General Chemistry (Chm420) : Laboratory Report

GENERAL CHEMISTRY (CHM420)
LABORATORY REPORT
EXPERIMENT 6 :
Acids and Bases
STUDENT NAME:
NURUL NAJMI BINTI MOHD NASIR (2019451972)
GROUP MEMBERS:
NURUL AIN SYAMIMI BINTI SA’ARI (2019893014)
PROGRAMME CODE/GROUP: AS246 3D
LECTURER:
NOR FADILAH BINTI CHAYED
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
15/10/2019
DATE OF SUBMISSION:
22/10/2019
OBJECTIVE
1. To study the properties of acidic/basic substances using indicators and a pH meter.
INTRODUCTION
Acids and bases play main big roles especially chemistry, this is because it is vital in every reaction
except for the redox reaction. According the research done by Swedish chemist, it proposed that there
are two specific classifications of compound which are acids and bases. He stated that, when a
substance dissolved in an aqueous solution, there is another ions release in the solution or mixture.
Another research done does state that, all acid have several properties in common such as sour taste,
and react with most metals to form hydrogen gas (H 2). All acid turn the blue litmus paper into red colour
when is introduced to the solution, as the solution control electricity as acid forms ion when dissolve in
water. While for bases, it changed the litmus paper from red to blue colour where it is opposite of acids,
however bases solution also conduct the electricity while being introduced to the solution, as the ions
also form in water.
In general, the bases were known as the hydroxide (OH -) producer while acid as (H+) producer. With the
knowledge of acid and bases, it was highly related with the ability on calculate the pH scale as acid
increase the amount of H+ ions present while bases increase the OH - under the pH scale measurement.
The pH scale is obviously to measure the strength of acidity and basicity by its concentration of H+ ion
present and it is the convenient way for expressing the scale.
pH = -log[H+]
with [H+] being the concentration of H+ ions.
While for the titration, it is a technique where the solution with known concentration is used to
determine the concentration for unknown solution. It usually indicates with the presence of indicator to
determine the end point while the indicator is used to signal the end point of the reaction (Pradeep &
Dave, 2013).
CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS
1. Sample solution A, sample solution B, unknown acid solution, indicators (thymol blue,
bromophenol blue, methyl orange and phenolphthalein).
2. Test tubes, conical flask, beaker, pipette (25 mL), burette and pH meter.
PROCEDURE
DATA AND RESULT
A. pH using indicator
Indicator Colour change pH of colour Colour change in Colour change in

change Sample 1 Sample 2
Thymol blue Red-Yellow 1.2-2.8 Colorless to Pink Colorless to Blue
Bromophenol blue Yellow-Blue 4-4.7 Colorless to Colorless to
Yellow Blue/Violet
Methyl orange Red-Yellow 3.2-4.4 Colorless to Red Colorless to Yellow
Table 6.1 : pH using indicator
B. Determination of Ka for a weak acid
Determination of Ka for a weak acid : 3.47 x 10 -5
pH of half neutralized solution of unknown weak acid : 4.46
C. Strong acid-base titration
HCL 0 10 15 20 23 25 26 27 30
added
(mL)
Measured 13.48 13.28 13.18 2.06 1.16 1.08 0.89 0.82 0.79
pH
Table 6.2 : Strong acid-base titration
Chart Title
16
14
12
10
Measured pH
0
0 10 15 20 23 25 26 27 30
CALCULATION
QUESTIONS
DISCUSSION
It Table 6.1, there is a result for the unknown solution for A and B in term of color change in the sample
recorded. A pH indicator is a substance that, when a small amount of it is added to solution of unknown
pH, it will change colour and a way to determine pH of the solution vividly. As for the first indicator,
which is Thymol blue where the colour change in range of red to yellow, this also refer to another
indicator as well stated form the research by Department of Chemical Science. However, all the reaction
between sample and indicator obtained was exact form the reference except for the unknown solution
for Sample 2 where it change to blue instead of the rage colour for thymol blue. This indicated that acid-
base indicator is a chemical species that changes colour at specific pH as the acidity of the solution is
varied as they have weak acid have a different colour compared to the conjugated base. The actual
colour is somewhat different due to the different concentration especially in solution. From table 6.1, it
stated that for sample1 with bromothymol blue, it turned colorless to yellow, this indicate that the
sample 1 is Acidic form the research done. Apart from that, we can simply estimate the colour changes
as the range pH was already given in the laboratory manual. This tell that in sample 1, it must be at pH
1.2 or greater to have the pink or red colour for thymol blue, for bromophenol blue, the sample must be
at pH 3 and above to obtained the yellow colour and for methyl orange indicator the sample must have
3.2 to 4.4 pH to produce the red colour change of sample. This was applied to sample 2 as well, as the
sample will change colour to the provided estimation form the table 6.1 where the sample 2 with
thymol blue should obtain a yellow colour, however it produce blue colour, while for bromophenol blue
with sample 2, it follow the rules of color change of estimation and same goes to methyl orange
indicator as it obtained yellow colour change for the sample 2.
In this part of the experiment, we used the pH meter to measure the pH of known solution where
hydrochloric acid is being used in this experiment. While pH indicator is used for qualitative purpose, the
pH meter is for quantitative as the special probe in the meter is sensitive to H+ ion concentration and
the reading shows the exact pH value of the solution probed. As you can see in table 6.2, there is gradual
decrease reading for the pH value except at the 20 mL of HCL added, where it is the end point as the
solution change colour from pink to white until the 30 mL added. However, after the end point obtained,
the difference measure pH was gradual too. In this experiment the titrant is HCL while the analyte is
NaOH, these solution was introduced phase by phase based on the experiment required to reach the
equivalence point, so that white colour was obtained and persistent.
From the result obtained, at the 20 mL added of HCL, it must be the equivalence point as the amount of
titrant added is just enough to completely neutralize the analyte solution as the indicator changes
change colour called the end point. Thus, it helps us to visually obtain the important point in this acid
base reaction. At the first point, where there is no HCL added, so the pH of the analyte high as it is
strong base, as HCL is added dropwise the pH is getting low to reach the equivalence point. At point 20,
the pH recorded a time point reached the equivalence point with 2.06 pH recorded. At this point, the
mole of NaOH is equal to mole HCl of the mixture. As the addition of HCl continues, pH starts to
becoming acid because NaOH has been completely neutralized and now excess of H+.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY (CHM420)

PROGRAMME CODE/GROUP: AS246 3D

1. To study the properties of acidic/basic substances using indicators and a pH meter.

with [H+] being the concentration of H+ ions.

CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

DATA AND RESULT

Indicator Colour change pH of colour Colour change in Colour change in

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