).

 The Philippines' history in terms of a free press is a checkered past. In the

beginning, the news was censored by the Americans. Later under the Americans,

the Philippines press was open and free-wheeling before being reigned in when

martial law was imposed under President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. After Marcos

fled in 1986, the press threw off its shackles and returned to its aggressive reporting

methods.

While established under the ideals of a free press, the Filipino media has

often suffered censorship and pressure from governments. Although many

journalists from nearby nations might envy the freedom of the Philippines' press, as

recent as 2001 Filipino journalists were killed for their aggressive stances. As further

testimony of the back-and-forth fight for a free press, President Gloria Arroyo has

said that a free press is the right of its practitioners and critical to the operation of a

democratic society. Later that same year, Arroyo instituted the media blackout on

reporting the actions of rebel forces. Clearly the battle for a truly free press continues

in the Philippines, although with dozens of publications, radio stations, broadcast

entities and their staffs in operation, the Philippines appears to have one of the better

media climates in Southeast Asia.

Results of the survey revealed that the proportion of radio listeners suffered a

slight setback from 1989 to 1994. Nevertheless, radio still reasserted its supremacy

by posting the highest proportion of exposure among the 8 forms of mass media

covered by the survey (television, video tape, movie, comics, magazine, newspaper

and books). Of 1994's 50.4 million Filipinos aged 10 years old and over,

approximately 8 out of 10 (80.8 percent) or 40.7 million were exposed to radio. This
was, however, 1 percentage point lower than the 81.8 percent (35.0 million out of

42.8 million) recorded five years earlier. See Tables A1 and A2.

In 1994, the proportion of radio listeners in urban areas was marked at 81.6

percent, 1.7 percentage points lower than the 79.9 percent posted in rural areas.

Moreover, the urban and rural proportions declined by 2.9 and 0.3 percentage

points, respectively, from their 1989 levels. The higher reduction in urban areas

caused the urban-rural disparity to close in by 2.6 percentage points from 4.3

percentage points in 1989.

Meanwhile, the popularity of television continued to rise in the 90's as

evidenced by the impressive 8.7 percentage point expansion in televiewers (the

highest among the 8 mass media forms) - from 48.0 percent in 1989 to 56.7 percent

in 1994. The increasing trend was reflected in both the urban (1.7 percentage points)

and rural areas (5.8 percentage points) (PSA, 2001).

Philippine mass media are shaped by various factors, not least of them the

preferences of media consumers and the attempts of the media industry to cater to

them. These preferences, however, are not written in stone. They shift over time,

responding to changes in for example, culture and demography. The media industry

itself exerts a profound influence on consumer tastes by producing content that it

thinks the public wants and which the public consumes simply because it is there.

Consumer preferences in one market are also prone to the contagion of foreign

influence. A volatile political situation may alter consumer preferences overnight and

turn upside down the media industry’s most careful calculations about what

consumers want.
 The history of the media in the Philippines is replete with examples of how

political movements and popular mobilization can raise market demand for

independent and critical reporting, thereby forcing changes in the editorial policies of

existing news organizations and creating openings for the entry of new media

products catering to the needs of a politicized market. In part this is because the

Philippine media have mostly been privately and run mainly as profit-oriented

enterprises with far less intervention from the state (except during the Martial Law

period) than in most other countries in Asia. By nature, commercially oriented media

companies are sensitive to market demand. They therefore weigh the benefits of

siding with unpopular governments with the potential loss of market share if they are

seen as too uncritical or too partisan in favor of these governments. They also have

to include in their calculations possible retribution from successor regimes if they are

too identified with the current, increasingly ostracized government.

There is therefore great potential for alternative social media to challenge

corporate media’s hold not only on the market but also on the news agenda and

public opinion. In fact, it is this potential that keeps corporate media on their toes and

compels them to be more responsive to the market. In truth corporate media knows

that it is not just market that is at stake, but power over public opinion, the crafting of

public policy and the future of regimes. In the end, big media companies stand to

lose not just advertising revenue and audience share but also the power and the

prestige that come with owning a newspaper or a TV network. The fighting tradition

of the Philippine press, a legacy from anti-colonial movements dating back to the

19th century, has also created a risk-taking journalistic culture that is different from

the compliance and risk-aversion that dominates journalism in neighboring countries

(Guioguio, 2015).
 As a media commentator Luis Teodoro (2001) wrote: “Despite themselves

and the environment which, after the election of Estrada in 1998, had been forced

upon them, the Philippine media played a positive role in providing the information

crucial to the ouster of Estrada and in the installation of a new government which

could preside over the renewal of a country battered by the incredible corruption and

incompetence the Estrada government. Media freedom and transparency and the

demands of professional performance were what made this possible despite the

manifold problems and inadequacies that afflict the Philippine media.”

Theoretical Framework

Mass communication theory is “an active effort by communities of scholars to

make sense of their social world.” (p.39) Mass Communication Theory. There have

been four eras of media theory. The first era, mass society and mass culture, is

characterized by urbanization and the penny press, which made profits by selling

newspapers for one penny to many of the “average” factory workers. This infuriated

elite and caused them to accuse media “of pandering to lower-class tastes,

fomenting political unrest, and subverting important culture norms.” (p.27) The

second era of media theory, the development of a scientific perspective on mass

communication eventually led to the emergence of the limited-effects perspective.

This idea stemmed from propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany. Paul

Lazarsfeld, a German American, wanted to quantify social research methods in order

to study political propaganda. Out of this grew limited-effects perspective, which was

the view of media as reinforcing existing social trends and strengthening rather than

threatening the status quo. (p.30) The third era of media theory occurred when

competing cultural perspectives challenged limited-effects theory. After World War II,

American influence was strong in Europe and academics were challenging the clout.
Neo-Marxism emerged as a social theory asserting that media enabled dominant

social elites to maintain their power. (p.34) British cultural studies trusted that media

could serve all people, however, reigning elite dominated the hegemonic worldview.

The current era of media theory focuses on meaning-making perspectives.

Framing theory, asserting that people use expectations of the social world to make

sense of that world, and the media literacy movement, calling for improvement in

people’s ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate media messages,

are two examples of meaning-making theory. (p.40) Mass communication theory

incorporates political, economic, social, and cultural factors into the principles

independent of the particular thesis. Mass communication theory is a collection of

theories that attempts to explain the social world at a specific time. Many of the

theories overlap because they are based on varying perspectives from different parts

of the world. For these reasons, international media are not categorized by mass

communication theories. However, they are important to know because they portray

the zeitgeist of a particular era. International media are categorized by political

theories because they are undeniably sizable and influential, which means that they

are indispensable, thus desired and regulated. Political Theories and the Media

Soviet Media Theory is a system of ideas based on Marxist-Leninist principles, which

believe that the government should have total control of media for the benefit of the

people and to incorporate messages that maintain a strong socialized society.

Many Eastern European countries such as Romania, Slovakia, and the Czech

Republic operated under the Soviet Theory ideology as it pertains to media. (Biagi,

2005, p.349) Authoritarian Theory is a system of ideas based on censorship, which

gives total power of media to the government or ruler and is used to protect the

public and enhance government control. Britain once operated under Authoritarian
Theory in the mid 1800's however it is a dying ideology except in places where

monarchs still rule. (p.349) Libertarian Theory is a system of ideas based on

freethinking, which believes that people are knowledgeable and therefore can

decipher between rational and irrational news consequentially, there is little to no

censorship. The United States operates under this political ideology for the most part

however; ideals have been challenged with the changes in media industries. (p.349)

Social Responsibility Theory is a system of ideas based on the combination of

Authoritarian and Libertarian views this includes accuracy, truth, and information

subject to content discussion and interpretation from the public or government. The

United States is in constant limbo between Libertarian Theory and Social

Responsibility Theory.

The nature of our system mirrors the market place model, which believes

supply and demand will give the public what they want, and the public sphere model,

which believes that government regulation is needed to protect the interest of the

people because business techniques will meet their needs. Developmental Theory is

a system of ideas used to describe media systems that are developing in a third

world nation and characteristically the media are incorporating social and economic

goals to the people. Media Imperialism Theory is a system of ideas based on media

domination of less prominent countries, which characteristically pushes attitudes,

values, and beliefs on to the people through media transactions. Many countries

operating under Developmental Theory are avidly seeking to keep out countries

operating under Media Imperialism Theory. For example, France has set up laws to

preserve their culture by not allowing all media from the United States to enter.

Likewise, many countries enjoy the media technology that the west brings but

not the culture. International Media Systems by Regions In 1956 the book, Four
Theories of the Press, by Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm

set out to categorize media systems according to four political theories. The fifth

theory, Developmental Theory, brings the categorization current and adds to the

original four theories, Soviet Media Theory, Authoritarian Theory, Libertarian Theory,

and Social Responsibility Theory. These five theories have been used to define

media systems all over the world. Not all media systems fit the principles for any one

theory perfectly but the five theories do cover most media systems worldwide.

Regions are divided by similar media systems. Types and distribution of media are

discussed in detail because of the unique ways each region adapts to particular

political, economic, social, and culture elements.

Controversies and issues arise when any one element is outweighing another

creating assistance and/or barriers. Each region is situational and dependent on a

perceived equal balance and each region will interpret their balance of elements

differently. Therefore, impact of media on any one region is exclusive. Asia Asia

ranges from a mix of public and private media ownership to a government controlled

media monopoly. “Asia represents 49% of the regions mobile subscribers and

broadband markets. This massive presence is due to the fact that Asia has 56% of

the world population as well as 45% of the Internet Users, making Asia clearly a top

leader in the world telecommunications scenario.” (Asia Stats, 2013)

People’s Republic of China. China favors more traditional media. Printed

newspapers and magazines make up the bulk of Chinese media however; radio,

television, and Internet are also an important communication medium. “Working in

China has its challenges. One is the nature of the press, which is state-owned or

highly controlled. Although the media are getting more sophisticated, Chinese

journalists are still poorly trained and underpaid.” (Wilcox & Cameron, 2012, p.523)
All media outlets are government controlled and censored. Throughout history the

Chinese have experienced a waver between relaxed and strict government controls.

On June 4th 1989, the Tiananmen Square massacre took place in Beijing;

demonstrators were “seeking greater democracy and call for the resignations of

Chinese Communist Party leaders deemed too repressive.” (A&E, 2013) Chinese

troops opened fire on the crowd, mainly composed of students, killing hundreds.

The aftermath caused another wave of strict media controls. India. India has a

similar media system to that of Great Britain for colonization reasons. Many of the

television and radio stations still air British news and shows. India has however,

ventured off into a prosperous filmmaking industry. An unofficial city known as

Bollywood, Mumbai proper, puts out roughly 800 films a year making it second only

to Hollywood. (Biagi, 2005, p.361) According to an International Business Times

article the economic impact fairs well “it might be easier to turn a profit in Mumbai

than in Los Angeles – the average Bollywood film costs only about $1.5 million to

make, versus $47.7 million for Hollywood. Marketing costs are also significantly

lower in India.”

(Ghosh, 2013) The filmmaking industry is accredited for creating jobs in a

developing country. Japan. Japan has more newspapers readers than any other

country in the world. (Biagi, 2005, p.359) Three of their most read newspapers are

more than 100 years old, Asahi Shimbun, Yomiuri Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun

and most of the newspapers and broadcast companies are privately owned. Japan’s

media system was updated after World War II and influenced by the United States

and Great Britain. Still some U.S. digital media companies are finding their way into

Japan’s Internet industry. For example, Yahoo! Japan handles more than half of the

populations search queries; Google is trying to cater to the Japanese audience with
little progress. “One problem was that Yahoo! Japan was the first Web- based

search engine in the country. A second problem was that Yahoo! had 35 percent

local ownership, so users perceived it as a Japanese company that had mostly

Japanese employees.” (Wilcox & Cameron, 2012, p.529)

Research Design

This case study is a qualitative research which is characterized by an

interpretative paradigm, which emphasizes subjective experiences and the meanings

they have for an individual. Therefore, the subjective views of a researcher on a

particular situation play a vital part in the study results. Another characteristic of

qualitative research is its idiographic approach (Vogrinc, 2008), which emphasizes

an individual’s perspective on the investigative situation, process, relations, etc.

(ibid). The interpretative paradigm, phenomenological approach, and constructivism

as a paradigmatic basis of qualitative research are closely linked to the definition and

characteristics of case studies. A case study is therefore more qualitative than

quantitative in nature, but not exclusively, for it can be qualitative, quantitative, or a

combination of both approaches (with both represented equally or one approach

prevailing and the other supplementing). Qualitative and quantitative results should

complement each other to create a meaningful whole according to the object and

purpose of the investigation (Sagadin, 2004).

A hallmark of case study research is the use of multiple data sources, a

strategy which also enhances data credibility (Patton, 1990; Yin, 2003). Potential

data sources may include, but are not limited to: documentation, archival records,

interviews, physical artifacts, direct observations, and participant-observation.

Unique in comparison to other qualitative approaches, within case study research,

investigators can collect and integrate quantitative survey data, which facilitates

reaching a holistic understanding of the phenomenon being studied. In case study,

data from these multiple sources are then converged in the analysis process rather

than handled individually. Each data source is one piece of the “puzzle,” with each

piece contributing to the researcher’s understanding of the whole phenomenon. This

convergence adds strength to the findings as the various strands of data are braided

together to promote a greater understanding of the case.

This study aims to, A. Evaluate the level of awareness of the respondents in

the existing or available mass media in their respective area. This is to assess their

knowledge, as very aware, highly aware, moderately aware, slightly aware, or not

aware. B. Evaluate the level of awareness of the respondents in the killing of Kian

Delos Santos. This is to assess the accessibility of these mass media, as very

aware, highly aware, moderately aware, slightly aware, or not aware. C. Determine

the level of usefulness in the existing or available mass media to the respondents in

knowing the information. This is to verify if the respondents find these mass media,

as very useful, highly useful, moderately useful, slightly useful, or not useful. D.

Identify the existing mass media available and known to the respondents, such as

television, radio, cellphones, telephones, newspaper, magazines, billboards and

internet. E. Test the level of usage of these mass media in their social life. This is to

assess if how many times these mass media are being used by the respondents, as

daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or occasionally. F. Classify how beneficial to the

respondents these mass media are. G. Enumerate issue/s and/or problem/s

experienced in using these mass media. H. Discover solutions to those issue/s

and/or problem/s. And I. List down suggestions/recommendations to further improve

the services of these mass media to the daily living of the respondents in the City of

Caloocan.

Necessary Data

Out of 26, 309 populations resided in Barangay 185, Caloocan City (PSA,

2018), only 27 were chosen through random sampling. The 27 citizens in the City of

Caloocan are the representatives of the entire population.

Analyzing Result

From the 27 respondents, all of them (100%) or 27 of the respondents said

that they are very highly aware of the existing or available mass media in their

respective area. This is due to the fact that all of the existing mass media in the

world market, community and society are really available particularly in this kind of

area.

Almost all of them (96%) or 25 of the respondents revealed that they are very

highly aware and few of them (4%) or 2 of the respondents said that they are highly

aware on the news or case about the alleged Extrajudicial Killing of Kian Delos

Santos, one of the citizens in the City of Caloocan. The two respondents who

answered highly aware, qualified that they actually knew about the case, simply

because this was the case in their location of residence. However, they did not know

about the whole story, because they are confused from the articles in newspapers

and tabloids as compare to the reports in television and radio as well as in various

posts in social media accounts.

 All of them (100%) or 27 of the respondents answered it is very highly useful

to them the existence of these various mass media. From there, they can be able to

know and access about current events happening in the entire country, particularly

the case of a certain, Kian Delos Santos.

Most of them (33%) or 9 of the respondents responded that said news was

came to their knowledge by watching their television. These respondents who

answered television, were classified and belongs to the middle ages or those age

ranging 30-45 years old. Some of them (25%) or 6 of the respondents answered they

got the information from the internet, particularly the “Facebook”. These respondents

who answered internet, were obviously belongs to the age range 15-29 years old.

Some of them (25%) or 6 of the respondents replied that they knew the news

through radio reports. These respondents belong to the age 46-55 years old. And

some of them (25%) or the remaining 6 of the respondents answered that

newspaper is still the best for them and the easiest and classic way of mass media

instrument. They are actually our elders or those age range in 56-70 years old.

All of them (100%) or 27 of the respondents used the various mass media

recorded above daily. They actually allot time for them to be able to become updated

in current events and daily happenings in our society.

Half of them (50%) or 13 of the respondents answered these mass media are

very highly beneficial to them because it helps them become more careful and

cautious in all types of elements that surrounds them. The other half (50%) or the

remaining 12 of the respondents said that they considered it as part of their

recreation and entertainment.

 All of them (100%) or 27 of the respondents revealed that the only issue or

problem they encountered while using these mass media is that the cost of it. For

instance, the bill of the electricity that may consume in watching television and radio,

the load in order to operate the internet and the payment for the newspaper. Other

factor like accessibility of these mass media are no longer a problem to them.

Half of them (50%) or 12 of the respondents solved such problem by simply

using those mass media only during necessary time. Although they are using it daily,

but only those hours when the news is being aired. The other half (50%) or 13 of the

respondents said that they solved the same issue by loading the internet and buying

newspaper occasionally.

The respondents suggest and recommend that the news before going to air

shall be verified its certainty and reviewed very well in order to have a reliable

delivery of news in the circulation of this society. They further request the owners of

these mass media to improve their signals and experience no interruption while

using the same. Lastly, they are appealing for good service provider as equivalent to

the payment of their bills.

Conclusion

The study presented above explains that the mass media has an important

role to the society. Whether if it is about the political or the economic aspect of the

country, it played an important role in developing the history of the Philippines. The

best of the contemporary Philippine media are very good and remain a stronghold.

Public issues are widely discussed in print and broadcast media, and there is almost

no official control. Unlike most Asian countries, it is unheard of for the Philippine

government to successfully keep embarrassments and flaws out of the media. But
the damage had done by Marcos' martial law remains. By stripping down the press

that was built over the previous decades, the martial law weakened the

professionalism of the media.

In our case, mass media has been playing a huge role in maintaining

democracy. During the time of former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the media

became one the instrument in the exposure of corruption that let the Arroyo’s

administration down and had put the weight of public opinion against her. As a result,

she became one of the most unpopular presidents since the establishment of the

Philippine Republic in 1946.

The mass media of the Philippines needs to understand that not all things are

about them. As much as possible they should play their ideal roles in solving the

problem, and not to add or create more issues. They should use their influence

properly and speak truthfully in spreading the news to the people. Sadly, some of the

media today are just only focused on the urban areas of the country. The regions

where the poorest Filipinos reside are rarely covered in the news, except when there

is calamity strike or during elections.

Looking outside the country, the mass media of Singapore is highly controlled

by their government. They have their own government body which is the Ministry of

Information, Communication, and Arts which governs their media and they were the

one who’s responsible for imposing and enforcing the laws over locally produced

media contents. Contrary to the Philippines, the Singapore media before they publish

news allows their government body concerned with media to filter all the news and

they will decide whether the news will make or break their countries reputation. If the

filtered news can cause a chaos or disrespect to the government this will not be
publish and will remain to the writer’s memory only. The Philippines’ can consider

this kind of strategy when it comes to creating laws on media in order for us to

develop our country’s political economy, to lessen chaos and will also serves as our

instrument in regaining our position in the international arena.

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