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    CBSE Class 12 History Part Iii: Chapter 4 Mahatma Gandhi and The Nationalist Movement Civil Disobedience and Beyond Revision Notes

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    Anshuman Gupta
    This document provides a summary of Mahatma Gandhi's role in the Indian independence movement through non-violent civil disobedience. It outlines Gandhi's return to India in 1915 and his early campaigns utilizing satyagraha at Champaran in 1917 and Ahmedabad in 1918. It then details Gandhi's national campaigns of non-cooperation in the 1920s that helped unify Hindus and Muslims against British rule, and his launching of the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 that mobilized widespread civil disobedience. The document concludes with Gandhi's later role in campaigns such as Quit India in 1942 and his assassination in 1948.

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    CBSE Class 12 History Part Iii: Chapter 4 Mahatma Gandhi and The Nationalist Movement Civil Disobedience and Beyond Revision Notes

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    Anshuman Gupta
    412 views4 pages
    This document provides a summary of Mahatma Gandhi's role in the Indian independence movement through non-violent civil disobedience. It outlines Gandhi's return to India in 1915 and his early campaigns utilizing satyagraha at Champaran in 1917 and Ahmedabad in 1918. It then details Gandhi's national campaigns of non-cooperation in the 1920s that helped unify Hindus and Muslims against British rule, and his launching of the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 that mobilized widespread civil disobedience. The document concludes with Gandhi's later role in campaigns such as Quit India in 1942 and his assassination in 1948.

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    This document provides a summary of Mahatma Gandhi's role in the Indian independence movement through non-violent civil disobedience. It outlines Gandhi's return to India in 1915 and his early campaigns utilizing satyagraha at Champaran in 1917 and Ahmedabad in 1918. It then details Gandhi's national campaigns of non-cooperation in the 1920s that helped unify Hindus and Muslims against British rule, and his launching of the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 that mobilized widespread civil disobedience. The document concludes with Gandhi's later role in campaigns such as Quit India in 1942 and his assassination in 1948.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    412 views4 pages

    CBSE Class 12 History Part Iii: Chapter 4 Mahatma Gandhi and The Nationalist Movement Civil Disobedience and Beyond Revision Notes

    Uploaded by

    Anshuman Gupta
    This document provides a summary of Mahatma Gandhi's role in the Indian independence movement through non-violent civil disobedience. It outlines Gandhi's return to India in 1915 and his early campaigns utilizing satyagraha at Champaran in 1917 and Ahmedabad in 1918. It then details Gandhi's national campaigns of non-cooperation in the 1920s that helped unify Hindus and Muslims against British rule, and his launching of the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 that mobilized widespread civil disobedience. The document concludes with Gandhi's later role in campaigns such as Quit India in 1942 and his assassination in 1948.

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    CBSE

    Class 12 History
    Part III: CHAPTER 4
    MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
    Civil Disobedience and Beyond
    Revision Notes

    Key points in nutshell:-

    Mahatma Gandhi is the most influential and revered of all the leaders who
    participated in the freedom struggle of India.
    In January 1915, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returned to India after spending two
    decades in South Africa.
    It was in South Africa he first focused the distinctive techniques of nonviolent protest
    known as Satyagraha and promoted harmony between religions.
    On Gokhale’s advice, he spent one year traveling around British India to know the
    land and its peoples.
    His first major public appearance was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University
    in February 1916.
    Here in his speech, Gandhiji charged the Indian elite with a lack of concern for the
    laboring poor.
    GandhijI's speech was at the opening of BHU was a statement of intent to make Indian
    nationalism more properly representative of the Indian people as a whole.
    Many of them venerated Gandhiji, referring to him as their “Mahatma”.
    He successfully organized Satyagraha at Champaran (Bihar in 1917) to ameliorated
    the condition of the peasants who cultivated indigo.
    In 1918, he started a satyagraha to increase the wages of Ahmedabad mill workers
    by 35 per cent
    In 1918, he also organised a peasant movementto remit the revenue in Kheda.
    In 1919, Gandhiji called for a countrywide campaign against the “Rowlatt Act”. It was
    the Rowlatt Satyagraha that made Gandhiji a truly national leader.
    In 1920, after Jalianwala Bagh Massacre he called for a campaign of non-cooperation
    with British Rule and joined hands with the Khilafat movement.
    He was of the opinion that by coupling the non-cooperation with the Khilafat would

    Material downloaded from myCBSEguide.com. 1 / 4


    result in Hindu-Muslim unity to end the colonial rule.
    The British Raj was shaken to its foundations for the first time since the Revolt of
    1857.
    Non-cooperation movement was suspended in 1922 after Chauri-Chaura incident
    where 22 policemen were killed by a violent crowd.
    By 1922 Gandhiji had transformed Indian nationalism. It was no longer a movement
    of professionals and intellectuals, now hundreds of thousands of peasants, workers,
    and artisans also participated in it.
    Causes of Gandhiji’s popularity among Indians - he dressed like them, lived like them
    and spoke their language.
    Rumours about the miraculous power of Mahatma Gandhi resulted in widespread
    followers.
    Mahatma Gandhi was released from prison in February 1924 devoted himself in
    constructive work like - the promotion of home-spun cloth khadi, the abolition of
    untouchability, Hindu-Muslim unity etc.
    In 1928, Gandhiji began to think of re-entering politics. After the failure of Simon
    Commission, in its annual session at Lahore Congress demanded Purna Swaraj and
    decided to observe 26th January 1930 as Independence Day.
    In Lahore Session of Congress held in December 1929, it was decided that now the
    struggle will be for complete independence and 26 Jan 1930 will be observed as
    independence day nationwide.
    Soon after this Gandhi decided to launch a Salt Satyagraha.
    On 12 March 1930 - Gandhiji begun his famous 'Salt March' and launched Dandi
    Satyagraha officially.
    He chose the issue of salt as this was indispensable for every household.
    On 6 April 1930 broke the salt law by making a fistful of salt.
    Taking a cue from Gandhiji's Salt Satyagraha, all across large parts of India, peasants
    breached forest laws, factory workers went on strike, lawyers boycotted courts and
    students refused to attend government-run educational institutions.
    In November 1930 - First Round Table Conference was held - Gandhiji did not
    attend.
    In 1931, the 'Gandhi-Irwin Pact’ was signed by the terms of which civil disobedience
    was called off and all prisoners were released. This pact drew many criticisms

    Material downloaded from myCBSEguide.com. 2 / 4


    because Gandhiji was unable to obtain a commitment to political independence for
    Indians from the Viceroy, he could obtain merely an assurance of talks.
    The Second Round Table Conference was held in 1931 in London. Gandhiji
    represented the Congress in the meeting but it was inconclusive.
    GandhijI returned to India and relaunched Civil Disobedience but it could not get its
    momentum.
    In 1935 - a new Government of India Act was formed which promised a
    representative form of government.
    In 1937 - in Provincial Election, Congress formed ministries in 8 out of 11 provinces.
    In September 1939 - World War II broke out. Nehru and Gandhi promised Congress
    support to the war effort if the British, in return, promised to grant India
    independence. But the British rejected this offer.
    Through 1940 and 1941, the Congress organised a series of individual satyagrahas to
    pressure the rulers to promise freedom once the war had ended..
    In 1940 - Two Nation Theory put forward by Jinnah.
    1942 - Failure of Cripps Mission.
    On 9 August 1942 - Quit India Movement was launched by Gandhiji. He along with
    all prominent leaders was sent to jail.
    1946- Cabinet Mission- Failed to get the Congress and the League to agree on the
    federal system.
    On 16th August 1946 - Direct Action Day was called by Jinnah to press the League’s
    demand for Pakistan and Communal riots in Bengal, Bihar, U.P, and Punjab.
    In 1947 Lord Mountbatten was appointed as viceroy.
    15th August 1947- Formal transfer of power, the announcement of partition and India
    got her independence.

    The last heroic days of Gandhiji:-

    On 15th August 1947, Gandhiji was not at Delhi to witness the festivities. He was at
    Calcutta and undertook 24 hours fast.
    Due to the initiative of Gandhiji and Nehru, the Congress passed a resolution on the
    rights of the minorities.
    After working to bring peace to Bengal, Gandhiji shifted to Delhi from where he
    hoped to move on to the riot-torn districts of Punjab. On 30th January 1948, Gandhiji

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    was shot dead by Nathuram Godse.

    Sources to know more about Gandhiji:-

    1. Public voice and private scripts.


    2. Series of Personal letters published by Gandhiji in his journal Harijan.
    3. A bunch of old letters edited by Nehru.
    4. Fortnightly Reports of the Home Department.
    5. From newspapers.

    Time Line

    1915 Mahatma Ghandi returns from South Africa

    1917 Champaran Movement

    1918 Peasants movements in Kheda (Gujarat,) and workers’ movement in Ahmedabad

    1919 Rowlatt Satyagraha (March – April)

    1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April)

    1921 Non-cooperation and Khilafat Movements

    1928 Peasant movement in Bardoli

    1929 “Purna Swaraj” accepted as congress goal at the Lahore congress (December)

    1930 Civil Disobedience Movement begins: Dandi March (March-April)

    1931 Gandhi-Irwin pact (March): Second Round Table Conference (December)

    1935 Government of Indian Act Promises some form of Representative government

    1939 Congress ministries resign

    1942 Quit India Movement begins (August)

    1946 Mahatma Gandhi visits Naokhali and other riot -torn areas to stop communal
    violence

    Material downloaded from myCBSEguide.com. 4 / 4

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