Hindawi

Shock and Vibration

Volume 2018, Article ID 6839062, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6839062

Research Article
A New Erosion Model for Wind-Induced Structural Vibrations

Keqin Yan ,1 Yi Zhang ,2,3 and Tao Cheng1

1
School of Civil Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, China
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3
Geodätisches Institut, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany

Correspondence should be addressed to Yi Zhang; [email protected]

Received 16 March 2018; Revised 7 June 2018; Accepted 17 July 2018; Published 10 September 2018

Academic Editor: Aly Mousaad Aly

Copyright © 2018 Keqin Yan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In recent years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method has been widely utilized in simulating wind-induced snow drifting.
In the simulating process, the erosion flux is the main controlling factor which can be calculated by the product of erosion
coefficient and the differences between the flow stress and threshold stress. The erosion coefficient is often adopted as an empirical
constant which is believed not to change with time and space. However, in reality, we do need to consider the influences of snow
diameter, density, and wind speed on the erosion coefficient. In this technical note, a function of air density, sow particle density,
snow particle radius, and snow particle strength bond is proposed for the erosion coefficient. Based on an experiment study, the
effects of these parameters in erosion coefficient is analyzed and discussed. The probability distribution and value range of erosion
coefficient are also presented in this technical note. The applicability of this approach is also demonstrated in a numerical study for
predicting the snow distributions around a cube structure. The randomness of the structural vibrations is studied with details.

1. Introduction kind of test. Furthermore, similarity criterion is difficult to

satisfy due to reduced model. Many former researches have
In heavy snow areas, wind-induced snow drifting causes been done on the topic of wind-induced snow drifting
unbalanced snowdrift around buildings/on roofs. It is not through either field experiment [1–8] or numerical simu-
only difficult to remove but also causes trouble for vehicles lation [9–13]. Most researchers tried to combine theoretical
and pedestrians. Roof collapse occurs for unbalanced snow analysis with empirical formulas from results of field in-
distribution. vestigations and use it in the numerical simulations
Wind-induced snow drifting belongs two-phase flow. [5, 9–13]. In an early works of the authors [14], a new
There are many parameters affecting the result of this method is developed to measure the air velocity profile
phenomenon: wind speed, friction velocity, threshold fric- surrounding an existing building structure considering snow
tion velocity, snow particle radius, density, and cohesion. At effects. The snow particle size and its distribution are
present, there are four kinds of research methods for this considered in plotting the velocity profile. In this method,
phenomenon: theoretical analysis, field investigation, wind the experiment was conducted based on a simple wind
tunnel (water flume) experiment, and numerical simulation. tunnel powered by a fan in the lab. The influences from the
Field investigation can obtain first hand data, and it is the field such as the potential damages that might be caused to
basis of all other methods. But the field investigation is the equipment due to snow particles are not considered.
usually constrained by natural conditions, is time- Different snow size effects are also not catered. Obviously,
consuming, and can only obtain the result under certain the input from the field results has a significant influence on
conditions. Therefore, it is not easy to reveal the inherent law the reliability of the analysis. Among these, the modeling of
of this phenomenon. Wind tunnel test can change param- erosion flux is one of the most dominant factors in nu-
eters and can make up the shortage of field measurement to merical analysis. Plenty of studies on determining the
some extent. But only a few wind tunnels can carry out this erosion flux have been carried out in recent years [15].
2 Shock and Vibration

In these pioneering works, the erosion flux is found to be In most literature on the topic of wind-induced snow
dependent on the difference between the friction flow stress drifting, the snow surface erosion flux is calculated as follows
and threshold friction stress. The erosion flux can be cal- [20]:
culated based on the product of a coefficient c and the stress
qero � ρA􏼐u2∗ − u2∗t 􏼑 � Aero 􏼐u2∗ − u2∗t 􏼑, (1)
difference. The determination of the value of c is based on
field experiments. For instance, Schmidt [16] had once where Aero is the erosion coefficient, u∗ is the friction ve-
carried out experimental tests in a wind tunnel to investigate locity, and u∗t is the threshold friction velocity of snow
behavior of drifting spherical glass microbeads, which has particles. In most former works, the value of Aero is sug-
a diameter of 350 μm and density of 2.5 g/cm3. From the gested to be 0.0005 or 0.0007.
experiment, it was found that when flow friction velocity is Later on, Anderson analyzed the characteristics of
0.5 ms−1 , c has a value around 5 × 107 N−1·s−1 . It is also surface force and suggested that drifted snow particle
reported that the value of coefficient c increases as the number should be calculated as follows [9, 17]:
particle diameter decreases. For instance, Anderson [17]
carried out investigations with mineral particles in size of N � c τ − τ t 􏼁, (2)
sand and found out that the value of c should be in orders of
105 N−1·s−1 . Therefore, the particle size is an influential factor where c is a coefficient characterized by the bond strength
in determining the value of c. In fact, there are more factors between snow particles which usually takes a value of
that need to be considered in the estimate of c. The authors 105 N−1·s−1 , τ represents the surface shear stress caused by
believe that it depends on snow conditions. flow, and τ t indicates the threshold shear stress. By com-
Since 1990s, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory bining Equations (1) and (2), the relationship between c and
has been brought into the simulation of snow drifting. Aero can be revealed.
Similar to the model of Andersen [16], Naaim [11] suggested The relationship between surface shear stress τ and
that the erosion flux of snow can be computed by the surface friction velocity u∗ can be described by the following
product of two factors. The first factor is the difference equation:
between the square of flow friction velocity and the square of 􏽳��
τ
threshold friction velocity. The second factor is a coefficient u∗ � , (3)
ρA, or so-called erosion coefficient Aero , which usually takes ρa
a value of 7 × 10−4 kg·m−3 . Because of its simplicity, many
research works have adopted this concept and taken this where ρa is the air density (the value usually adopts a value of
value for the erosion coefficient in their CFD simulations 1.25 kg·m−3 for normal air).
[18]. Very limited studies have been carried out to discuss By substituting Equation (3) into Equation (2), we can
about the value range of this coefficient. And studies on obtain the following equation for computing the snow
which factors can affect this coefficient are also lacking. Thus, particle number:
a comprehensive study on the attributes for an erosion N � ρa c􏼐u2∗ − u2∗t 􏼑. (4)
coefficient is quite demanding.
The objective of this study was to investigate the value Once the snow particle number is estimated, it can then
range of erosion coefficient and to derive an expression of be used to calculate the erosion flux. Snow surface erosion
erosion coefficient in terms of the dominant factors. Re- flux qero is the drifted snow particle quantity in unit area per
alizing this, the paper is organized as follows. After the unit time. Since drifted snow contains snow particles with
introduction, Section 2 will first discuss the dominant factors different radius, qero can be expressed as a function of the
that are influential to erosion coefficient. Based on these particle sizes as the following equation:
factors, an expression of erosion coefficient is derived. After
this, the value range of erosion coefficient is investigated in
n n πd3pi
qero � 􏽘 Nρpi Vpi � 􏽘 ρpi ρa c􏼐u2∗ − u2∗ti 􏼑
Section 3. The domain of the dominant factors is considered i�1 i�1
6
in this evaluation. The applicability of the developed ap- (5)
proach is further demonstrated in a case study carried out in n 4πr3pi
Section 4. The final conclusions drawn from this study are �􏽘 ρpi ρa c􏼐u2∗ − u2∗ti 􏼑,
3
summarized in Section 5. i�1

where ρp is the snow particle density, Vp is the snow particle

2. Derivation of the Formula for volume, dp is the snow particle diameter, rp is the snow
Erosion Coefficient particle radius, and i represents the ith snow particle
(i � 1, 2, . . . , n). For simplicity, threshold friction velocity is
As mentioned in many of the literature, coefficient c, which assumed to be the constant for all snow particles. Thus,
characterizes the bond strength of snow particles, has the Equation (5) can be further revised as follows:
same physical meaning as erosion coefficient Aero in the CFD n 4πr3pi
method [19]. Herein, a short discussion on the relationship qero � 􏽘 ρpi ρa c􏼐u2∗ − u2∗t 􏼑. (6)
between these two coefficients is provided as follows. i�1
3
Shock and Vibration 3

Therefore, by substituting Equation (6) into Equation Therefore, based on these concerns, in the following part, we
(1), the equation for computing the erosion coefficient can be only investigate the value range of Aero at three selected
derived as follows: heights, namely, z � 0.02 m, 0.05 m, and 0.1 m.
n πd3pi n 4πr3pi To determine the value range of Aero , the calculation is
Aero � 􏽘 ρpi ρa c � 􏽘 ρpi ρa c. (7) split into four steps. Firstly, based on the surface height value
i�1
6 i�1
3 z (0.02 m, 0.05 m, and 0.1 m), the values of α and β are
calculated from Equations (10)–(12). Second, based on the
As can be observed from Equation (7), erosion co- values of α and β, the gamma distribution function for the
efficient Aero is a function of snow particle radius and snow particle radius is constructed. Thirdly, substitute the
density, coefficient c, and air density. It is a much more distribution function for snow particle radius f(rp ) into
complicated factor which should be quite random Equation (7). By utilizing the kernel smoothing density
depending on snow particle properties. In the following, the estimation, probability density distribution function of Aero
influence of different parameters on the erosion coefficient can be directly obtained (Figure 1(a)). Finally, the cumu-
in Equation (7) will be elucidated below. lative distribution function for erosion coefficient can be
derived based on the density function (Figure 1(b)). The
3. Value Range of Erosion Coefficient comparison between the investigated erosion coefficients at
different heights and the reported results in the literature is
3.1. Randomness of Snow Particle Radius. Wind-induced also illustrated in Figure 1. The estimated statistical pa-
snow drifting contains snow particles with different ra- rameter values in Figure 1 are recorded in Table 1.
dius. Budd [3] analyzed the particle radius distribution Figure 1(a) shows that the value of Aero concentrates at
through field investigation. He suggested that the drifted a value around 1.0 × 10−4. The probability of values of Aero
snow particle radius obeys two-parameter gamma distri- higher than 2.5 × 10−4 is very small. From the observation of
bution and gave out the distribution of snow radius along the Figure 1(b), we can see that the proposed distribution model
height Schmidt et al. [21, 22]. A specific formula for this has a larger prediction value of erosion coefficient compared
distribution function is given as follows Schmidt [21]: to the field experiment results. And this prediction tends to
r(α−1)
p e(−rp /β) decrease with the increase of surface height. In fact, the
f􏼐rp 􏼑 � α , (8) model for erosion coefficient at a surface height of 0.05 m has
β Γ(α)
a perfect fit to the results reported in Schmidt [13]. However,
∞ on the other hand, results reported in Budd (1966) are more
Γ(α) � 􏽚 xα−1 exp(−x) dx, (9) closer to the model predictions for erosion coefficient at
0
a surface height of 0.1 m. This shows how the value of Aero
changes with the surface height while considering the
α � 4.08 + 12.6z, (10)
randomness in snow particle size.
where f(rp ) represents the probability density function of Besides the effects from randomness of snow particle
snow particle radius, α is the shape parameter of gamma radius, the erosion coefficient is also largely affected by the
distribution which is proportional to height z from snow snow density ρp and coefficient c. Here, a short parametric
surface, β is the scale parameter of gamma distribution, and study is also provided to investigate the influences from
Γ is a gamma distribution. these two parameters. In order to have a fair comparison, the
It can be seen that α and β are related to average snow surface height in this case is assumed to be unchanged. The
radius rm and height z. The relationship among these pa- values of the gamma distribution parameters are assumed to
rameters can be further described by the following be constant; for example, α � 5 and β � 20 are adopted in
equations: this case, Table 2. Based on Equation (7), a comparison of
r erosion coefficient for using different snow particle density
β � m, (11) and snow particle radius is shown in Figure 2. The compared
α
value is the 95 percentile in the distribution function of Aero .
It is seen from the figure that when ρp varies between
rm � 4.6 × 10−5 z−0.258 . (12)
300 kg·m−3and 900 kg·m−3 and rp varies between 50 μm and
It is easy to see from the equation that average snow 150 μm (common assumption), the value range of Aero is
particle radius rm will decrease as the height z from snow 1.96 × 10−4 ∼ 1.6 × 10−3 . The influence of c to Aero is also
surface increases. shown in Figure 3. It can be seen from Figure 3 that the
influence of coefficient c to erosion coefficient Aero is quite
significant which should not be ignored. However, we have
3.2. Randomness of Erosion Coefficient. From the above to point out the inherent relationship among snow particle
analysis, we can see the distribution of particle size is highly radius, density, and coefficient c is still not clear yet. In
depending on the height z from snow surface. Snow particle reality, these factors could be dependent on each other. The
radius varies inversely with z. Tabler’s work indicated that value range of the erosion coefficient could be enlarged
when the 10 m height wind speed is less than 12 m/s, sal- considering a positive dependence in the parameters.
tation is predominant transportation [23]. Bagnold [24] Therefore, the results presented here have its limitations. The
suggested that the height should be within 0.1 meter. results are assuming an independent relationship among the
4 Shock and Vibration

5000 1.0
0.9
4000 0.8

Cumulative distribution
Probability density

0.7
3000 0.6
0.5
2000 0.4
0.3
1000 0.2
0.1
0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Erosion coefficient Aero (×10–4) Erosion coefficient Aero (×10–4)
Empirical expression
z = 0.02m Schmidt [16] z = 0.02 m z = 0.1 m
z = 0.05m Budd [3] z = 0.05 m Field investigation
z = 0.1 m
(a) (b)

Figure 1: (a) Probability density distribution of Aero and (b) cumulative distribution of Aero .

Table 1: Parameter values in Figure 1.

Surface height z (m)
Parameter Budd [3] Schmidt [13]
0.02 0.05 0.1
α(m) 4 4.7 6 15 5
β 30 21 15 4 20
rm (μm) 120 100 90 80 100
Note: ρa � 1.25 kg·m−3 , ρp � 500 kg·m−3 , c � 105 N−1·s−1 , rp � (1∼150) μm.

Table 2: Parameter values in Figures 2 and 3.

α(m) β rm (μm) ρp (kg·m−3 ) ρa (kg·m−3 ) c(N−1·s−1 ) rp (μm)
5 7
5 20 50∼150 300∼900 1.25 10 ∼10 50∼150

considered parameters. It should be further validated 4.1. Numerical Model Analysis. In order to put in the model
through field investigation while considering all physical of erosion coefficient, the numerical model for the problem
reasons about the parameter interactions. is established first. The computational domain and meshing
are constructed at a model scale which is exactly corre-
sponding to the field investigation. The dimensions of the
4. Case Study: Prediction of Snow cube structure model are 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.2m3 (H � 0.2 m). The
Distribution around Cube Structure dimension of the simulation domain is 3.2× 1.2 × 1.2 m3 .
The meshing of the model includes 2096000 hexahedral
To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model for elements. The minimum volume of the elements is
erosion coefficient, this section will conduct a case study on 1.357 × 10−6 m3, while the maximum volume of the element
a real engineering snow problem. In this case study, the is 2.26 × 10−6 m3. The details of the meshing are illustrated in
objective is to predict the snow distribution around a cube Figure 4.
structure when there is snow drifting. As discussed in the The inlet of the simulation domain adopted velocity inlet
former section, erosion coefficient changes with different boundary. The wind-velocity profile inside the simulation
snow conditions. Therefore, herein, we considered two domain is defined based on the logarithmic law as follows:
different snow conditions, namely, fresh snow condition and
u∗ z + z0
old snow condition, in the analysis. The field experiment has u(z) � In 􏼠 􏼡, (13)
already been carried out by authors in 2009 in Harbin [7, 25]. k z0
These results will be used as a reference to compare with the where z0 is the roughness height which can be determined
numerical analysis in this paper. from the field experiment (in this case, z0 � 0.2 mm) and u∗
Shock and Vibration 5

0.01 0.01
Erosion coefficient Aero

Erosion coefficient Aero

1E– 3 1E –3

1E– 4 1E –4

1E– 5 1E –5
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Snow particle density ρp (kg·m–3) Snow particle radius rp (μm)

Snow particle radius rp = 50 μm Snow particle density ρp = 300kg·m–3

Snow particle radius rp = 150μm Snow particle density ρp = 900kg·m–3

(a) (b)

Figure 2: (a) Relationship between Aero (95 percentile) and ρp and (b) relationship between Aero (95 percentile) and rp .

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 cube structure (incident profiles) are simulated and calcu-
0.1 0.1
lated (Figure 5).
The simulation domain is assumed to be symmetric
along the vertical and horizontal directions. The surface of
Erosion coefficient Aero

the cube structure is assumed to be stationary walls. The

0.01 0.01 commercial CFD code, ANSYS Fluent 15, is used to perform
the simulations. UDF files are added to simulate snow
drifting. The 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes
(RANS) equations are solved in combination with the k − ε
1E –3 1E – 3 model. The SIMPLE algorithm is used for pressure-velocity
coupling. The pressure interpolation applied here is second
order. Convergence is assumed to be obtained when all the
scaled residuals leveled off and reached a minimum of 10−6
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 for x, y, and z momentum, 10−4 for k and ε.
Snow particle density ρp (kg·m–3)
4.2. Results and Discussion
γ = 1 × 107 γ = 1 × 105
γ = 1 × 106 Aero = 7e – 4 Figure 6 shows the results of numerical simulation and field
Figure 3: Relationship between Aero and c. investigation for the investigated problem with consider-
ation of fresh snow. The values of parameters for this
simulation are shown in Table 3. Figure 7 shows the results of
is the friction velocity which can be determined based on the
numerical simulation and field investigation for the same
values of uref and zref (0.2 m) from the field experiment.
problem with consideration of old snow condition which
Furthermore, k is the von Karman constant (0.42) and z is
was compressed by wind. The values of parameters for this
the height coordinate. The turbulent kinetic energy K is
simulation are shown in Table 4.
calculated from the mean wind speed and the measured
The values of snow radius, density, and threshold
turbulence intensity using the following equation:
friction velocity in Tables 3 and 4 are based on field in-
K(z) � α􏼂Iu (z)u(z)􏼃2 , (14) vestigation [7]. The value of c is taken from the suggested
value provided by Schmidt and Shoa [15, 16]. Therefore,
where Iu is the measured streamwise turbulence intensity erosion coefficient can be calculated based on these pa-
and α is a parameter ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 [14]. In this rameters and the developed method. In this study, erosion
study, a value of 1.5 is adopted for α. The turbulence dis- coefficient for fresh and dry snow is about 10−3 and 7 × 10−4
sipation rate ε can be estimated by the following equation: for old and wind compressed snow. The results showed that
u3∗ the numerical predictions can accurately depict the real
ε� . (15) phenomenon. The difference of snow distribution between
k z + z0 􏼁
numerical simulation and field investigation is quite small,
Therefore, based on the model, the vertical profiles of indicating the applicability of the proposed approach.
u(z) and Iu inside the simulation domain and around the Meanwhile, from the observation of Figures 6 and 7,
6 Shock and Vibration

5H
10H
3H

5H 3H

(a) (b)

Figure 4: Perspective view and meshing of simulation domain and cube structure: (a) perspective view of the simulation domain and (b)
meshing around the cube structure.

Iu(z)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
6 6

5 5

4 4
z/H

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
u (m/s)
Iu(z) inlet u(z) inlet
Iu(z) cube u(z) cube

Figure 5: Profiles of the mean wind speed (u) and turbulent kinetic energy (K).

Relative
snow depth: 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Wind direction
direction
Wind

(a) (b)

Figure 6: (a) Numerical simulation and (b) field investigation of snow distribution around a cube structure with fresh and dry snow.

it should be noticed that the snow condition has a significant coefficient is largely depending on the snow property pa-
influence on the snow distribution. This is mainly due to the rameters. It further proves that we should not use the same
differences in erosion coefficient. The value of erosion erosion coefficient for different snow conditions.
Shock and Vibration 7

Table 3: Parameter values for simulating fresh and dry snow.

Parameters r(μm) ρa (kg/m3 ) ρp (kg/m3 ) c(N−1·s−1 ) u∗t (m/s) t (s)
Value 100 1.25 170 106 0.2 240

Relative
snow depth: 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7

Wind direction

direction
Wind
(a) (b)

Figure 7: (a) Numerical simulation and (b) field investigation of snow distribution around a cube structure with old and wind exposed
snow.

Table 4: Parameter values for simulating old and wind compressed snow.
Parameters r(μm) ρa (kg/m3 ) ρp (kg/m3 ) c(N−1·s−1 ) u∗t (m/s) t (s)
5
Value 150 1.25 400 10 0.35 3600

5. Conclusion qero (x)qdep (x): Erosion/deposition flux (kg·m−2 s−1 )

In this technical note, a study on the determination of rp : Radius of snow particles (m)
erosion coefficient is provided. Several parameters which are u10 : 10 m wind velocity (m·s−1 )
quite influential to erosion coefficient are being investigated. uref : Average wind velocity at reference height
This includes air density ρa , snow particle density ρp snow (m·s−1 )
radius rp , and experiment coefficient c. An equation of u∗ , u∗t : Friction velocity and threshold friction
calculating the erosion coefficient for considering these velocity of surface (m·s−1 )
important parameters is derived. By considering the ran- Vp : Volume of snow particle (m3 )
domness of snow radius, the randomness and value range of wf : Settle velocity of snow particle (m·s−1 )
erosion coefficient are presented. A case study is conducted α: Shape parameter of gamma distribution
to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. It (m)
was found that the developed approach can give a perfect β: Length scale parameter of gamma
prediction of the snow distribution when it is compared to distribution (dimensionless)
the field investigation. And results showed that the erosion Γ: Gamma distribution
coefficient is very sensitive to the snow conditions. However, ρa : Air density (kg·m−3 )
the dependences among snow parameters are not considered ρp : Snow particle density (kg·m−3 )
in this paper. The conclusions and results drawn from this τ: Shear stress of snow surface (N·m−2 )
technical note have to be used in view of these limitations. τt: Threshold shear stress of snow surface
Future work should be put on the investigation of the im- (N·m−2 )
portance of parameter dependences to the erosion coefficient. υ: Viscosity coefficient of air motion (m2 ·s−1 )
μ: Aerodynamic coefficient of viscosity
(kg·m−2 s−1 )
Notations c: Experimental constant (N−1·s−1 ).
−3
Aero : Snow surface erosion coefficient (kg·m )
dp : Diameter of snow particle (m) Data Availability
g: Acceleration of gravity (m·s−2 )
Na : Drifting snow particles in unit horizontal The data used to support the findings of this study are
area per unit time (m−2 ·s−1 ) available from the corresponding author upon request.
8 Shock and Vibration

Conflicts of Interest [14] K. Yan, T. Cheng, and Y. Zhang, “A new method in measuring
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particle sizes in blowing snow,” Cold Regions Science and
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