tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os cal (8 Serneatiny Text oe) engoes 204 SERVICEABILITY INTRODUCTION Chapters 3. 4, and 5 have dealt mainly with the strength design of reinforced concrete beams. Methods have been developed fo ensure that beams will have a proper safety margin against failure in flexure or shear, or due to inadequate bond and anchorage of the reinforcement, ‘The member has been assumed to be at a hypothetical overload state for this purpose. It is also important that member performance in normal service be satisfactory. ‘when loads are those actually expected to act, ie.. wien load factors are 1.0. This is not guarantecd simply by providing adequate strength, Service load deflections under full Load may be excessively large, or long-term deflections due to sustained loads may cause damage. Tension cracks in beams may be wide enough to be visually disturb- ing, and in some cases may reduce the durability of the structure, These and other questions, such as vibration or fatigue, require consideration. Serviceability studies are carried out based on elastic theory, with stresses in both concrete and steel assumed to be proportional to strain. The eonerete on the ten- sion side of the neutral axis may be assumed uneracked. partially cracked, or fully cracked, depending on the loads and material strengths (sce Section 3.3). In early reinforced concrete designs. questions of serviceability were dealt with indirectly, by limiting the stresses in concrete and steel at service loads to the rather conservative values that had resulted in satisfactory performance, In contrast with cur- rent design methods that permit more slender members through more accurate ssess- ment of capacity, and with higher-strength materials further contributing to the trend toward smller member sizes, such indirect methods no longer work. The current approach is to investigate service load cracking and deflections specifically, after pro- portioning members based on strength requirements. In this chapter, methods wil be developed to ensure that the cracks associated with flexure of reinforced concrete beams are narrow and well distributed, and that short and long-term deflections at loads up to the fall service load are not objection- ably large. [SSUES crackin In Fuexurat Memoers Alll reinforced conerete beams crack, generally starting at loads well below service level, and possibly even prior to loading duc to restrained shrinkage. Flexural crack- ing due to loods is not only inevitable, but actually necessary for the reinforcement to be used effectively. Prior to the formation of flexural cracks. the stcel stress is no more 203204 tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os DE: (8 Serneatiny Text oe) cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 6 a than m times the stress in the adjacent cor where mis the modular ratio, E-E, For materials common in current practice, » is approximately 8. Thus, when the eom= crete is close (0 its modulus of rupture of about 500 psi, the steel stress will be only 8 X 500 = 4000 psi, far too low 10 be very effective as reinforcement. At normal ser- vice loads, steel stresses 8 oF 9 times that value ean be expected. In a well-designed beam, flexural cracks are fine, so-called hairline cracks. almost invisible to the casual observer, and they permit Title if any corrosion of the reinforcement, As Toads are gradually increased above the cracking load, both the umber ankl width of cracks iner ela maximum width of crack of about 0.016 in. is typical, IfToads are further increased, crack widths increase further, although the number of cracks is more or less stable. Cracking of concrete is a random process, highly variable and influenced by many factors. Because of the complexity of the problem, present methods for predicts ing crack widths are based primarily on test observations. Most equations that have been developed predict the probable maximum crack widih, which usually means that about 90 percent of the crack widths in the member are below the calculated value. However, isolated cracks exceeding twice the computed width can sometimes occur (Ref. 6.1). se, and at service Hoaed le Variables Affecting Width of Cracks In the discussion of the importance of a good bond between stee] and conetete in Section S.L, it was pointed out that if proper end anchorage is provided, a beam will not fail prematurely, even though the bond is destroyed along the entire span, However, crack widths will be greater than for an otherwise identical beam in which good resistance to slip is provided along the length of the span, In genoral, beams with smooth tound bars will display a telatively small number of rather wide cracks in service, while beams with good slip resistance ensured by proper surface deformations on the bars will show a larger number of very fine, almost invisible cracks. Because of this improvement, reinforeing bars in current practice are always provided with surface deformations, the maximum spacing and minimum height of which are established by ASTM Specifications A 615, A 706, and A 996, A second variable of importance is the stress in the reinforcement, Studies by Gorgely and Lutz and others (Refs, 6.2 to 6.4) have confirmed that erack width is pro- portional to /%, where f, isthe steel stress and mis an exponent that varies in the range from about 1.0 to 1.4, For steet stresses in the range of practical interest, say from 20 to 36 ksi, may be taken equal to 1.0, The steel stress 45 easily computed based on elastic eracked-seetion analysis (Section 3.3b). Alternatively, f, may be taken equal 0 0.604, according to ACI Code 10.6.4. Experiments by Broms (Ref. 6.5) and others have shown that both crack spacing and crack width are related to the conerete cover distance d,, measured from the cen- ter of the bar to the face of the concrete, In genera, inereasing the cover inereases the spacing of eracks and also inereases erack width. Furthermore, the distribution of the reinforcement in the tension zone of the beam is important, Generally, to control cracking, itis better to use a larger number of smaller-diameter bars t© provide the required A, than to use the minimum number of larger bars, and the bars should be well distributed over the tensile zone of the comerete, For deep flexural members, this includes additional reinforcement on the sides of the web to prevent excessive surface crack widths above the level of the main flexural reinforcement,tutser-oaren-tetae | 4 Sersatiny Text oe) Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 6.1 Geometric basis of creck ‘wiath calevations. c Conn RVICEABILITY 205 owas | - I I axis im Ei oe ey) | =a oN Specie enon wale area of concrete (a) (b) Equations for Crack Width A number of expressions for maximum crack width have been developed based on the statistical analysis of experimental data. Two expressions that have figured promi- rently in the development of the crack control provisions in the ACI Code are those developed by Gergely and Lute (Ret. 6.2) and Frosch (Ref. 6.4) for the maximum crack width at the tension face of a beam. They are, respectively. w= 0076 f° dA 6.) and 62) where w tec! stress at load for which crack width is to be determined. = modulus of elasticity of steel. ksi ‘The geometric parameters are shown in Fig. 6.1 and are as follows: d= thickness of concrete cover measured from tension face to center of bar closest to that face, in. tio of distances from tension face and from steel centroid to neutral axis, equal to Ay) A= concrete area surrounding one bar, equal 10 total effective tension area of concrete surrounding reinforcement and having same centroid, divided by number of bars vy = maximum bar spacing, i. Equations (6.1) and (6.2), which apply only to beams in which deformed bars are used, include all of the factors just named as having an important influence on the width of cracks: steel stress, concrete cover, and the distribution of the reinforcement in the conerele tensile zone, In addition, the factor is added to account for the inerease in crack width with distance from the neutral axis (see Fig. 6.18). Cyclic and Sustained Load Effects Both cyclic and sustained loading account for increasing erack width, While there is a large amount of Scatter in test dat, resulis of fatigue tesis und sustained loading tests206 tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os (8 Serneatiny Text oe) engoes 204 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 6 indicate that a doubling of crack wich can be expected with time (Ref. 6.1). Under ‘most conditions, the spacing of cracks does not change with time at constant levels of sustained stress or cyclic siress range. ACI Cove Provisions For Crack CONTROL In view of the random nature of cracking and the wide scatter of crack width meus- urements, even under laboratory conditions, crack width is controlled in the ACI Code by establishing a maximum center-to-center spacing s for the reinforcement elosest to te surface of a tension member as 2 function of the bar stress under service condi- tions f, (in ksi) and the clear cover fom the nearest surface in tension to the surface Of the Flexural tension reinforcement ¢, 3) The choice of clear cover c., rather than the cover to the center of the bar d., was made to simplify design, since this allows s to be independent of bar size. As a consequence, ‘maximum crack widths will be somewhat greater for larger bars than for smaller bars. ‘As shown in Eq, (6.3). the ACI Code sets an upper limit on s of 126 f,). The stress f, is calculated by dividing the service load moment by the product of the area of reinforcement and the internal moment arm, as shown in Eq, (3.8). Alternatively, the ACI Code permits f, to be taken as 60 percent of the specified yield strength f,. For members with only a single bar, s is taken as the width of the extreme tension face. Figure 6.2a compares the values of spacing s obtained using Eqs. 6.1) and (6.2) for a beam containing No. 8 (No. 25) reinforcing bars, for f, = 36 ksi, = 1.2, and a maximum crack widih w = 0.016 in, to the values calculated using Eq. (6.3) Equations (6.1) and (6.2) give identical s for two values of clear cover, but nificantly different spacings for other values of c,.. Equation (6.3) provides a practical compromise between the values of s that are calculated using the two experimentally bbased expressions. The equation is plotted in Fig, 6.2h for j, = 24, 36, and 45 ksi, cor- responding to 0.60 f, for Grade 40, 60, and 75 bars, respectively. ACI Code 10.6.5 points out that the limitation on s in Eq, (6.3) is not sufficient for structures subject to very aggressive exposure or designed to be watertight. In such cases “special investigations or precautions” are required. These include the use of expressions such as Eqs. (6.1) and (6,2) to determine the probable maximum crack ‘width, Further guidance is given in Ref. 6.1 When concrete T beam Manges are in tension, as in the negative-moment region cf continuous T beams, concentration of the reinforcement over the web may result in excessive crack width in the overhanging slab, even though cracks directly over the ‘web are fine and well distributed. To prevent this, the tensile reinforcement should be distributed over the width of the flange, rather than concentrated. However, because of shear lag, the outer bars in such a distribution would be considerably less highly stressed than those directly over the web, producing an uneconomical design. AS a re sonable compromise, ACT Code 10.6.6 requites that the ten ceases he distributed over the effective flange widih or a width equal 10 one-tenth the span, whichever is smaller, If the effective flange wich exceeds one-tenth the span, some longitudinal reinforcement must be provided in the outer portions of the flange ‘The amount of such additional reinforcement is left wo the discretion of the designer, it a reinforcement in suchtes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 62 Maximam bar spacing vs. clear cover: (a) Comparison ff Bas. (6.1). 6.29, and (633) for w, = 0016 ina 36 ksi, = 1.2, bar size ~ No 8 (No. 25}; tb) Bq, (6.3) fi f, = 24.36, and 45 ks cortesponding to 0.60 f, for Grade 4, 69, and 75 reinforcement, respectively. Part (ay ajter Ref 6.6.) (8 Serneatiny Text oe) engoes 204 SERVICEABILITY 207 16 F461) AN, Bar spacing s, in Clear cover o., in (@ 20 18 16 14 12 10 f= 24 ksi Bar spacing sin =m fp = 4B ksi o 1 2 6 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Clear cover co. in Oy should at least be the equivalent of temperature reinforcement for the slab (see Section 13.3), and is often taken as twice that amount For beams with relatively deep webs, some reinforcement should be placed near the vertical faces of the web to control the width of cracks in the concrete tension zone above the level of the m forcement. Without such steel, crack widths in the web) wider than chose at the level of the main bars have been observed. According t ACI Code 10.6.7, ithe depth of the web exceeds 26 in., longitudinal “skin” reinforcement must be uniformly distributed along both side Faces of the member for a distance 2 earest the flexural rension steel. The spacing s,, between lon udlinal hars or wites,tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os 208 DE: FIGURE 63 Theat for setermination in Example 6.1 wih (8 Serneatiny Text oe) cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 6 cach with area Ay, used as skin reinforcement must not exceed the least of 2. 12 in and 1000 A, 30), The tora area of longitudinal skin reinforcement in both Faces ial the area of the required flexural tensile reinforcement. The contribution of the skin steel to flexural siength is usually disregarded, although i may be include! inthe strength calculations if strain compatibility analysis is usec to establish the stress inthe skin ste! at the flexural failure load Figure 6.2h provites a convenient design aid for determining the rsximum jrto-center bar spacing as a funetion of clear cover for the usual case used in Sesign, f, = 0.6f, From a practical point of view, its even more helpful to know the minimums number of bars across the width of a beam stem that is needed to satisfy the ACI Cocke requirements for crack control. That number cepents on side cover. as well 48 clear cover tothe tension face, and is dependent on bar size. Table A.8 in Appendix A gives the minimum number of bars aerossa beam stem for two common cases, 2 in clear caver on the sides and bottom, which corresponds to vsing No, 3 or No. 4 (No. 10-o¢ No. 13) stirups, and Ein, elear eover on the sides and bottom, representing beams in which no stirrups are used. need not exceed one Check crack control eriteria, Figure 6.3 shows the main flexural reinforcement at nid span fora'T girder ina high-rise building tha caries a service losd moment of 7760 in-kips. The clear cover on the side and bottom of the beam stem is 2 in, Determine ifthe beam meets the erack control eriteria in the ACT Code, SoL.cHION, Since the dept ofthe web is less than 36 in, skin reinforcement is not needed “To check the bar spacing criteria, the steel stress can be estimated closely by taking the inter- nal lever arm equal tothe distance d = ihy2 M, 7360 Apd= hy 79 KS = BO6bsi (Alternately, the ACL Cove permits using f Using f, in Ea, (63) gives = SB as, = SB 25225 = woain 0.60f,. giving 36.0 si.) . 6 By inspection, itis clear dat this eequirement is satisfied for the beam. Ifthe resules had been unfavorable, a redesign using a larger number of smaller-diameter bars would have been indicated, L! = oe 8 (No. 25)tutser-oaren-tetae | 4 Sersatiny Text oe) Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os cengrer, RVICEABILITY 209 Controt oF DEFLECTIONS tn addition (olimitations on cracking, deseribed inthe proceding sections, iti usually necessary to impose certain conttols on deflections of beams wo ensure serviceability Excessive deflections can lead to cracking of supported walls and partiions, illfiting doors and windows, poor roof drainage, misalignment of sensitive machinery and equipment. or visually offensive sag Is important, therefore, maintain conirel of eflectons, in ane way oF another, so hat members designed mainly for stength at prescribed overloads will also perforin well in normal sevice ‘There are presently (wo approaches to deflection contro, The firs is indirect and consists in setting suitable upper limits on the span-depth ratio, This is simple, and i is satisfactory in many cases where spans, loads and load distributions. and member Sires ark proportions fallin the usual ranges. Otherwise, itis essential to calculate Geflections and to compare those predicted values with specific Himitations that may bre imposed by codes or by special requiremens. Tt will become clear, in the sections that follow, that calculations ean, at provide a guide to probable actual deflections. This #s s0 be: regarding material properties, effects of cracking, and fox! history for the member under consideration. Extreme precision in the calculations, therefore, is never just- fied, hecmise highly accurate results are unlikely. However. iis generally sufficient to knox, for example, thatthe deflection under load will be about ¥ in. rather than 2 in while iis relatively unimportant to know whether it will actually be in. rather than Sin, st juse of uncertainties The deflections of concern are generally those that occur during the normal ser- vice life of the member. In service, a member sustains the full dead load, plus some fraction or all of the specified service live load, Safety provisions of the ACI Code and similar design specifications ensure that. under loads up to the full serviee load, stresses in both steel and concrete remain within the elastic ranges. Consequently. deflections that o¢cur at once upon application of load, the so-called immediate delec- tions, can be calculated based on the properties either of the uncracked elastic mem= ber, the cracked elastic member. or some combination of these (see Section 3.3) [i was pointed out in Sections 2.8 and 2.11, however, that in audition to concrete deformations that occur immediately when load is applied, there are other deforma- tions that take place gradually over an extended period of time. These time-dependent deformations are chiefly due to concrete ereep and shrinkage. As a result of these influences. reinforced conerete members continue to deflect with the passage of time. Long-term deflections continue over a period of several years, and may eventually be ‘wo or more times the initial elastic deflections. Clearly, methods for predicting both instantaneous and time-dependent deflections are essential. IMMEDIATE DEFLECTIONS Elastic defections can be expressed in the general form Jf Toads, spans, supports = where £1 is the flexural rigidity and fads, spans, supports) isa funetion of the par= ticular load, span, and support arrangement. For instance, ihe deflection of a uniformly Toaxled simple bearn is Sw/* 384F7, so that = wt" 384. Similar deflection equationstes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 66 Effect of concrete creep on curvature: (a) beam eros section; 1) sins (6) stresses and forces. (Upted fo ef. 58) (8 Serneatiny Text oe) cengrer, RVICEABILITY 213, Cracked silastic neutral axs Aste. la) (0) (ce) sostained load, the steel does not. The situation in a reinforced conerete beam is illus- trated by Fig. 6.6. Under sustained load, the initial strain - at the top face of the beam increases, due to creep, by the amount, while the sirain =, in the steel is essentially unchanged. Because the rotation of the strain distribution diagram is therefore about a point at the level ofthe steel, rather than about the cracked elastic neutral axis, the neu {ral axis moves down as a result of creep, and =H @ demonstrating thatthe usual croep coefficients could aot be applied to initial curva- tures to obtain ereep curvatures (hence detections). ‘The situation is further complicated, Due co the lowering of the neutral axis asso- ciaced with creep (Soe Fig. 6.6b) and the resulting inoreese in compression atea, the Compressive sess required to produce a given resultant C to equilibrate T= Acf, is les than before, in contrast 10 the situation in a ereep test of a compressed eylinder, because the beam ereep occurs ata graduslly diminishing stress. On the other hand, with the new lower neutral axis, the internal lever arm between compressive and ten- sile resultant forces is les, calling for an inezease in both resultanis for a constant moment. This in turn, will require a small inerease in sess, and hence strain, in the séeel; thus,» not constant a8 assumed originally. Because of such complexities, itis necessary in practice to caleulae sdditional time-dependent deflections of beants due (0 ereep (and shrinkage) using a simplified cempitical approach by which the initial elastic deflections are multiplied by & factor to obtain the addtional Long-time deflections. Values of - for use in design are based! on long-term deflection data for reinforced conerewe beams (Refs, 6.8 10 6.11), Thus moe 6) where A, isthe additional long-term deflection due to the combined effect of ereep and shrinkage, and A, is the initial elustic deflection calculated by the methods deseribed in Section 6.5 ‘The coefficient - depends on the curation of the sustained load. It also depends ton whether the beam has only reinforcement A, on the tension side, or whether addi- tional longitudinal reinforcement A’ is provided on the compression side. In the later case, the long-term deflections are much reduced. This is so because when pression reinforcement is provided, che compression concrete is subject to unre strained creep and shrinkage. On the other hand, since steel is not subjeet to ereep. if214 tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os (8 Serneatiny Text oe) engoes 204 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 6 additional bars are located close to the compression face. they will resist and thereby reduce the amount of creep and shrinkage and the corresponding deflection (Ref. 6.11). Compression steel may be included for this reason alone. Specific values of used to account for the influence of cx given in Section 6.7. Ifa beam carries a certain sustained load W (c.g.. the dead load plus the average traffic load on a bridge) and is subject to a short-term heavy live load P (c.g. the weight of an unusually heavy vehicle), the maximum total deflection umder this com- bined loading is obtained as follows, 1. Calculate the instantaneous deflection A, caused by the sustained load 1 by methods given in Section 6.5 2. Calculate the additional long-term deflection caused by W; 3. Then the total deffeetion caused by the susiained part of the load is 4, In calculating the additional instantaneous deflection caused by the short-term load P. account must be taken of the fact that the load-deflection relation after cracking is nonlinear, as illustrated by Fig. 6.5. Hence where Ay») isthe fotal instantaneous deflection that would he obtained if Wand P were applied simultaneously, calculated by using f, determined for the moment caused by W + P. 5. Then the total deflect der the sustained Toad plus heavy short-term loa ete In calculations of deflections, careful attention mast be paid to the load history. i.e. the time sequence in which loads are applied, as well as to the magnitude of the loads. The short-term peak load on the bridge girder just described might be applied carly in the life of the member, before time-dependent deflections had taken place Similarly, for buildings, heavy loads such as stacked material are often placed during construction, These temporary loads may be equal to, or even greater than, the design live load. The state of cracking will correspond to the maxinum load that was carried, sand the sustained load deflection, on which the long-term effects are bused, would cor- respond to that cracked condition. 7, for the maximum Ioad reached should be used to recalculate the sustained Joad deflection before calculating long-term effects. ‘This willbe illustrated referring to Fig, 6.7. showing the load-deflection plot for a building girder that is designed to carry a specified dead and live load. Assume first that the dead and five loads increase monotonically. As the full dead load W, is applied, the load deflection curve follows the path 0-1, and the dead load deflection, Ay is found using /,, calculated from Eq. (6.5), with M, = M,, The time-dependent effect of the dead loed would be 4,. As live load is then applied, path 1-2 would be Followed. Live load deflection, A, woul be found in «wo sieps, as described in Section 6.5, fist finding A, based on dja, with M, in Eq. (6.5) equal 1 M,..,and then subtucting dead load deflection A, If, on the other hand, short-term construction loads were applied, then removed. te deflection path 1-2-3 would be followed. Then, under dead load only, the resulting deflection would bey, Note tha this deflection can be found in ane step using Wytes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE, fect of load history on eflection ofa baicing eit. ce (8 Serneatiny Text oe) engoes 204 SERVICEABILITY Eohe Ecoles Eolso Load & a Bou Ag A Dellection, 4 but with f comesponding to the maximum load reached. The long-term deflection now would be significantly larger than before, Should the Fall des applied, the deflection would follow path 3-4, and the live koad deflection would be fess than fis the first case. I. fo0, can be calculated by a simple one-step calculation W, alone, in this case, and with moment of inertia equal £0 Zs, Clearly, in calculating deflections, the engineer must anticipate, as nearly as pos- sible, both the magnitude and time-sequence of the loadings. Although long-term deflections are ofien calculated assuming monotonic loading, with both immediate and long-term effects of dead load occurring before application of five load, in many ACI CoE PROVISIONS FOR CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS a. Minimum Depth-Span Ratios As pointed out in Section 6.4, 1wo approaches to deflection control are in current use, both acceptable under the provisions of the ACI Code, within prescribed limits. The simpler of these isto impose restrictions on the minimum member depth h, relative t0 the span /, to ensure thatthe beam willbe suificiently sf that deflections are unlikely to cause problems in service. Defleetions ate greatly influenced hy support conditions (eg. simply supported uniformly loaded beam will deflect 5 otherwise ideatical beans with fixed supports) so minimum depths must vary depend- ing on conditions of restraint at the ends of the spans Accouing 0 ACI Code 8.5.2, the minimum depths of Table 6.1 apply 10 one way construction nor supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, unless computation of deMeetions ivener-carae-ooe [a Seceatiy en omen Doigot mee tenga Soci rent tthe 216 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 6 TABLE 6.1 Minimum thickness of nonprestressed beams or one-way slabs unless deflections are computed Minimum Thickness, Member Simply One End Both Ends Supported | Continuous | Continuous _| Cantilever Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections Sofi one-way ss 120 1h 128 io Beams or bbed one-way slabs his rigs ri 78 lesser depth can be used without adverse effects. Values given in Table 6.1 are to be used directly for normal-weight concrete with w, ~ 145 pef and reinforcement with F, = 60.000 psi. For members using lightweight conerete with density in the range from 90 to 120 pef, the values of Table 6.1 should be multiplied by (1.65 ~ 0.005w,) = 1.09. For yield strengths other than 60,000 psi, the values should be multiplied by (04 + f, 100,000), Calculation of Immediate Deflections When there is need to use member depths shallower than are permitted by Table 6.1, cor when members support construction that is likely to be damaged by large deflec- tions, or for prestressed members, deflections must be calculated and compared with limiting values (see Section 6.7e), The calculation of deflections, when required, pro- ceeds along the lines described in Sections 6. and 6.6. For design purposes, the ‘moment of the uneracked transformed section J, can be replaced by that of the gross soncrate section J, neglecting reinforcement, without serious error. With this sirupli- Fation, Eqs. (64) and (65) are replaced by the followin Me (6.7) and pa Mee Med, sh 8) a7 Mee Sh ) The modulus of rupture for normal-weight concrete is to be taken equal to fats fe (69a) For lightweight concrete, the modulus of rupture may not be Kiowa, but the split cylinder strength f, i often specified and determined by tests. For normal-weight con- cretes, the split-cylinder strength is generally assumed to be ji, = 6.7- jr- Accord ingly, in Eg, (6.94). fy 6.7 can be substituted for - 7 for the purpose of calculating the modulus of rupture, Then for lightweight conerete if, is known, = LID, 9h)tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os (8 Serneatiny Text oe) c cengrer, RVICEABILITY 217 6.7 is not to exceed - 75 according to ACI Code 9.5.2. In leu of test infer. ination on tensile srengihf, ean be calculated by Ey. (694) mlipied by 0.75 foe “ll-lightweight” concrete and 0.85 for “sand-lightweight” concrete. Continuous Spans For continuous spans, ACT Code 9.5.2 ealls for a simple average of values obtained from Eg, (6.8) for the critical positive- and negative-moment sections, ie., 1, = 0.50hyy + 025s + be (6.100) where /,,, is the effective moment of inertia for the midspan section and J,, and J, those for the negative-moment sections at the respective beam ends, each calculated from Bg. (6.8) using the applicable value of M,, It is shown in Ref. 6.12 that a some- ‘what improved result can be had for continuous prismatic members using a weighted average for beams with both ends continuous of [= 0.10) + OAS-Le + I (6.106) and for beams with one end continuous and the other simaply supported of 1 = 08ST + O.15I (6.100) where /,; is the effective moment of incrtia at the continuous end. The ACI Code, as an option, also permits use of /, for continuous prismatic beams to be taken equal to the value obtained from Eq. (6.8) at midspan; for cantilevers, [, calculated at the sup- port section may be used. After J, is found, deflections may be computed using the moment-area method (Ref. 6.13), with due regard for rotations of the tangent to the elastic curve at the sup- ports. In general, in computing the maximum deflection, the loading producing the ‘maximum positive moment may be used, and the midspan deflection may normally be used as an acceptable approximation of the maximum deflection, Coefficients for deflection calculation such as derived by Branson in Ref. 6.7 are helpful. For nnem- bers where supports may be considered fully fixed or hinged, handbook equations for deflections may be used. Long-Term Deflection Multipliers (On the basis of empirical studies (Refs. 6.1, 6.9, and 6.11), ACI Code 9.5.2 specifies that additional long-term deflections A, due to the combined effects of creep and shrinkage shall be calculated by multiplying the immediate deflection A, by the factor = on) where "= A! bd and isa time-dependent coefficient that varies as shown in Fig, 6.8. In Eq. (6.11), the quantity 1-(1 + 50’) is a reduction factor that 1s essentially a see- tion property, reflecting the beneficial effect of eompression reinforcement A) in redve- ing long-term deflections, whereas is a material property depending on creep and shrinkage characteristics. For simple and continuous spans. the value of ‘ used in Eq (6.11) should be that at the midspan section, according to the ACI Code, of that at the support for cantilevers, Equation (6.11) and the values of - given by Fig, 6.8 apply totes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os (8 Serneatiny Text oe) engoes 204 218 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 6 FIGURE 68 Time variation of term deflections. fe long 20 ° 036 12 86 =66isBCO Duration of load, months both normal-weight and lightweight conerete beams. The additional, time-depende eflections are thas found using values of - from Eq. (6.11) in Eq. (6.6). ‘Values of given in the ACI Code and Commentary are satisfactory for ordinary beams and one-way stabs, but may result in underestimation of time-dependent detec tions of two-way slabs, for which Branson lias suggested a five-year value of - = 3.0 (Ref. 6.7). Research by Paulson, Nilson, and Hover indicates that Eg, (6.11) does not prop= etly reflect the reduced ereep that is characteristic of higher-strength eoneretes (Ref. 6.14). As indicated in Table 2.1, the ereep coefficient for high-strength concrete may bbe as low as one-half the value for normal conerete, Clearly. the long-term deflection of high-strength conerete beams under sustained load. expressed as a ratio of imme: diate elastic deflection, correspondingly will be less. This suggests a lower value of the material modifier in Ea, (6.11) and Fig. 6.8. On the other hand, in high-strength concrete beams, the influence of compression steet in reducing creep deflections is less pronounced, requiring an adjustment in the section modifier 1-(1 + $0: "in that equation, Based on long-term tests involving six experimental programs, the following modified form of Eq. (6.11) is recommended (Ref. 6.14): (6.12) in which = La = fe 10,000 o4s. S10 13) ‘The proposed equation gives results identical w Eq. (6.11) for concrete strengths of 4000 psi and below, and much improved predictions for conerete strengihs between 4000 anid 12,006 psi. Permissible Deflections To ensure satisfactory performance in service, ACI Code 9.5.2 imposes ceria con deflections calculated according to the procedures just described. These limits aretutser-oaren-tetae | 4 Sersatiny Text oe) Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os EXAMPLE 62 cengrer, RVICEABILITY 219 TABLE 6.2 Maximum allowable computed deflections ‘ype of Member Deflection to Be Considered Flax roofs not supporting ovanached | Tnvnediate defection due to the 1 to nonstructural elements likely to live load 2 a) bbe damaged by large delletions Floors not supporting or attached 19 | Immediate deflection due to the Ine , nonstructural elements tikely 0 be | load L a damaged by large deflections 360 Roof or floor consimaction supporting [That pai ofthe weal deflection ‘or attached to nonstructural clements | occurring afier attachment of the LL likely to be dameged by lage nonsiuctural elements (sum of 480 efiections the long-time deflection de toa) {| sasined foads and the immextine Roof or floor consizaction supporting | Yenection due to any addtenal live 1 ‘or atached to nonstructural elements | joug) + net likely to be damaged by lange 240 efiections given in Table 6.2, Limits depend on whether or not the member supports or is attached tw other nonstructural elements, and whether or not these nonstructural ele~ iments are likely to be damaged by large deflections. When long-term deflections sre computed, that part of the deflection that ovcurs before attachment of the nonstructural nis may be deducted: information from Fig, 6.8 is useful for this purpose, The last two limits of Table 6.2 may be exceeded under certain conditions, according to the ACI Coue. ele Deflection calculation. ‘The beam shown in Fig. 6.9 is a part of the floor system of an apartment house and is designed to camry calculated dead load 1, of 1.65 kips/t and a ses- vice live load w, of 3. kipsift, OF the total live load, 20 pereent is sustained in nature, while 80 percent will be applied only incermittently over the life ofthe sicutute, Under full dead ui live Koad, the moment diagram is as shown in Fig. 6.9 The bear will support non- stuuetural pastitions that would be damaged if large deflections were to cecut. They will be installed shorty after construction shoring is removed and dead loads take effet, bat before significant creep occurs, Calculate that part of the total deflection thar would adversely affect che partitions ie., the sim of long-time deflection due to deed and partial Live Toa plus the immediate deflection duc t© the nonsustained part of the live load. Material sinengths are j= 4000 psi and f, = 60 ksi Sonvnion. For the specie materia 000 - ZOOH = 3.60 > 106 ps, al wi E, = 29% 10° ps, the modular raion ~ 8. The modulus of rupture = 7.3 400 ~ 474 ps, The effective moment of inn will be celglated for the moment diagram shown im Fig. 69¢ corresponding fo the fall service load, nthe isis thatthe extew of cocking wel be govetned the fl service Toad, even th that Yad i inkeritent the postve= ‘moment region, the centroidal axis of the uncracked T section of Fig, 6.96 is found by tak ing moments about the top surface, to be a 7.00 n, depth nd J ~ 33.160 i, By’ similar tneans, the central axis ofthe ericked warsformedT section shown in Fig. 6 9d skatetutser-oaren-tetae | 4 Sersatiny Text oe) Dosige a onerte cengrer, Scere Tint os 2200 DE: N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 6 FIGURE 6,9 26.00 ee [Pana 2 ete | 7 LWT 2 No.9 (No. 23) Ui 2-10.02) continuous : pe 2500 | be TZ ZB 162 fekips Crema 9" IP cea 1228 | Z 1 * (o) (ec) —»——.,} tee ma 8 Tz Ba & ? Tt 28" ap q mene 4 me — 26.64 (A 1) As= 11.06 td} fe) 3.73 in, below the top of the slab and /, = 10,860 in’, The cracking moment is then Founel bby means of Ea. (6.7) x = TS hips Tom ~ "S18 With ,, Mf, ~ 78.162 = 0.81, the effective moment of inertia in the positive bending egion i found from Bq, (6.8) 10 be 1. = OA8I x 31,160 + 1 — 0488 10860 ~ 13.120 int In the negative bending region, the gross momient of inertia willbe based on the rectangu- la section show in Fig. 6.96. For this area, the centroid is 12.25 in, trom the top surface and [, = 17,200 in', For the cracke transformed section shown in Fig. 6.9e, the centroidal axis i found, taking moments about the hotiom surface, to he 8.65 in ow that Revel, and 1, = 11.366 i, Thea wy, = aya x 1200 I Stekips " “pas” T0900tutser-oaren-tetae | 4 Sersatiny Text oe) Dosige a onerte cengrer, Scere Tint os RVICEABILITY 221 giving My Mf, = $5.5.225 247, Thus, for the negative-moment regions, = 0247 x 17.200 + 1 = 0.247". 11,366 = 11.4500 ‘The average value of /, to be used in calculation of deflection is 1 5 weet Sx aan sx Se 12s = 22% 128 x 625 m3 8 7620 X1R8__ 3e00 x 12.288 78" Using this figure asa hess, the time-dependent portion of dead Toad detection (the only part Of the (oral thar would aifect the partitions) is 298 x £5 2.00 = 298 x ESS % 2.00 = 0.199 in while the sum of the immediate and time-dependent deflection de to the sustained portion Of the live Hoa is 3 vay = 0298 x 22 x 0120 x 3.00 = 0.119 in ° 498 and the instantaneous deflection dv to application ofthe short-term postion ofthe live load is 33. aos x 35 x 080 sa 150i, Thus the total defleetion that would adversely affect the partitions, from the time they ate installed und all long-time and subsequent instantaneous deflections have occurred, is = 0.199 + 0.4119 + 0.159 = 0477 in, For comparison, the limitation imposed by the ACI Code in such eiteurnstances 18-480 = 26 x 12-480 = 0.650 in, indicating dha he stiffness OF the preposed member is sulficient TH may be noted that relatively lite error would have been intreluced in the above sol ton if the eracked section moment of inertia had been used for both positive and nezative sections rather than J,. Significant savings in computational effort would have resulted, If MoM, is less than se of J, would alipost always be acceptable. It should be noted fu ther that computation of the moment of inertia for both uncracked and cracked sections is sreatly facilitated by design aids lke those included in Ref. 6.15. [SQEEEEESEN Dertecrions Due To Shrinkace ANO TEMPERATURE CHANGES Concrete shrinkage will produce compressive stress in the longitudinal reinforcement in beams and slabs and equilibrating tensile stress in the concrete, If, as usual, the re forcement is not symmetrically placed with respect to the concrete centroid, thentutser-oaren-tetae | 4 Sersatiny Text oe) Dosige a onerte engoes 204 Scere Tint os 222 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 6 shrinkage will produce curvature and corresponding deflection. The deflections will be in the same dircetion as those produced by the loads, ifthe reinforcement is mainly con the side of the member subject to flexural tension. Shrinkage deflection is not usually calculated separately. but is combined with creep deflection, according to ACI Code procedures (see Section 6.7d). However. there are circumstances where a separate and more accurate estimation of shrinkage deflection may be necessary. particularly for thin, lightly loaded slabs. Compression steel, while it has only a small effect in reducing immediate elastic deflections, con- tributes significanily in reducing deflections duc to shrinkage (as well as creep). and is sometimes added for this reason. Carvatures due to shrinkage of concrete in an unsymmetrically reinforced con- crete member can be found by the fetitious tensile force method (Ref. 6.7). Figure 6.10a shows the member cross seetion. with compression steel area A, and tensile stee! area 4, at depths d” and d, respectively, from the top surface. In Fig. 6.10b, the con- crete and steel are imagined to be temporarily separated, so that the conerete ean assume its free shrinkage strain, Then a fictitious compressive force T, — ‘A, + A, yE. i applied to the steel, at the centroid of all the bars, a distance e below the conerete centroid, such that the stecl shortening will exactly equal the free shrink- age strain of the concrete, The equilibrating tension force Z, is then applied to the recombined seetion, as in Fig. 6.10c. This produces a moment je. and the comre- sponding shrinkage curvature is ‘The effects of concrete cracking and creep complicate the analysis, but comparisons with experimental data (Ref. 6.7) indicate that good resus ean be obtained using ¢, and J, for the unceacked gross conerete section and by using a reduced modulus E, equal wo $B, to accowat for ereep. Thus Mee ; on EE (6.19) where E, is the usual value of concrete modulus given by Eq. 2.3) Empirical methods are also used, in place of the fictitious tensile force method. to calculate shrinkage curvatures. These methods are based on the simple but reason able proposition thatthe shrinkage curvature is a direct function of the free shrinkage and steel percentage, and am inverse function of the section depth (Ret. 6.7). Branson FIGURE 6.10 Unt tengin Shinkage const oa Concete mae SRE a ten mine Sat itp 4 | ‘t 7 seh, me Ny, (ce shrinkage strain Ape (6) shrinkage curvature Steel controis @ O) ©tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os EXAMPLE 63 (8 Serneatiny Text oe) cengrer, RVICEABILITY 223, suggests that for steel percentage (p — p’) = 3 percent (wher 100A," bd), 1004, bd and p (6.150) and for (p ~ p") > 3 percent, = e wt (ois) With shrinkage curvature calculated by either method, the corresponding mem- ber deflection can be determined by any convenient means such as the moment-area ‘of conjugate-beam method. If steel percentages and eccentricities are constant along the span, the deflection - ,, resulting from the shrinkage curvature can be determined from Ky al? (6.16) where Ky, is @ coefficient equal to 0.500 for cantilevers. 0.125 for simple spans, 0.065 for interior spans of continuous beams, and 0.090 for end spans of continuous beams (Ref. 6.2). Shrinkage deflection, Calculate the midspan deflection of a simply supported beam of 20 ft span due to shrinkage of the concrete for which » = 780% 10 *, With refeeence to Fip. 6.102, b = 10in.d = 17.5in., b= 20in..A, = 2.00 in’, and A, = 0. The elastic meod- ub are E, = 3.6 * 10® psi and £, ~ 29% 10° psi SOLUTION. By the ficttions tensile force method, 500 x 180% 10 © 20 x 10" = 67,900 ane from Ba. (6.14) with fy while from Eq. (6.16) with K,, = 0.125 for the simple span, X42 x 10 = ORS 0.308 in Alteraaively. by Branson's approximate Eq. (6.15a) with p = 100 x 3-17 vat and p’ = 0, = 17 por 07 x 780 x 10 $ A ADA pans x 0! 2 compared with 42.4 > 10 © obtained by the equivalent tensile foree method. Considering the uncertainties such as the effects of cracking and creep, the approximate approach can usually be considered satisfactory: Deflections will he produced as a result of differential temperatures varying from top to bortom of a member also, Such variation will result in a strain variation with member depth that may usually he assumed © be linear. For such cases, the Geflection due to differential temperature can be calculated using Eq. (6.16) in which is replaced by - AT-h, where the thermal coefficient ~ for eanerete may be taken a8'55 & 10 © per °F and ATis the temperature differential in degrees Fahrenheit femtes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os 224: Unit length FIGURE 6.11 Unit eurvatute resulting from bending of beam section, (8 Serneatiny Text oe) cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 6 cone side to the other. The presence of the reinforcement has litle influence on curva- tures and deflections resulting from differential temperatures. because the thermal coefficient for the steel (6.5 X 10°®) is very close to that for concrete. Moment vs. CURVATURE FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS Although it is not needed explicitly in ordinary design and is not a part of ACI Code procedures. the relation between moment applicd to a given beam section and the resulting curvature. through the full range of loading to failure, is important in several contexts, It is basic to the study of member ductility, understanding the development of plastic hinges, and accounting for the redistribution of elastic moments that occurs in most reinforced concrete structures before collapse (see Section 12.9) It will be recalled, with reference to Fig. 6.11, that curvature is defined as the ‘angle change per unit length at any given location along the axis of a member sub- jected to bending loads: where unit curvature and ¢ = radius of curvature. With the stress-strain relation ships for steel and concrete, represented in idealized form in Fig. 6.12 and b, respec: tively. and the usual assumptions regarding perfect bond and plane sections. itis pos- sible to calealate the relation between moment and curvature for a typical underreinforced concrete beam section, subject to flexural cracking, as follows, Figure 6.13 shows the transformed cross section of a rectangular, tensile: reinforced beam in the uneracked elastic stage of loading, with steel represented by the equivalent concrete area nA, i., with area (nr ~ 1)A, added outside of the rectan gular concrete section.’ The neuttal axis, a distance ¢; below the top surface of the beam. is casily found (sev Section 3.3a). Inthe limiting case, the conerete stress atthe tension face is just equal to the modulus of rupture f, and the strain is, = f,-E, ‘The steel is well below yield at this stage, which can be confirmed by computing. trom the strain diagram, the steel strain, ~~ 4. where. is the conerete strain at the level of the steel. Itis easily confirmed, aiso, that the maximum eonerete compressive stress will be well below the proportional limit, The curvature is seen, in Fig, 6,13b, 10 be (6.18) and the corresponding moment is .19) where Jj, is the moment of inertia of the uneracked transformed section, Equations (6.18) and (6.19) provide the information nesded to plot point I of the moment- curvature graph of Fig. 6.16a. Toe at compression rinforcment, or mtr layers of tension reinforcement, can ess be insiadd n the amass with no exon ccrplicaiontutser-oaren-tetae | 4 Sersatiny Text oe) Dosin a oer Cengon, Scares tne RVICFABILITY 228 FIGURE 6.12 dealze sss strain curves: Ceysets (conte PF g 1 | 2 i i | | Strain ep (a) gp Btw Linear range Strain €, i) FIGURE 6.13 656 fo ee ‘Uncracked beam inthe res elastic range of loading 7 (@wanstormed ross setion TT oa (sans: (© seesse5 and ah Wh forces. | 4 pee “nA i a To AEs ese bh @ ) e ‘When tensile cracking oecurs atthe section, the stiffness is immediately reduced, and curvature increases to point 2 i Fig, 6.16 with no inerease in moment, The analy- sis now is based on the cracked transformed section of Fig, 6.144, with steel repre- sented by the transformed area nA, and tension concrete deleted. The cracked, elastic neutral axis distance ¢, = kd is easily found by the usual methods (see Section 3.30). In the limiting case, the concrete strain just reaches the proportional limit, ss shown in Fig. 6.14, and, typically, the steel is still below the yield strain, The curvature is eas- ily computed by “= (6.20)tuiser-orwi-toln: [6 Serexatiny ex ‘omnes Dsigal Cover Cengans 29 Simcies Teh Elion 226 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chanter6 FIGURE 6.14 ee Cracked beam in the else fp B ge fea espe: —F a) transformed ess seston § ona \, (6) strains (e) stresses and Ne forees , boa te ” 4 * i} yr. AEs @ o © ‘and the corresponding moment is, 1 Ma = 5 fohib? 2) Cracked beatn with concrete in the inelastic range of Toading: (a) e1oss section: (sans) stesses ant fone. 2 fas was derived in Section 3.3b. This provides point 3 in Fig. 6.16. The curvature at point 2 can now be found from the ratio M,, AM, Next, the cracked, inelastic stage of loading is shown in Fig, 6.15. Here the con- crete is well into the inelastic range. although the steel has not yet yielded. The n2u- tral axis depth c, is less than the elastic kd and is changing with increasing load as the shape of the concrete stress distribution changes and the stee! stress changes. It is now convenient to adopt a numerical representation of the concrete © pressive stress distribution, 10 find both the total concrete compressive force C and the of its centroid, for any arbitrwily selected value of in js range. The compressive strain diagram is divided into an arbitrary number of steps (e.g., four, in Fig. 6.150), and the corresponding compressive stresses for each strain read from the stress-strain curve of Fig, 6.12h, The siepwise representation of te actual continuous stress block is integrated numerically to find C, and its point of application is located, taking moments of the conerete forces about the top of the sek toa, The basie equilibrium requirement, C = 7, then can be used 1 find the correct location of the neutral axis, for the particular compressive strain selected, following an iterative procedure. ro Aste} -—t- @) ©) ©tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 6.16 Monentcurvatare relation for tensle-einforced beam, (8 Serneatiny Text oe) engoes 204 SERVICEABILITY 227 ‘The entire process can be summarized as follows: Select any top fice concrete strain, in the inelastic range, ie., between» ,jand ‘Assume the neutral axis depth, a distance ¢, below the top face From the strain diagram geometry. determine + , Compute f, =» ,£y but = f,and T= A,f, Determine C by integrating numerically under the concrete stress distribution Check to see if C = 7. If not, the neutral axis must be adjusted upward or down- ward, for the particular concrete strain that was selected in step 1, until equilib rium is satisfied. This determines the correct value of ¢, PREP > Curvature can then be found from (6.22) ‘The internal lever arm = from the centroid of the concrete stress distribution to the ten- sile resultant, Fig. 6.15e, is calculated, afler which Mau = Cz 6.23) The sequence of steps | through 6 is then repeated for newly selected values of conerete strain »,. The end result will be a series of points, such as 4, 5, 6, and 7 in Fig. 6.16. The limit of the moment-curvature plot is reached when the concrete top face strain equals ,, corresponding to point 7. The steel would be well past the yield strain at this loading, and at the yield stress. It is important to be aware of the difference between a moment-unit curvature plot, such as Fig. 6.16, and a moment-rotation diagram forthe hinging region of arein- forced concrete beam. The hinging region normally includes a number of discrete cracks, but between those cracks, the uncracked concrete reduces the steel strain, lead~ ing to what is termed the rension siffening effect. The result is that the total rotation atthe hinge is much less than would be calculated by multiplying the curvature per of concrete Moment M Cracking Curvature yf228 tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os DE: (8 Serneatiny Text oe) cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 6 mit length at the cracked section by the observed or assumed length of the hinging region. Furthermore, the sharp increase in unit curvature shown in Fig. 6.16 at crac! ing would not be seen on the moment-rotation plot, only a small, but progressive, reduction of the slope of the diagram. REFERENCES (54. ACE Commitee 224, “Control of Cracking in Conente Stactares (ACE 224R-01) ACH Manna af Concrete Practice, Pat 2, American Cente sits Faningion Hills Ml, 203, (52. P Gengay and EA Tay, "Mawnan Crack Wath in Reinoned Conrets Festal Members in Causes, Mechanisms. and Cont of Cracking m Concrete, SP-20, Ameria Cuncroe Insti, Detroit ML 1968.99. 1-17 63. PH, Roar and A. H. Matoch, “High Suength Bars as Concrete Reinforcement Pat 4 Centol of Cracking” Jowraad PCA Reseach ae Devcoent Vabrates, wi $40, 11963, 9p, 15-38 64. Reo, “Another Look a Cracking abd Cries Conlin Reinonced Concrete ACT Serct J, x 96.9 4 1999.99 7-442, (65. BAL Bron, "Crick With and Crick Spacing in Rinforee’ Conerste Members!'J A, wl 62,01 1968. np 1237-1256 666, ACI Comntiee 318, “Disses of Proposed Revisions to Building Code Kegitements for Srvc total Concite (AC) AI898) aad Crmmentiry (ACT SIBK8S)" Coney fi, vl 21 085, 1999, pp. 381 318-0, G1. D. . Branson, Defermation of Concrete Sucmies. MeGraw-H, New Yk, 1977 GS. ACI Committe 138, "Centrol of Deller in Consrate Stace (ACI 425K. 95)" ACY Maal of CConeree Pravie, Past 5, Amica Conciete Taste Fag His, M27 69, NOW, Vs and G Wintsr, “stantancoas and Long Tine Detection of Reinforcd Concrete Bens Under Working Lal LACT oh 57.0 f 196, rp. 29-£0. (6.8, ACE Camis 200, “Prison of Crsep, Shrinks and erapercneLiicete sm Concrete Stractres (NC126R-923" ACT Mena ef Concrete race, Pat |, 2008 6.1), Deb, Branson, “Compression Stel Lect op Leng: fine Deletions” J. ACT 68,90. DTI, pp 555-559, 6.12, ACI Corumitee 435, “Proposal Revisions ty Commitee 45 fo ACT Hing Cone sn Comsentary Provisions on Deflssions? J. ACI ve. 75, a0 6 Fane 1ST, 229-238, 6.18, COR, Novis 1. Waker and, Uk, Elona Stel dna th ed, Miras-Hil, New Yer, 191 6.14. Poulson, AH, isn, an K.C, Hover, "Long-Term Detection of High Stegth Concrete Bens ACE Metrils Journal Wl 88, 0.2, 1991, 9p. [97-206, 68. CAST Honataat the, Coneete Rentoning Sto! insure, Schaumburg, H, 202. PROBLEMS 6.1. A rectangular beam of width b = 12 in., effective depth d = 20.5 in., and toral depth it = 23 in, spans 18.5 ft between simple supports, It will carry 2 com- puted dead load of 1.27 kips/t including self-weight, plus a service live load Of 2.69 kips/ft. Reinforcement consists of four evenly spaced No. 8 (No. 25) bars in one row. The clear cover on the sides is 2 in, Material strengths are f, = {60,000 psi and f2 = 4000 psi (@ Compute the stress in the steel at full service load, and using the Gergely- Lutz equation estimate che maximum crack width (®) Confirm the suiability of the proposed clesign based on Fig. 6.3) 62. To save steelshanlling costs, an altemative design is proposed for the heam in Problem 6.1, using wo No. 10 (No. 32) Grade 75 bars provide approxi- mately the same steel strength as the originally proposed four No, & (No. 25) Grae 60 bars. Check to determine ifthe redesigned beam is satisfactory with respect to cracking according to the ACI Code. What modification could yoututser-oaren-tetae | 4 Sersatiny Text oe) Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os 63. 6.4, 65. 66. engoes 204 SERVICEABILITY 229 suggest that would minimize the number of bars to reduce cost, yet satisfy requirements of crack control? For the beam in Problem 6.1 (a) Calculate the increment of deflection resulting from the first application of the short-term live load. (b) Find the creep portion of the sustained load deflection plus the immediate deflection duc to live load. (c) Compare your results with the limitations imposed by the ACI Code. as summarized in Table 6.2. ‘Assume that the beam is a part ofa floor system and supports cinder block partitions susceptible to cracking if deflections are excessive. A beam having b ~ 12 in.,d = 21.5 in.,and h ~ 24 in, is reinforced with thre No. 11 (No. 36) bars. Materia strengths are f, ~ 601,000 psi and j, ~ 4000 psi It is used on a 28 ft simple span to carry a total service load of 2430 lb/ft. For this member, the sustained loads include self-weight of the beam plus addi- tional superimposed dead load of 510 Itt, plus 400 lbvtt representing that part of the live load that acts more or fess continuously, such as furiture, equip- ment, and time-average occupaney load, The remaining 1220 Ibift live load consists of short-duration Loods, such as the brick poak load in the corridors of an office building at the end of a working day. (a) Find the increment of deflection under sustained loads due to ereep. (5) Find the additional deflection increment due to the intermittent part of the live load In your calculations, you may assume that the peak load is applied almost immediately after the building is placed in service, then reapplied intermit- tently. Compare with ACI Code limits from Table 6.2. Assume that, for this long-span floor beam, construction details are provided that will avoid damage to supported elements due to deflections. If ACI Code limitations are not met, what changes would you recommend to improve the design? A reinforced concrete beam is continuous over two equal 22 ft spans, simply supported at the two exterior supports, and fully continuous atthe interior sup. port. Concrete cross-section dimensions are b = 10 in., it = 22 in., and d = 19.5 in. for both positive and negative bending regions. Positive reinforcement in each span consists of two No. 8 (No. 28) bars, and negative reinforcement at the interior support is macie up of three No. 10 (No. 32) bars. No compres- sion steel is used. Material strengths are f, = 60,000 psi and f = 5000 psi ‘The beam will carry a service live load, applied early in the life of the mem- ber, of 1800 Ih distributed uniformly over both spans; 20 percent ofthis load will be sustained more or less permanently, while the rest is intermittent. The total service dead load is 1000 Ibift including self-weight. (a) Find the immediate deflection when shores sre removed and the full dead load is applied. (b) Find the long-term deflection under sustained load, (c) Find the increment of deflection when the short-term part of the live load is applied, Compare with ACI Code deflection fimits; piping and brittle conduits are carried that would be damaged by large deflections, Note that midspan deflee- tion may be used as a close approximation of snaximum deflection Recalculate the deflections of Problem 65 based on the assumption that 20 pervent of the live load represents the normal service condition of loading andtes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os (8 Serneatiny Text oe) engoes 204 230 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 6 FIGURE P6.7 6. 8.No. 10 (No. 32) fe ene | is sustained more or less continuously. while the remaining 80 percent is a short-term peak loading that would probably not be applied until most creep deflections have occurred. Compare with your earlicr resus The tensil with f, = 60.000 psi and £, = 29,000,000 psi. A perfectly plastic response after yielding can be assumed. The concrete has a stress-strain curve in com- pression that may be approximated by the parabola f. = £12.» ~ Cok where f, and are the stress and strain in the concrete. The variable is the strain atthe peak stress 1000 psi. The ultimate strain inthe (0.003. ‘Phe concrete responds elastically in tension up to the mod- ulus of rupture J, = 475 psi. Based on this information. plot a curve relating applied moment to unit curvature at a section subjected to flexural cracking Label points corresponding to first cracking, first yielding of steel, and peak ‘moment. rey 21 J