New Hysteresis Current Controller For Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverters
New Hysteresis Current Controller For Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverters
New Hysteresis Current Controller For Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverters
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ISSN 1755-4535
Abstract: A new hysteresis current controller for single-phase full-bridge inverters is proposed here. The proposed
hysteresis current controller combines the advantages of both symmetrical unipolar PWM and hysteresis
techniques. As the proposed hysteresis current controller has a capability to ensure equal switching
frequencies among the switching devices, the capability of inverter switching devices can be fully utilised to
improve the output current waveform. The proposed hysteresis current controller is compared with
conventional single-band and double-band hysteresis current controllers. Simulated and experimental results
are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed current controller.
1 Introduction the zero output level is not used. An attempt to utilise the
zero level of voltage by using a double-band hysteresis current
A single-phase full-bridge inverter is commonly used in small controller was proposed in [10, 11]. In this double-band
and medium UPSs and bidirectional rectifiers. In most controller, a pair of switching devices is controlled by the
applications, a controllable AC current is desirable. In a smaller band and another pair of switching devices is
UPS, a current controller is useful to provide overcurrent controlled by the larger band. By using this double-band
protection, simplify parallel operation and improve the controller, a pair of switching devices is used to shape the
performance of the voltage controller. In a bidirectional output current and another pair of switching devices is used to
rectifier, the AC side current controller is useful to shape change the polarity of the output voltage. Although the
the input current waveform and to control the input power capability of the inverter to produce a zero voltage level is used
factor. by this double-band controller, the switching frequencies
of inverter switching devices are not equal. One pair of
Various inverter current controllers were proposed in the inverter switching devices is switched at high frequencies
literature, but few of them are dedicated to single-phase full- and another pair of switching devices is switched at the
bridge inverters [1–16]. The hysteresis-type current controller fundamental output frequency. Therefore in this double-band
is the most popular current controller because of its simplicity controller, the capability of inverter switching devices is not
in implementation, inherently limiting the current and very fully utilised.
fast response. Unfortunately, most of the literature on the
hysteresis current controller is directly applicable only to two- In the next section, the carrier-based PWM techniques that
level three-phase inverters. As a single-phase full-bridge are commonly used in single-phase full-bridge inverters are
inverter has three possible output voltage levels, the hysteresis discussed. It is shown here that the output current ripple can
current controller that has been developed for two-level three- be significantly reduced if the capability of the inverter to
phase inverters cannot be applied directly if a better produce zero output voltage is utilised. Conventional single-
performance is desired. If a simple single-band hysteresis band and double-band hysteresis current controllers are then
current controller is used, the capability of the inverter to discussed. For the same output current ripples, it is shown
produce zero level output voltage cannot be utilised. The that the use of a zero output voltage reduces the inverter
inverter switching frequency will be unnecessarily very high if switching frequency. The proposed hysteresis current
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controller is discussed in Section 4. The proposed hysteresis Table 1 Possible switching states and output voltage
current controller is also using two different bands of
hysteresis comparators in order to utilise the capability of the S1 S2 S3 S4 vuv
inverter to produce a zero output voltage level. Different 1 0 1 0 0
from the conventional double-band hysteresis current
controller, however, the proposed controller has a special 1 0 0 1 Ed
algorithm that simulates the switching sequence of the 0 1 1 0 2Ed
symmetrical unipolar PWM technique. By using this
additional algorithm, the inverter switching devices are 0 1 0 1 0
switched at the same switching frequencies. Thus, the
capability of inverter switching devices can be fully utilised.
The proposed hysteresis current controller is compared with receives an ON (OFF) signal. A zero output level can be
conventional single-band and double-band hysteresis current produced either by simultaneously turning ON either switches
controllers. In Section 5, some experimental results are Q1 and Q3 or switches Q2 and Q4. It should be noted that
discussed to show the effectiveness of the proposed the power flow is bidirectional and therefore the discussion
hysteresis current controller. here is also valid for a single-phase full-bridge rectifier.
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The output voltage and current can be decomposed into the The ripple voltage drop across the load resistance R~i o is
average (averaged over one switching cycle) and ripple usually small and can be neglected and, hence, (6) can be
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588 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 5, pp. 585– 594
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2hL
TOFF ¼ (20)
v uv
2Ed hL
Ts ¼ TON þ TOFF ¼ (21)
(Ed v uv )vuv
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0 0 0 1 X X The rms value of the current ripple is the same as that of the
single-band hysteresis current controller.
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 X X Comparison between (16) and (25) shows that for the same
output current ripples, the average switching frequency of the
0 1 0 0 X X double-band hysteresis current controller is lower than that of
0 1 0 1 0 1 the single-band hysteresis current controller. The average
switching frequency will be zero when the modulation index
0 1 1 0 X X is zero. Unfortunately, however, the inverter switching devices
0 1 1 1 1 0 are not switched at equal switching frequencies. Thus, the
capability of inverter switching devices cannot be fully utilised
1 0 0 0 X X to improve the output current waveform.
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 X X
4 New hysteresis current
controller
1 0 1 1 1 0
It has been shown in the previous section that the
1 1 0 0 1 1 symmetrical unipolar PWM technique results in an
1 1 0 1 X X optimum sequence but no capability to control the output
current. On the other hand, the conventional double-band
1 1 1 0 1 1 hysteresis controller has a capability to control the output
1 1 1 1 X X current but the switching sequence is not optimum. In this
section, the advantages of both the symmetrical unipolar
X: don’t care condition PWM technique and the double-band hysteresis current
controller will be combined.
where
In one fundamental output period, the switching sequence of
E the symmetrical unipolar PWM technique is shown in Fig. 5a.
fsmd ¼ d (24)
2hL On the other hand, the switching sequence of the conventional
double-band hysteresis current controller is shown in Fig. 5b.
The average switching frequency is To take advantage of both the double-band hysteresis
current controller and the symmetrical unipolar PWM
2 k technique, the switching sequence shown in Fig. 5b must be
fs,av ¼ fsmd k (25)
p 2 modified into the one as shown in Fig. 5a.
The average switching frequency will be maximum when the At any instance, the inverter state can be represented by the
modulation index k ¼ 2/p. The maximum average switching states of inverter switching devices (S1 – S4). During the
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10,00,01,00,10,00,01,00,10, . . .
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(10 and 01) are used alternately during both the positive and S 0 2 ¼ (S1 S4) þ (counter C C) (28)
negative half-cycles. One complete cycle consists of two zero
states and two active states. In the conventional double-band In the above expressions, the dot indicates an AND operation
hysteresis current controller, only the zero state 01 is used and the plus indicates an OR operation. Based on these two
during the positive half-cycle and only the zero state 10 is expressions, a logic circuit as shown in Fig. 8 is obtained. This
used during the negative half-cycle. To achieve a sequence logic circuit is added into the conventional double-band
similar to symmetrical unipolar PWM, both the zero states hysteresis current controller so that the switching sequence is
must be used alternately in the conventional double-band similar to the symmetrical unipolar PWM technique.
hysteresis current controller during both the positive and
negative half-cycles. For this purpose, a signal is needed to To verify the proposed hysteresis current controller, a single-
indicate the use of the zero switching states. This signal can phase full-bridge inverter as shown in Fig. 1 is first simulated.
be represented by the C signal that can be obtained as an In this simulation, the DC voltage source is maintained
exclusive-OR operation of the states S1 and S4. Another constant at 100 V. The load is a series connection of a
signal that is needed is one to indicate that one complete resistance 2 V and an inductance 10 mH. A sinusoidal load
switching cycle has been completed. This signal can be emf is assumed connected in series to this impedance. The
obtained as a counter C signal. This signal changes the state amplitude of the emf is assumed 30 V and the frequency is
when the C signal changes the state from low to high. Both 50 Hz. A sinusoidal reference current is used in this
the C and counter C signals are shown in Fig. 6. One cycle simulation. The amplitude of the reference current is 10 A
of the counter C signal is completed when two different zero and the frequency is 50 Hz. A hysteresis band of 0.25 A is
switching states have been used. assumed. With regard to the conventional double-band and
the modified one, this 0.25 A is the smaller hysteresis band.
Both the C and counter C signals are used to modify the The larger hysteresis band is 0.5 A. Fig. 9 shows the
signals S1 and S4 to produce the desired signals S1’ and S4’. simulated results under three types of hysteresis current
Signals S1 and S4 are obtained from the output signals of controllers. It can be seen that under the same hysteresis
the conventional double-band hysteresis current controller. bands, the average switching frequency of the inverter under
The method of obtaining the desired signals (S 0 1 and S 0 2) the proposed hysteresis current controller is the lowest.
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Fig. 10 shows a comparison of average switching output current can be controlled perfectly by the proposed
frequencies under three types of hysteresis current current controller. The fast response property of the
controllers. It can be seen that the single-band hysteresis conventional hysteresis current controller is still maintained by
current controller results in the highest switching frequency. the proposed current controller. Modifications such as those
The switching frequency of the single-band hysteresis proposed in [12–16] can also be added to the modified
current controller is maximum when the modulation index double-band hysteresis current controller to fix or limit the
is zero. On the other hand, both the conventional and switching frequency. Extension of the proposed method to
modified double-band hysteresis current controllers result in single-phase multilevel inverters is under investigation [19].
a zero switching frequency when the modulation index is zero.
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6 Conclusion
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The author wishes to thank Mr. Iskandar Krisbiantoro, a
former student at the Institute of Technology Bandung, for
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& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0143